constantly in moral and intellectual society: about three years after the cast, from which No. 12 is taken, it is evident what a fine expansion of the whole of the intellectual faculties takes place. From that period to the taking of

Nos. 13 and 14 he is engaged in high intellectual pursuits, and we find the expansion going on in the whole of the intellectual faculties-this was during a period of near nine years but which is better observed by reference to No. 15: the lines a a a a being taken from the last cast, No. 14, the lines bbbb being taken from the fourth cast, No. 12; the increase forward being near half an inch at the reflective faculties, a diminution taking place at the same time in the propensities. Here is a clear proof of a diminution taking place in the higher or superior regions of intellectual faculties during the first eight years, when his education was neglected, and a fine increase of the whole of the intellectual faculties during the latter period,

when education was successfully going on, and his occupations were of an intellectual character.

[These engravings have been taken by an instrument and correct measurements from the casts.]

22. Individuality, the faculty of perceiving' separate or distinct existence-individual beings-substantives.

This organ is situated on the lower part of the forehead, between the lower part of the eyebrows. It comes early into action, particularly in children: infants in their nurses' arms soon begin to take notice of persons, particularly those who notice them, to whom, at an early period, they return their smiles.

Every one who has the opportunity of seeing children cannot fail to remember their early notice, which is owing to the fulness of this organ; in those not so fully developed, the reverse will be seen; many are and may be

seen who take little or no notice till much further advanced

in age.

The love of variety, or curiosity of seeing new things, seems woven into the frame of persons having this faculty large. We usually speak of it as one of Nature's levities, though planted within for the solid purpose of carrying forward the mind to fresh inquiry and knowledge: strip us of it, the mind, I fear, would doze for ever over the present page, and we should all rest at ease with such objects as presented themselves within the province where we first drew breath. In youth and in man, it becomes powerfully useful to them, being the organ that excites curiosity, observation, and assistance in the acquirement of knowledge. Many persons are met in society, who know something in almost all the arts and sciences, and who are never at a loss to speak on such subjects, though not deeply; such persons may be called abridged encyclopedias, a term which a large development of this part of the brain justly assigns to them. It is a most useful and valuable addition to a head; it is necessary to the philo'sopher, poet, artisan, and to the acquirement of every branch of art and science. When combined with Locality and Eventuality, it assists the botanist, mineralogist, and naturalist. Animals possess the faculty large.

23. Form, the faculty of perceiving configuration— representation-shape.

This organ, when largely developed, is one of the most useful to the artist, mechanist, and every branch of trade or profession, giving power to discriminate and judge of forms. It is one that is readily observed; when largely developed, the eyes appearing wide apart; when so, the

eyes are pushed out laterally, giving an appearance of great width to the bridge of the nose. It is a very important acquisition to the amateur, particularly to those who collect paintings, sculpture, or any description of the works of art.

Animals have it large: some dogs, and the elephant have given striking examples of their knowledge by this faculty. It varies very much in animals and in man: some people have no recollection of persons again, though they have seen them frequently; while others remember the figure of those they have seen but once, and that a long time before, though the knowledge of some does not show the primitive faculty, persons and other exterior objects being distinguished one from the other by Form. This faculty, in a general manner, comprehends all that which is Form, and separates it from Individuality, because, although they may be disposed to represent each being, like God, invariably under one form, yet the faculty of Individuality cannot act without the least idea of Form. The organs of Individuality and Form are adjacent, and situated in the internal angle of the orbit. The French have it large, also the Chinese. It is essential to the portrait-painter, the sculptor, engraver, and all those that make comparison of forms in their works.

Many persons, not professed painters, and even children, may be found, who are constantly scratching with pen and pencil, and cutting the forms of men and animals out of paper; in all those a great width will be seen between their eyes. This arises from the large proportion of the brain, situated on the mesial or inner side of the orbitary plates of the frontal bone. As this organ is intimately

connected with the profession of a painter, a few observations on the causes we see in their difference of style, colouring, conception, drawing, &c. may not be out of place here. To be a first-rate painter a great assemblage of organs are necessary; there must be Form, Imitation, Constructiveness, Colour, Ideality, Locality, Comparison, and Causality; but how seldom can we expect to find such a combination in the same individual; and hence the great dissimilarity in subjects chosen, &c., arises from the greater or lesser development of one or several of the organs in each. The painter that has Form large will be celebrated for the accuracy of his drawing; he who has Locality will devote his talents to landscape painting; he who has Ideality will aspire to the more sublime subjects, and often paint allegorically; he who has Colouring may be celebrated for the beauty of his tints, but condemned for bad drawing; with Constructiveness, he will finish with the delicacy of hand we see in the Flemish school; but will sometimes, unless endowed in other respects, give an appearance of stiffness and laboured execution. While we admire their handiwork, we often lament that it has been so ill bestowed. There are a thousand other observations, but it will be needless swelling the page with more of them; let an able phrenologist see a painter, he will be at no loss to speak of his favourite subjects, his powers of conceiving, copying, &c. &c.

24. Size, the faculty of perceiving idea of dimensions -bulk-magnitude.

This organ is situated immediately under Locality, on the inner angle of the eyebrows; and, when largely developed, gives a heavy appearance to that part of the brow.