Their relation, and mutual subordination.

85

hand, that the civil power which he hath is subject to the ecclesiastical; or, on the other, that the ecclesiastical is subject to the civil power. Thus bishops are subject to the regal power in civil matters, but so as the episcopal power is not subject to the civil power. And therefore a king or emperor cannot constitute or depose a bishop by civil authority and force. In like manner, kings are subject unto bishops, and the chief pontiffe, and the spiritual power; but they cannot be made or deposed by ecclesiastical authority: wherefore, though it is out of all doubt that kings are subject to the spiritual, and bishops to the temporal power; yet we must not from thence assert that the ecclesiastical power is subject to the civil, or the civil to the ecclesiastical; because both these powers are of a sundry different nature, and wholly dependent upon God, by whom they are instituted; so that neither of them can do any thing against the other, notwithstanding the spiritual is more noble than the temporal power."

The chief pontiff is added by the learned author, to avoid the censures of the Romish Church.

DUPIN DE ANTIQ.

ECCL.

DISCIP.

APPENDIX.

No. 6.

A PARTICULAR TREATISE

WRITTEN BY

ISAAC CASAUBON OF GENEVA,

ENTITLED,

DE LIBERTATE ECCLESIASTICA,

OF THE LIBERTY (OR FREE ESTATE) OF THE CHURCH;

ADDRESSED TO THE POLITICIANS (THEN SO CALLED) WHO DESIRE TO BE

INSTRUCTED IN THE CONTROVERSY BETWEEN POPE PAUL V. AND

THE REPUBLIC OF VENICE, A.D. MDCVII.

THE PREFACE.

TO THE TRULY PIOUS AND TRULY POLITIC READER.

DE LIB.
ECCL

PREFACE.

Ir is without cause, that many even sometimes judicious CASAUBON men, have so much wondered at the controversy which lately arose between Pope Paul V. and the most serene republic of Venice; for as it is not dissonant to reason, that the common people, who are unacquainted with affairs, and wholly taken up with their own daily business, should have been amazed and affrighted at such news: so that men well skilled in the history of times past, and especially of what is now doing in the world, should entertain the least admiration upon this occasion, there is no reason at all: for indeed wise men are used to admire only at such things as either rarely happen, or the causes of which are obscure and hard to be traced out. But what wise man can be ignorant of examples (with which all the histories of past times, as well as of our own abound) of the like controversies, and even of most bloody wars, wholly owing to the same cause? And the cause is also plain and obvious to all men. For ever since the pope has suffered himself to be persuaded by his flatterers, those fatal plagues of great potentates, that the empire of the world is his; that the dominion of all things, not only spiritual but temporal, (as they call them,) appertains to him; that on him alone all the kings and princes of the earth depend, as on one in whose power it is to confirm, or change, or take away their kingdoms and transfer them to whomsoever he pleases: since that time, he that was before revered by all as a common father, has begun to grow burdensome to them, and to be suspected and feared by them. Hence those so frequent, so lasting, and so often repeated quarrels, dissensions, and in the end most deadly wars, waged with the