word is used in this connexion in the following passages, Lev. xix. 26; Deut. xviii. 10, 14; Jud. ix. 37; 2 Kings xxi. 6; 2 Chron. xxxiii. 6; Isa. ii. 6; lvii. 3; Jer. xxvii. 9; Micah v. 12. The LXX. generally render the word by oiwviçoμai, to divine from omens, and in three instances by kλndovicw, to practise omens. The A. V. variously render it by enchanter, soothsayer, sorceress, or observer of times.

4., Kah-shaph', in Piel. According to Gesenius, to use enchantment, an enchanter, a magician; in the plural, incantations, sorceries. The word is used in the following passages, Exod. vii. 11; xxii. 18; Deut. xviii. 10; 2 Kings ix. 22; 2 Chron. xxxiii. 8; Isa. xlvii. 9, 12; Jer. xxvii. 9; Dan. ii. 2; Mic. v. 12; Nahum iii. 4; Mat. iii. 5. It is rendered in the LXX. by φαρμακός, and φαρμακεία, words which we find in the New Testament, and which I shall presently refer to; and in the A. V. by witch, witchcraft, sorcerer and sorceries.

5. 77, gheh’-ver, primarily, to bind, to join together; then, to bind, to fascinate, spoken, according to Gesenius, of some kind of magic, which was applied to the binding of magical knots. Greek, Kaтadéw, to bewitch by magical knots. The word is used in the above sense in the following passages, Deut. xviii. 11; Psa. lviii. 5; and Isa. xlvii. 9, 12. The first passage is translated by the LXX. φαρμακὸς ἐπαείδων ἐπαοιδὴν, ἃ sorcerer employing incantation; the 2nd, pwvǹv èπad

όντων, φαρμάκου τε φαρμακευομένου παρὰ σοφοῦ, “ the voice of charmers, nor heed the charm prepared skilfully by the wise"; and the 3rd and 4th, by papμaкeía. In the A. V. it is rendered by charmer, charming, enchantments.

6. Kah'-sam', to divine, to practise divination, to evoke the dead, and D Keh'-sem, divination, witchcraft; words which occur in the following passages, Num. xxii. 7; xxiii. 23; Deut. xviii. 10, 14; Josh. xiii. 22; 1 Sam. vi. 2; xv. 23; xxviii. 8; 2 Kings xvii. 17; Prov. xvi. 10; Isa. iii. 2; xliv. 25; Jer. xiv. 14; xxvii. 9; xxix. 8; Ezek. xiii. 6, 9, 23; xxi. 21, 22, 23, 29; xxii. 28; Micah iii. 6, 7, 11; Zech. x. 2. The LXX. render the words in most passages either by μávτis, a diviner; μavτeía, the power of divination; μavтeîov, an oracular response; or μavтevoμaι, to consult an oracle, or seek divinations; and once by olívioμá, literally, divination by the flight, or cries of birds. In the A. V. the words are rendered, to divine, divination, diviner, witchcraft, soothsayer.

7., Nah-ghash', enchantment, omen, augury; from a root, signifying to hiss, whisper; hence the same letters, with a change of vowel points, mean a serpent. The word is used in the above sense, in the following passages, Gen. xliv. 5, 15; Lev. xix. 26; Deut. xviii. 10; 2 Kings xvii. 17; xxi. 6; 2 Chron. xxxiii. 6. The LXX. translate the word by oiwviçoμai, to divine by omens, and oióvioua, an omen, augury;

while in the A. V. it is rendered by, enchanter, using enchantments, divining.

There are several other words in the Hebrew Scriptures referring to this subject, some of which I shall have occasion to notice afterwards; but I have specially referred to these only in the first instance, because they are all mentioned in the passages in Exodus, Leviticus, and Deuteronomy; where these practices are solemnly condemned and prohibited, under pain of death. The passages are as follow:

"Thou shalt not suffer a witch," Kah-shaph',1" to live," Exodus xxii. 18.

"Regard not," or, as Young has it, " do not turn unto, them that have familiar spirits," or, literally, "unto the Ohvoth,2 neither seek after wizards," Yid-d'"gohneem,3 "to be defiled by them"; "I am Jehovah Lev. xix. 31.

4

And the soul that turneth after such as have familiar spirits;" after the Ohvoth, "and after wizards," Yid-d'"goh-neem,5 "to go a whoring after them, I will set My face against that soul, and will cut him off from among his people." Lev. xx. 6.

"The man also or woman that hath a familiar spirit," literally, "when an Ohv shall be in them," "or that is a wizard," yid-d'goh-nee," "shall surely be put to death; they shall stone him with stones: their blood shall be upon them." Lev. xx. 27.

2 See page 4.

3 Sce page 5.

6 See page 4.

1 See page 6.
5 See page 5.

4 See page 4. 7 See page 7.

66

"When thou art come into the land which Jehovoh thy God giveth thee, thou shalt not learn to do after the abominations of those nations. There shall not be found among you, anyone that maketh his son or his daughter to pass through the fire, or that useth divination," Kāh-sam',1 "or an observer of times," "gahnan',2 "or an enchanter, näh-ghash," "or a witch," Kah-shaph,* or a charmer," gheh'-ver," "or a consulter with familiar spirits," literally, "one asking at, or of an Ohv," i.e., a medium, or, one applying to a medium for consultation, " or a wizard," yid-d'"goh-nee," "or a necromancer," - correctly rendered by the LXX., ἐπερωτῶν τοὺς νεκρούς, “ one asking questions of, or interrogating the dead." "For all that do these things are an abomination to Jehovah : and because of these abominations Jehovah thy God doth drive them out from before thee. Thou shalt be perfect with Jehovah thy God." Deut. xviii. 9-13. Greek words occurring in the New Testament.

1. Þappaκós, pharmakos, literally a poisoner: but in the New Testament, a magician, a sorcerer, an enchanter. The LXX. employ this word for its Hebrew equivalent in Exod. vii. 11; ix. 11; xxii. 18; Deut. xviii. 10; Jer. xxxiv. 7; Dan. ii. 2; Mal. iii. 5. It only occurs once in the New Testament in Rev. xxii, 15, where it is translated "sorcerer."

3 See page See page 4.

1 See page 7.
2 See page 5.
See page 6.

7.

4 See page 6.

7 See page 5.

2. Þapμakevs, pharmakeus, a word having pretty much the same signification as the former; denoting one who prepares the magical enchantment. It is not used by the LXX.; and is only employed once in the New Testament in Rev. xxi. 8, where it is translated

3. Papμakeía, pharmakeia, from þáрμакov, pharmakon, a medicinal drug, in its secondary sense, used in enchantments; and hence in the New Testament, sorcery, witchcraft, pharmaceutical enchantment, magical incantation with drugs, whether animal, vegetable, or mineral. Herodotus applies the verb papμakeúw, pharmakeuo (which is employed by the LXX. for its Hebrew equivalent in 2 Chron. xxxiii. 6, and Psa. lvii. 6; but is not found in the New Testament), in the like manner, vii. 114, where, after telling us that when Xerxes, in his invasion of Greece, came to the river Strymon, the Magi sacrificed white horses to it, he adds, φαρμακεύσαντες δὲ ταῦτα ἐς τὸν ποταμὸν, “ and having used these enchantments to the river," &c. The word is used by the LXX. for their rendering of its Hebrew equivalent in Exod. vii. 11, 22; viii. 7, 18; Isa. xlvii. 9, 12: and it is employed in the New Testament, in Gal. v. 20; Rev. ix. 21; and xviii. 23.

4. μáyos, magos, plural μáyou, magoi, Magi, the name for priests and wise men among the Medes, Persians and Babylonians; whose learning was connected with astrology and enchantment. Hence in the