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habit thence acquired, of doing this with facility," both when reading silently and aloud, they would constitute a sufficient compensation for all the labour we can bestow upon the subject. But the pleasure derived to ourselves and others, from a clear communication of ideas and feelings; and the strong and durable impressions made thereby on the minds of the reader and the audience, are considerations, which give additional importance to the study of this necessary and useful art. The perfect attainment of it doubtless requires great attention and practice, joined to extraordinaryt natural powers: but as there are many degrees of excellence" in the art," the student whose aims fall short of perfection will find himself amplyw rewarded for every exertion he may think proper to make.

To give rules for the management of the voice in reading, by which the necessary pauses, emphasis, and tones, may be discovered and put in practice, is not possible. After all the directions that can be offered on these points, much will remain to be taught by the living instructer: much will be attainable by no other means, than the force of example influencing the imitatived powers of the learner. Some rules and principles on these heads will, however, be found useful, to prevent erroneous and vicious modes of utterance; to give the young reader some taste of the subject; and to assist him in acquiring a just and accurate mode of delivery. The observations which we have to make, for these purposes, may be comprised under the following heads? PROPER LOUDNESS OF VOICE DISTINCTNESS; SLOWNESS; PROPRIETY OF PRONUNCIATION; EMPHASIS; TONES; PAUSES; and MODE

OF READING VERSE.

SECTION I.

a En-deav-our, en-dêv'-ûr, to labour k Per-se-vere, pêr-sè-vère, to persist to a certain purpose. in an attempt.

b Oc-cu-py, ôk'-ku-pl, to possess, Or-di-na-ry, or'-dè-nå-rẻ, common, employ.

c Tal-ent, tâl'-ênt, faculty, power.
d As-sis-tance, âs-sis'-tânse, help,
furtherance.

e Man-age-ment, mân'-idje-mênt,
conduct, administration.
fAp-proach, åp-pròtsh', to draw

near.

g Con-found, kon-föünd', to mingle, perplex.

h Va-ri-e-ty, vâ-ri'-è-tè, change, diversity.

i Ren-der, rên'-dür, to restore, translate, make.

usual.

m Trans-gress, trâns-grês', to violate, pass over, offend.

n Ve-he-ment, vè-hé'-mênt, forcible, ardent.

o

El-e-va-tion, êl-è-và-shun, exaltation, dignity,

p De-press-ion, dè-prêsh'-ûn, the act of pressing down.

q Har-mo-ny, hår/-mò-nẻ, just pro- · portion, concord.

r Mo-not-o-ny, mo-nôt'-to-ně, want of variety in cadence.

s Req-ui-site, rêk'-we-zit, necessary, any thing necessary.

PROPER LOUDNESS OF VOICE.

THE first attention of every person who reads to others, doubtless, must be, to make himself be heard by all those to whom he reads. He must endeavour to fill with his voice the space occupied by the company. This power of voice, it may be thought, is wholly a natural talent.c It is, in a good measure, the gift of nature; but it may receive considerable assistance from art. Much depends, for this purpose, on the proper pitch and management of the voice. Every person has three pitches in his voice; the HIGH, the MIDDLE, and the Low one. The high, is that which he uses in calling aloud to some person at a distance. The low is, when he approaches to a whisper. The middle is, that which he employs in common conversation, and which he should generally use in reading to others. For it is a great mistake, to imagine that one must take the highest pitch of his voice, in order to be well heard in a large company. This is confoundings two things which are different, loudness or strength of sound, with the key or note in which we speak. There is a variety of sound within the compass of each key. A speaker may therefore render his voice louder, without altering the key: and we shall always be able to give most body, most perseveringk force of sound, to that pitch of voice, to which in conversation we are accustomed. Whereas by setting out on our highest pitch or key, we certainly allow ourselves less compass, and are likely to strain our voice before we have done. We shall fatigue ourselves, and read with pain; and whenever a person speaks with pain to himself, he is always heard with pain by his audience. Let us therefore give the voice full strength and swell of sound; but always pitch it on our ordinary speaking key. It should be a constant rule never to utter a greater quantity of voice than we can afford without pain to ourselves, and without any extraordinary effort. As long as we keep within these bounds, the other organs of speech will be at liberty to discharge their several offices with ease; and we shall always have our voice under command. But whenever we transgress these bounds, we give up the reins, and have no longer any management of it. It is a useful rule too, in order to be well heard, to cast our eye on some of the most distant persons in the company, and to consider ourselves as reading to them. We naturally and mechanically utter our words with such a degree of strength, as to make ourselves be heard by the person whom we address, provided he is within the reach of our voice. As this is the case in conversation, it will hold also in reading to others. But let us remember, that in reading, as well as in conversation, it is possible to offend by speaking too loud. This extreme hurts the ear, by making the voice come upon it in rumbling, indistinct masses.

By the habit of reading, when young, in a loud and vehement

manner, the voice becomes fixed in à strained and unnatural key; and is rendered incapable of that variety of elevation and depression, which constitutes the true harmony of utterance, and 3 affords ease to the reader, and pleasure to the audience. This unnatural pitch of the voice, and disagreeable monotony," are most observable in persons who were taught to read in large rooms; who were accustomed to stand at too great a distance, when reading to their teachers; whose instructers were very imperfect in their hearing; or who were taught by persons, that considered loud expression as the chief requisites in forming a good reader. These are circumstances which demand the serious attention of every one to whom the education of youth is committed.

SECTION II.

a Ar-tic-u-la-tion, år-tik-u-lå -shun,je El-e-men-tar-y, êl-è-mên'-tár-é,
joint of bones, the act of forming
words.

Con-trib-ute, kon-trib'-ute, to give
to, bear a part.

c Slur, slår, to pass lightly, a slight
disgrace.

d Sup-press, sup-prês', to crush,

conceal.

simple, uncompounded. fIn-cum-bent, în-kam'-bênt, imposed as a duty.

g Pri-ma-ry, pri'-mâ-rẻ, original, chief.

h Sus-pend, sås-pênd', to delay, interrupt, hang.

DISTINCTNESS.

In the next place, to being well heard and clearly understood, distinctness of articulation contributes more than mere loudness of sound. The quantity of sound necessary to fill even a large space, is smaller than is commonly imagined; and with distinct articulation, a person with a weak voice will make it reach farther, than the strongest voice can reach without it. To this, therefore, every reader ought to pay great attention. He must give every sound which he utters, its due proportion; and make every syllable, and even every letter in the word which he pronounces, be heard distinctly; without slurring, whispering, or suppressing any of the proper sounds.

An accurate knowledge of the simple, elementary sounds of the language, and a facility in expressing them, are so necessary to distinctness of expression, that if the learner's attainments are, in this respect, imperfect, (and many there are in this situation) it will be incumbent on his teacher, to carry him back to these primary articulations; and to suspend his progress, till he become perfectly master of them. It will be in vain to press him forward, with the hope of forming a good reader, if he cannot completely articulate every elementary sound of the language.

SECTION III.

a Pre-cip-i-tan-cy, prẻ-sip'-pe-tân-d Rec-om-mend, rẻk-kom-mênd', to sé, rashness, haste. praise to another.

b Ob-vi-ous, ôb'-vè-ůs, open, evi-e Pro-nun-ci-a-tion, pro-nůn-she-àdent. shun, mode of utterance.

c In-sip-id, in-sip'-id, without spirit.

DUE DEGREE OF SLOWNESS.

In order to express ourselves distinctly, moderation is requisite with regard to the speed of pronouncing. Precipitancy of speech, confounds all articulation, and all meaning. It is scarcely necessary to observe, that there may be also an extreme on the opposite side. It is obvious that a lifeless, drawling manner of reading, which allows the minds of the hearers to be always outrunning the speaker, must render every such performance insipide and fatiguing. But the extreme of reading too fast is much more common, and requires the more to be guarded against, because, when it has grown into a habit, few errors are more difficult to be corrected. To pronounce with a proper degree of slowness, and with full and clear articulation, is necessary to be studied by all, who wish to become good readers; and it cannot be too much recommendedd to them. Such a pronunciation gives weight and dignity to the subject. It is a great assistance to the voice, by the pauses and rests which it allows the reader more easily to make; and it enables the reader to swell all his sounds, both with more force and more harmony.

SECTION IV.

@ Fun-da-men-tal, fûn-dâ-mên'-tål, | ƒ Ge-ni-us, jè'-nè-ůs, nature, disposerving for the foundation.

sition, faculties.

b Ap-pro-pri-ate, âp-pro-pré-åte, tog Per-cus-sion, consign to a particular use, fit,

proper.

stroke.

pêr-kůsh'-un, a

h So-lem-ni-ty, so-lẻm -nè-tẻ, grav

c Pro-vin-cial, pro-vin'-shål, relat-ity, awful grandeur. ing to a province.

d In-tel-li-gi-bly,

i En-er-gy, en'-er-jè, force, rigour.

in-tel-lé-je-blé,k Im-pres-sion, im-prêsh -un, stamp, image in the mind.

clearly, so as to be understood.

e Con-sist, kon-sist', to be composed

of, subsist,

PROPRIETY OF PRONUNCIATION,

AFTER the fundamentala attentions to the pitch and management of the voice, to distinct articulation, and to a proper degree of slowness of speech, what the young reader must, in the next place, study, is propriety of pronunciation; or giving to every word which he utters, that sound which the best usage of language appropriates to it; in opposition to broad, vulgar, or provincial pronunciation. This is requisite both for reading intelligibly, and for reading with correctness and ease. Instructions concerning this article may be best given by the living teacher,

But there is one observation, which it may not be improper here to make. In the English language, every word which consists of more syllables than one, has one accented syllable. The accents rest sometimes on the vowel, sometimes on the consonant. The genius of the language requires the voice to mark that syllable by a stronger percussions, and to pass more slightly over the rest. Now, after we have learned the proper seats of these accents, it is an important rule, to give every word just the same accent in reading, as in common discourse. Many persons err in this respect. When they read to others, and with solemnity,h they pronounce the syllables in a different manner from what they do at other times. They dwell upon them and protract them; they multiply accents on the same word; from a mistaken. notion, that it gives gravity and importance to their subject, and adds to the energy of their delivery. Whereas this is one of the greatest faults that can be committed in pronunciation: it makes what is called a pompous or mouthing manner; and gives an artificial, affected air to reading, which detracts greatly both from its agreeableness and its impression.

Sheridan and Walker have published Dictionaries, for ascertaining the true and best pronunciation of the words of our language. By attentively consulting them, particularly “ Walker's Pronouncing Dictionary," the young reader will be much assisted, in his endeavours to attain a correct pronunciation of the words belonging to the English language.

a Am-big-u-ous,

SECTION V.

âm-big-ù-us,m Se-lect, sè-lêkt', to choose from, doubtful, having two meanings. nicely chosen.

b Per-vert, per-vert', to distort, cor-n Scru-ple, skrôô'-pl, to doubt, a rupt. doubt. c Pre-sup-pose, pre-sup-poze', too Mod-u-la-tion, môd-dů-là-shûn, suppose as previous.

agreeable harmony.

d Ex-em-pli-fy, ěgz-êm'-plè-fi, to il-p Di-ver-si-ty, dè-vêr'-sẻ-tė, differ

lustrate by example.

ence, variety.

e Muse, maze, power of poetry, tog Re-strain, re-stråne, to repress,

ponder, deep thought, close attention, absence of mind.

fNo-to-ri-ous, no-to-ri-ûs, publick

ly known.

hinder.

Ar-bi-tra-ry, år-be-trå-rẻ, despotick, capricious.

s Ca-price, kå-prèèse', freak, whim.

g Con-se-quence, kôn'-se-kwense, t Di-min-ish, de-min'-ish, to lessen,

that which follows from a cause.

degrade.

h Il-lus-trate, il-lus-tråte,to explain. u De-sire, dè-zire', to wish to obtain,

i A-pol-o-gy, å-pôl'-ò-jè,defence, ex

cuse.

k Cen-sure, sen'-shure, blame, reproach, to reproach.

/ Ex-ag-ge-rate, êgz-âdje'-é-råte, to enlarge.

a wish.

v Mex-i-can, mêks'-é-kân, of or belonging to Mexico.

w Com-pre-hen-sive, kom-prè-hên'siv, containing much.

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