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And after these examples the compounds also are formed. But it is to be observed, that such regular verbs in the foregoing catalogue as end in l, and p, and do not bear the accent on the last syllable, may be written in the past tense and both participles either with a single or double as grovel, groveled or grovelled, groveling or grovelling; worship, worshiped or worshipped, worshiping or worshipping.

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97. All verbs, that end with an e, form their second person singular in the present tense of the indicative mode by the addition of st; and the third person by adding th, or the letter s only: as, I love, thou lovest, he loveth, or he loves. But if they end with a consonant, then the se cond person is formed by the addition of est, and the third person by adding eth, or s only-or by adding eth, or es, when the verbs end in ss,

, and o: as, I ask, thou askest, he asketh, or asks; I pass, thou passeth, he passest, or passes; I fix, thou fixest, he fixeth, or fixes; I go, thou goest, he goeth, or goes.-The following must be considered as exceptions: I am, thou art, he is; I have, thou hast, he hath, or has ; I do, thou doest, or dost, he doeth, or doth or does; I say, thou sayest, he saith, or says.

98. All regular verbs form their second person singular in the past tense of the indicative mode by the addition of st: as, I loved, thou lovedst; I asked, thou askedst.

99. Irregular verbs form their second person singular in the past tense, for the most part, according to the following rules:

1. If the irregular past tense terminates in d, the second person singular is formed by the addition of st, in the manner or regular preterites: as, I said, thou saidst; I did, thou didst—and sometimes in the grave and solemn syle, or for the sake of emphasis, thou diddest.

2. If the irregular past tense be one of the verbs that have the present and past tenses, and the passive participle, all alike, then the second person is formed by the addition of edst: as, I put, thou puttedst ; I shed, thou sheddedst.

3. All other irregular verbs, with very few' if any exceptions, form their second person singular in the past tense by est: as, I brake, thou brakest; I knew, thou knewest.

4. The preterites of many irregular verbs, if they be monosyllables ending with a single consonant, will double that consonant in the second person singular: as, I fed, thou feddest; I met, thou mettest.

Our language has a strong tendency to double the consonant in this person, as may be seen in the words, diddest, puttedst, sheddedst, or shededst, or shedst, which are abbreviations. of the second d.

PARTICIPLE.*

100. A participle is derived of a verb, and partakes of the nature both of the verb and the adjective.

From participo, tó partake.

NOTE 100. The participle, so far as it expresses the circumstance of the noun to which it is joined by the neuter verb, has the nature of an adjective; but as implying the action of some agent, it has the nature of the verb.

The passive participle seems to have been invented more fully to express that influence or dependence which the agent and object of a verb have on each other: as, "John loves Elizabeth; or, Elizabeth is loved by John. The King wrote the letter; or, the letter was written by the King."

Here loved and written, so far as they express the

F

101. There are two participles pertaining to the verbs; the active which always ends in ing ; and the passive, which, for the most part, ends in ed: as, from the verb call are derived the participles calling and called. In the formation of the participles, if the verb ends in e, the e is omitted: as, love, loving, loved. If it ends in a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel bearing the accent, that consonant is doubled: as commit, committing, committed. But on this head see more fully under the Verb.

102. The passive participle is, for the most circumstances of the nouns to which they are joined by the neuter verb, may be considered as adjectives; but in another view, as they imply the action or force of some agent, or compulsive cause, they may be considered as verbs.

Heuce it is, that verbs intransitive, which have no object, can have no passive participle. Some of them have a participial form joined to the neuter verb: as,

the man is fallen; the sun is risen." But as fallen and risen have no reference to any agent or compulsive cause different from the subject of the verb, so they cannot with any propriety be denominated passive participles: and notwithstanding their form, they differ very little, if any thing, from common adjectives.

The same thing may be observed of the active participle: as, "the master is writing; the horse is trotting. Here the participle implies both the circumstance and the action of the noun to which it is joined by the neuter verb, and therefore has the property of a participle. But if we use the same word in a merely descriptive sense: as, "the writing master; the trotting horse;" it loses the property of a participle, aud becomes a mere adjective,

part, the same with the preter or past tense of the verb, but in both these there are many irre

gularities; the chief of which may be gathered

from the following catalogue.

Present.

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Bake baked

baked, baken

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begun

Bear .bore

borne

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creeped, crept creeped, crept

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