large quantities of opium, which frequently creates a kind of intoxication. Guests of high rank at entertainments sometimes have their beards perfumed by a female slave of the family. Their common salutation is by an inclination of the head, and laying their right hand on their breast.

31. The use of wheel carriages is almost unknown in Turkey. All their merchandise is carried by horses, mules, or camels, in every part of the empire. The sultan. has a coach or carriage exactly of the same shape as a hearse in England, without springs, drawn by six mules. The pole is of enormous thickness, as well as every other part, the reason of which is, that if any of the material parts were to break, the man who made it would lose his head.

32. The method made use of by the Turkish surgeons to set broken bones is deserving of notice. They enclose the limb, after the bones are put in place, in a case of plaster of Paris, which takes exactly the form of the limb, without any pressure, and in a few minutes the mass is solid and strong.

33. Mr. Eton says, he saw a most terrible compound fracture of the leg and thigh cured in this manner. The person was seated on the ground, and the plaster extended from below the heel to the upper part of the thigh, whence a bandage, fastened into the plaster, went round his body. He reclined back when he slept, as he could not lie down.

34. Europeans are much struck to see Turks work, siting at every art or handicraft where there is a possibility of it; carpenters, for instance, perform the greatest part of their labour sitting. It is deserving of remark, that their toes acquire such a degree of strength by using them, that they hold a board upright and firmly with the toes while with their hands they guide a saw, sitting the whole time.

SECT. 7. Marriages and Funerals.

35. Marriages are chiefly negotiated by the ladies: it is only a civil contract which either party may break. The terms being agreed on, the bridegroom pays down a certain sum of money, a license is taken out from the proper magistrate, and marriage is solemnized. It is then celebrated with mirth and jollity, and the money is expended in furnishing a house.

36. Their funerals are solemn and decent. The corpse

is attended by the relations, chanting passages from the Koran; and being deposited in a mosque, it is buried in a field by the priest, who pronounces a funeral sermon at the time of interment.

37. The male relations signify their sorrow by alms and prayers; the women, by decking the tomb on certain days with flowers and green leaves. In mourning for the death of a husband, the widow wears a particular head-dress, and lays aside all finery for twelve months.

Noté. Turkey in Europe, between 32° and 45° north latitude, is bounded north by Russia, east by the Black Sea and the Archipelago, south by the Mediterranean, and west by the Gulf of Venice and Austrian territories. Constantinople, its principal city, is situated between the Black Sea and the Archipelago, in 41° north latitude. It was built by Constantine the Great, the first christian emperor. Mecca, in Arabia, is 30 miles east of the Red Sea, in 210 north latitude.

THE HERMIT.

AT the close of the day, when the hamlet is still,
And mortals the sweets of forgetfulness prove,

When nought but the torrent is heard on the hill,
And nought but the nightingale's song in the grove;
'Twas thus, by the cave of the mountain afar,
While his harp rung symphonious, a hermit began ;
No more with himself or with nature at war,
He thought as a sage, though he felt as a man.

"Ah! why, all abandoned to darkness and wo,
Why, lone Philomela, that languishing fall?
For spring shall return, and a lover bestow,
And sorrow no longer thy bosom enthral.

But, if pity inspire thee, renew the sad lay,
Mourn, sweetest complainer, man calls thee to mourn;
O soothe him, whose pleasures like thine pass away:
Full quickly they pass-but they never return.

"Now gliding remote, on the verge of the sky, The moon half extinguished her crescent displays:

But lately I marked, when majestic on high,
She shone, and the planets were lost in her blaze.
Roll on, thou fair orb, and with gladness pursue
The path that conducts thee to splendour again.
But man's faded glory what change shall renew!
Ah, fool! to exult in a glory so vain!

""Tis night, and the landscape is lovely no more;
I mourn, but, ye woodlands, I mourn not for you;
For morn is approaching, your charms to restore,
Perfumed with fresh fragrance, and glittering with dew:
Nor yet for the ravage of winter I mourn;
Kind nature the embryo blossom will save.

But when shall spring visit the mouldering urn! O when shall it dawn on the night of the grave!

""Twas thus, by the glare of false science betrayed,
That leads to bewilder; and dazzles, to blind:
My thoughts wont to roam, from shade onward to shade,
Destruction before me, and sorrow behind.

O pity, great Father of light, then I cried,
Thy creature, who fain would not wander from thee;
Lo, humbled in dust, I relinquish my pride:

From doubt and from darkness thou only canst free.

"And darkness and doubt are now flying away;

No longer I roam in conjecture forlorn :

So breaks on the traveller, faint, and astray, The bright and the balmy effulgence of morn,

See truth, love, and mercy, in triumph descending,

And nature all glowing in Eden's first bloom!

On the cold cheek of death smiles and roses are blending, And beauty immortal awakes from the tomb."

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF MAJOR ANDRE.

1. JOHN ANDRE, aid-de-camp to Sir Henry Clinton, and adjutant general of the British army in America, during the revolution, was born in England in 1741. He was, in early life, a merchant's clerk, but obtained a commission in the army at the age of seventeen. Possessing an active

and enterprising disposition, and the most amiable and accomplished manners, he soon conciliated the esteem and friendship of his superior officers, and rose to the rank of major.

2. After Arnold had intimated to the British, in 1780, his intention of delivering up West Point to them, Major Andre was elected as the person to whom the maturing of Arnold's treason and the arrangement for its execution should be committed. A correspondence was for some time carried on between them, under a mercantile disguise, and the feigned names of Gustavus and Anderson; and at length, to facilitate their communications, the Vulture sloop of war moved up the North River, and took a station convenient for the purpose, but not so near as to excite suspicion.

3. An interview was agreed on, and in the night of Sept. 21, 1780, he was taken in a boat, which was despatched for the purpose, and carried to the beach without the posts of both armies, under a pass for John Anderson. He met General Arnold at the house of a Mr. Smith. While the conference was yet unfinished, day-light approached; and to avoid the danger of discovery it was proposed that he should remain concealed till the succeeding night.

4. He desired that he might not be carried within the American posts, but the promise made to him by Arnold to respect this objection was not observed. He was carried within them contrary to his wishes and against his knowledge. He continued with Arnold the succeeding day, and when on the following night he proposed to return to the Vulture, the boatmen refused to carry him because she had during the day shifted her station, in consequence of a gun having been moved to the shore and brought to bear upon her.

5. This embarrassing circumstance reduced him to the necessity of endeavouring to reach New-York by land. Yielding with reluctance to the urgent representations of Arnold, he laid aside his regimentals, which he had hitherto worn under his surtout, and put on a plain suit of clothes, and receiving a pass from the American general, authorizing him, under the feigned name of John Anderson, to proceed on the public service to the White Plains, or lower, if he thought proper, he set out on his return.

5. He had passed all the guards and posts on the road without suspicion, and was proceeding to New-York in per

fect security, when, on the twenty-third of September one of the three militia men, who were employed with others in scouting parties between the lines of the two armies, springing suddenly from his covert in the road, seized the reins of his bridle and stopped his horse.

7. Instead of producing his pass, Andre, with a want of self-possession, which can be attributed only to a kind of providence, asked the man hastily where he belonged, and being answered, " to below," replied immediately," and so do I." He then declared himself to be a British officer, on urgent business, and begged that he might not be detained. The other two militia men coming up at this moment, he discovered his mistake; but it was too late to repair it.

8. He offered a purse of gold, and a valuable watch, to which he added the most tempting promises of ample reward and permanent provision from the government, if they would permit him to escape; but his offers were rejected without hesitation. The names of the militia men who apprehended Andre were John Paulding, David Williams, and Isaac Vanvert, who, immediately after searching, carried him before their commander, Col. Jamieson.

9. On the 29th of Sept. 1780, General Washington appointed a board of fourteen general officers, part of whom were General Greene, the Marquis de la Fayette, and Baron de Steuben, with the assistance of the Judge Advocate, John Lawrence. After the most mature deliberation they pronounced Major Andre a spy from the enemy, and that agreeably to the laws of nations he ought to suffer death.

10. When his sentence was announced to him, he remarked, that since it was his lot to die, as there was a choice in the mode, which would make a material difference in his feelings, he would be happy, if it were possible, to be indulged with a professional death: but the indulgence of being shot rather than hanged was not granted, because it was considered contrary to the custom of war.

11. When he was led out to the place of execution, he bowed familiarly to all those with whom he had been acquainted during his confinement; a smile of complacency expressed the serene fortitude of his mind.-Upon seeing the preparations at the spot, he asked with some emotion, ແ must I die in this manner?" He was told it was unavoidable. "I am reconciled to my fate," said he, "but not to the mode," Soon after, however, recollecting him