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but the gnomon AKF, together with the squares CK, HF, make the whole figure ADEB and CK, which are the squares of AB and BC; therefore

7. The squares of AB and BC are equal to twice the rectangle AB, BC, together with the square of AC.

Wherefore, if a straight line, &c. Q.E.D.

PROP. VIII.-THEOREM.

If a straight line be divided into any two parts, four times the rectangle contained by the whole line, and one of the parts, together with the square of the other part, is equal to the square of the straight line which is made up of the whole and that part.

Let the straight line AB be divided into any two parts in the point C; four times the rectangle AB, BC, together with the square of AC, is equal to the square of the straight line made up of AB and BC together,

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Produce AB to D, so that BD be equal (I. 3.) to CB; and upon AD describe (I. 46.) the square AEFD; and construct two figures such as in the preceding. Because CB is equal to BD, and that CB is equal (I. 34.) to GK, and BD to KN; therefore

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for the same reason,

2. PR is equal to RO;

and because CB is equal to BD, and GK to KN, (I. 36.)

3. The rectangle CK is equal to BN, and GR to RN;

but CK is equal (I. 43.) to RN, because they are the complements of the parallelogram CO; therefore also

4. BN is equal to GR,

and therefore

5. The four rectangles BN, CK, GR, RN, are equal to one another, and so are quadruple of one of them CK.

Again, because CB is equal to BD, and that BD is equal (II. 4. Cor.) to BK, that is (I. 34.) to CG; and CB equal to GK, that is, to GP;

therefore

6. CG is equal to GP.

And because CG is equal to GP, and PR to RO,

7. The rectangle AG is equal to MP, and PL to RF; but MP is equal (I. 43.) to PL, because they are the complements of the parallelogram ML; wherefore also

therefore

8. AG is equal to RF;

9.

The four rectangles AG, MP, PL, RF, are equal to

one another, and so are quadruple of one of them AG;

and it was demonstrated, that the four CK, BN, GR, and RN, are quadruple of CK; therefore

10. The eight rectangles which contain the gnomon AOH,

are quadruple of AK:

and because AK is the rectangle contained by AB, BC, for BK is equal to BC, therefore

11. Four times the rectangle AB, BC, is quadruple

of AK;

but the gnomon AOH was demonstrated to be quadruple of AK; therefore

12. Four times the rectangle AB, BC, is equal to the gnomon AOH;

to each of these add XH, which is equal (II. 4. Cor.) to the square of AC; therefore

13. Four times the rectangle AB, BC, together with the square of AC, is equal to the gnomon AOH, and the square XH; but the gnomon 40H and XH make up the figure AEFD, which is the square of AD; therefore

14. Four times the rectangle AB, BC, together with the square of AC, is equal to the square of AD,

that is, of AB and BC added together in one straight line. Wherefore, if a straight line, &c.

Q.E.D.

PROP. IX.-THEOREM.

If a straight line be divided into two equal, and also into two unequal parts, the squares of the two unequal parts are together double of the square of half the line, and of the square of the line between the points of section.

Let the straight line AB be divided at the point Cinto two equal, and at D into two unequal parts; the squares of AD, DB, are together double of the squares of AC, CD.

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From the point C draw (I. 11.) CE at right angles to AB, and make it equal (I. 3.) to AC or CB, and join EA, EB; through D draw (I. 31.) DF parallel to CE; and through F draw FG parallel to AB; and join AF. Then, because AC is equal to CE, (I. 5.)

1. The angle EAC is equal to the angle AEC; and because the angle ACE is a right angle, (I. 32.)

2.

The angles AEC, EAC, together make one right angle; and they are equal to one another; therefore

3.

Each of the angles AEC, EAC, is half a right angle. For the same reason

4.

and therefore

5.

Each of the angles CEB, EBC, is half a right angle;

The whole AEB is a right angle.

And because the angle GEF is half a right angle, and EGF a right angle, for it is equal (I. 29.) to the interior and opposite angle ECB, the remaining angle EFG is half a right angle; therefore

6. The angle GEF is equal to the angle EFG, and (I. 6.) the side EG is equal to the side GF.

Again, because the angle at B is half a right angle, and FDB a right angle, for it is equal (I. 29.) to the interior and opposite angle ECB, the remaining angle BFD is half a right angle; therefore

7. The angle at B is equal to the angle BFD, and (I. 6.) the side DF is equal to the side DB.

And because AC is equal to CE, the square of AC is equal to the square of CE; therefore

8. The squares of AC, CE, are double of the square of AC: but the square of EA is equal (I. 47.) to the squares of AC, CE, because ACE is a right angle; therefore

9. The square of EA is double of the square of AC. Again, because EG is equal to GF, the square of EG is equal to the square of GF; therefore

10. The squares of EG, GF, are double of the square

of GF;

but the square of EF is equal (I. 47.) to the squares of EG, GF; therefore

11. The square of EF is double of the square of GF;

and GF is equal (I. 34.) to CD; therefore

12.

The square of EF is double of the square of CD; but the square of AE is likewise double of the square of AC; therefore The squares of AE, EF, are double of the squares of

13. AC, CD;

and the square of AF is equal (I. 47.) to the squares of AE, EF, because AEF is a right angle; therefore

14. The square of AF is double of the squares of AC, CD: but the squares of AD, DF, are equal to the square of AF, because the angle ADF is a right angle; therefore

15. The squares of AD, DF, are double of the squares of AC, CD;

and DF is equal to DB; therefore

16. AC, CD.

The squares of AD, DB, are double of the squares of

Therefore, if a straight line, &c. Q E.D.

PROP. X.-THEOREM.

If a straight line be bisected, and produced to any point, the square of the whole line thus produced, and the square of the part of it produced, are together double of the square of half the line bisected, and of the square of the line made up of the half and the part produced.

Let the straight line AB be bisected in C, and produced to the point D; the squares of AD, DB, are double of the squares of AC, CD.

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From the point C draw (I. 11.) CE at right angles to AB, and make (I. 3.) it equal to AC or CB, and join AE, EB; through E draw (I. 31.) EF parallel to AB, and through Ď draw DF parallel to CE. And because the straight line EF meets the parallels EC, FD, the angles CEF, EFD, are equal (I. 29.) to two right angles; and therefore

1. The angles BEF, EFD, are less than two right angles. But straight lines which with another straight line make the interior angles upon the same side less than two right angles, do meet (Ax. 12.) if produced far enough; therefore

2. EB, FD, shall meet, if produced towards B, D.

Let them meet in G, and join AG. Then, because AC is equal to CE, the angle CEA is equal (I. 5.) to the angle EAC; and the angle ACE is a right angle; therefore (I. 32.)

3.

Each of the angles CEA, EAC, is half a right angle.

For the same reason,

4. Each of the angles CEB, EBC, is half a right angle;

therefore

5. The whole AEB is a right angle.

And because EBC is half a right angle, also (I. 15.)

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because it is equal (I. 29.) to the alternate angle DCE; therefore 8. The remaining angle DGB is half a right angle,

and is therefore equal to the angle DBG; wherefore also (I. 6.) 9. The side BD is equal to the side DG.

Again, because EGF is half a right angle, and that the angle at F is a right angle, because it is equal (I. 34.) to the opposite angle ECD,

10. The angle FEG is half a right angle, and equal to the

angle EGF;

wherefore also (I. 6.)

11. The side GF is equal to the side FE.

And because EC is equal to CA, the square of EC is equal to the square of CA; therefore

12. The squares of EC, CA, are double of the square

of CA;

but the square of EД is equal (I. 47.) to the squares of EC, CA; therefore 13. The square of EA is double of the square of AC.

Again, because GF is equal to FE, the square of GF is equal to the square of FE; and therefore

14.

The squares of GF, FE, are double of the square of EF; but the square of EG is equal (I. 47.) to the squares of GF, FE; therefore The square of EG is double of the square of EF;

15.

and EF is equal (I. 34.) to CD; wherefore

16.

The square of EG is double of the square of CD;

but it was demonstrated, that the square of EA is double of the square of AC; therefore

17. The squares of AE, EG, are double of the squares of AC, CD;

and the square of AG is equal (I. 47.) to the squares of AE, EG; therefore 18. The square of AG is double of the squares of AC, CD; but the squares of AD, DG, are equal (I. 47.) to the square of AG; therefore

19. The squares of AD, DG, are double of the squares of AC, CD;

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