000, the income about $70,000, and the grounds, buildings, and equipment were valued at $551,000. LOUIS NAPOLEON, Fr. pron. loo' nȧ'po'là ôn. See NAPOLEON III. Не LOUIS PHILIPPE, fe'lép (1773-1850). King of the French from 1830 to 1848. was the eldest son of Philippe, Duke of Orleans, and was born in Paris, October 6, 1773. He received at his birth the title of Duke of Valois, and afterwards that of Duke of Chartres. His education was intrusted to the care of the celebrated Mme. de Genlis. On the outbreak of the Revolution he entered the National Guard, and became a member of the Club of Friends of the Constitution, afterwards that of the Jacobins. His father renounced his titles in 1792, and assumed the surname of Egalité, and Louis Philippe followed his example. In the same year, as lieutenant-general, Louis Philippe took part in the battle of Valmy. He distinguished himself at Jemappes (November 6, 1792); but his situation became very dangerous after the battle of Neerwinden (March 18, 1793), in which he suffered defeat with Dumouriez. He was included in the order for arrest issued against Dumouriez, and in April, 1793, escaped with him into Austrian territory. He sought in Switzerland a place of security for his sister, Adelaide, wandered about among the mountains for four months, and accepted a situation as teacher of geography and mathematics in a school at Reichenau, near Chur, assuming the name of Chabaud-Latour. After the execution of his father, November, 1793, he traveled for some time in the north of Europe, was in the United States from 1796 to 1800, and then took up his residence at Twickenham, near London, with his two younger brothers, one of whom died in 1807 and the other in 1808. In 1809 he married Marie Amélie, daughter of Ferdinand I. of the Two Sicilies. In 1808 and again in 1810 he made abortive attempts to play a part in the Spanish War against Napoleon. On the fall of Napoleon he hastened to Paris, where he was received with distrust by Louis XVIII. After the second Restoration he recovered his great estates, which the Imperial Government had sequestrated. Disliked by the Court, he was very popular with the inhabitants of Paris. He kept aloof, however, from political intrigues. When the bloody days of the July Revolution had ended with the overthrow of the government of Charles X., the Chamber of Deputies, at the instance of the banker Laffitte, appointed him Lieutenant-General and Regent of the Kingdom (July 30, 1830). A week later the two Chambers offered him the royal crown, which he formally accepted on August 9, 1830, taking the oath to the reformed Constitution. He defended his conduct toward the elder Bourbons by protesting that he acted for the welfare of France. Louis Philippe sought to strengthen his throne by gaining the support of the Bourgeoisie, or middle classes, and repressed all the extreme parties by what became known as the juste-milieu policy. The brief Ministry of Laffitte (1830-31) was succeeded by that of Casimir-Périer (1831-32), on whose death Marshal Soult formed a coalition Ministry, with Thiers and Guizot as the leading spirits. Among the events which marked the early years of the reign of Louis Philippe were the abolition of the hereditary peerage (1831); the armed intervention in behalf of Belgium; the insurrections of workingmen in Lyons, Paris, and elseexcite a revolution in behalf of her son, the Duke where; the attempt of the Duchess of Berry to of Bordeaux (1832); and the appearance of Abdel-Kader as the leader in the struggle against the French in Algeria. In 1836, and again in 1840, Louis Napoleon made abortive attempts to excite military insurrections in his favor. After various Ministerial changes the SoultGuizot Cabinet was installed in 1840, Guizot, who held the portfolio of Foreign Affairs, being its virtual head. In 1841 the work of converting Paris into what was expected to be an impregnable fortress was begun. In 1842 the Duke of Orleans, the heir to the crown, met with an accidental death-a loss which was deeply deplored by the nation. The foreign policy of Louis Philippe, which was in general that of peace, aroused great dissatisfaction among the people, who after 1840 were swept away by a revival of Napoleonic sentiment, stimulated by the removal of the great Emperor's bones from Saint Helena and their interment at the Invalides. The conquest of Algeria, accomplished during this reign, could not counterbalance the weakness of the French diplomacy in the East, where France refused to join the Powers in their repression of Mehemet Ali in 1840. The extreme democrats hated the King, and frequent attempts were made on his life, the most notable of which was that of Fieschi in 1835. The country prospered under Louis Philippe's Government; but the scandals which were brought to light in the administration, the shameless corruption in the electoral system, and the selfish course pursued by the King, alienated the affections of the people. (See FRANCE.) A demand for reform in the electoral system became loud and general, and was unwisely opposed by the King and the Guizot (q.v.) Ministry; while the conduct of the former in the matter of the marriages of the Queen of Spain and her sister, manifesting a disregard of every consideration but the interests of his own family, excited a strong feeling of indignation throughout Europe. The French nation became much excited; 'reform banquets' began to be held; the Government attempted to prevent them by force; insurrectionary disturbances ensued in the streets of Paris on February 22, 1848; and on the following day the 'Citizen King' saw with alarm that the National Guard could not be expected to support him. The retirement of Guizot failed to pacify the people. On February 24th the King abdicated in favor of his grandson, the Count of Paris; but the Chamber of Deputies refused to acknowledge the boy as King. Louis Philippe, deserted by his courtiers, fled to the coast of Normandy with his Queen, concealed himself for some days, and at length found opportunity of escaping in a British steamboat to Newhaven, under the name of 'Mr. Smith.' The brief remainder of his life was spent in England. He died at Claremont, August 26, 1850. He was a man of ability and accomplishments; but, with all his democratic ideals, he never brought his Government into hearty sympathy with the people. Consult: Hillebrand, Geschichte Frankreichs (Gotha, 1877-79), excellent, monarchical, begins 1830, interrupted by the author's death (1848); Thureau-Dangin, Histoire de la mo narchie de juillet (Paris, 1887-92), very mo narchical in tone; Montalivet, Le roi Louis-Philippe (ib., 1851). See JULY REVOLUTION. LOUIS THE GERMAN (c.804-876). King of the Eastern Franks from 843 to 876. He was the third son of the Emperor Louis the Pious, and when his father in 817 made a division of the Empire among his sons, Louis received a kingdom centring around Bavaria. This was the nucleus of the Kingdom of Germany. In the later divisions, between 829 and 840, Louis always retained Bavaria. During these years he was engaged in almost constant struggles against his father or against his brothers. After the death of Louis the Pious, in 840, he joined with Charles the Bald against Lothair. In 841, in the battle of Fontenoy, he and Charles defeated Lothair and forced the latter in 843 to agree to a fresh division of the Empire in the Treaty of Verdun. Louis remained King of the German or East Frankish Kingdom, ruling over Bavarians, Swabians, Franconians, and Saxons. He had to defend his dominions against Slavic invaders on one side and Northmen on another. In 858 he invaded the West Frankish Kingdom and conquered it in part; but in 860 he made peace, resigning his conquests to Charles the Bald. In 870 he forced Charles the Bald to make the Treaty of Mersen, by which the Lotharingian territories were divided between the West Frankish and the German kingdoms. He died at Frankfort, August 28, 876. Consult Dümmler, Geschichte des ostfränkischen Reiches (2 vols., 2d ed., Berlin, 1887). LOUIS (I.) THE GREAT (c.1326-82). King of Hungary from 1342 to 1382. He was the son of Charles Robert, King of Hungary. He was an indefatigable warrior and generally victorious. His long war against Queen Joanna of Naples (see JOANNA I.) was indecisive, although for a time Louis wore the crown of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. With Venice he waged three wars and succeeded, in 1357, in expelling the Venetians from all the Dalmatian cities. In 1352 he had brought Moldavia under his power. In 1365 he won a great victory over the Turks. In 1370 he succeeded Casimir as King of Poland, to which the latter had already by conquest united Galicia. He was succeeded in Hungary and Poland by his daughter Mary, who became the wife of Sigismund of Brandenburg, subsequently Holy Roman Emperor. Louis was renowned for his chivalry and the splendor of his Court. He increased the royal power, gave char ters to the cities, encouraged commerce and education, and reformed the administration of justice, thus on the one hand improving the welfare of his country, on the other, by his costly wars, menacing all prosperity. Consult Horváth, Geschichte Ungarns, vol. i. (2d ed., German trans., Budapest, 1876). LOUISVILLE, 100'i-vil or 100'is-vil. The largest city of Kentucky, and the county-seat of Jefferson County, on the Ohio River, 130 miles below Cincinnati, and 110 miles distant by rail (Map: Kentucky, F 2). The Ohio at this point makes a descent, by a series of rapids, of 26 feet in 2 miles, the rapids, when impassable in low water, being avoided by a canal around the falls, 21⁄2 miles long. Steamers from the city reach 33 navigable rivers, and railroad facilities, too, are excellent, 10 great systems entering here, among which are the South ern, the Illinois Central, the Louisville and Nashville, the Chesapeake and Ohio, the Pennsylvania, and the Baltimore and Ohio South western. Three steel railroad bridges, two to Jeffersonville, one of which is a mile long, and one to New Albany, connect Louisville with the State of Indiana. Louisville, the 'Falls City,' 20 square miles in extent, lies 60 feet above low-water mark, and is free from inundations. It is surrounded by a fine agricultural country and is adjacent to a region of immense forests and coal and iron mines. It has a river-front of about eight miles. There are 200 miles of streets, mostly well paved with macadam, brick, asphalt, and granite, broad and regular, varying in width from 60 to 120 feet. The street railway system comprises 200 miles, and extends to all parts of the city. Among the more prominent structures are the city hall, county court-house, custom-house, Institute for the Blind and the American Printing House for the Blind, Industrial School of Reform, Columbia Building, Masonic Widows' and Orphans' Home, and the hospitals and homes, which number 53 in all. There is one public library of over 100,000 volumes, that of the Louisville Free Public Library, in connection with which are a museum, an art gallery, and a valuable collection of minerals. Louisville is noted as a centre for medical education. It has eight medical colleges and a dental school, three law schools, three theological seminaries, a school of pharmacy, a normal school, manual training school, and other institutions, both private and public. The public parks, seven in number and embracing 1079 acres, comprise the more notable Iroquois, Shawnee, Cherokee parks, as well as smaller preserves and squares in the more populous sections. Cave Hill Cemetery, in the eastern part of the city, has a fine site and is beautifully laid out. Among other objects of interest are the grave of Zachary Taylor, a monument to Confederate soldiers, and statues of Henry Clay and Thomas Jefferson. Louisville is naturally the centre of a vast disWith its exceptional transportation facilities, largest tobacco market in the world; is also an It is perhaps the tributing and export trade. important market for live stock, and exports extensively its principal manufactured products, which include whisky, jeans, sole-leather, plows, cement, farm wagons, soap, flour, plumber's supplies (iron, gas and water pipe, porcelain bathtubs, brass fittings, etc.), vinegar, malt liquors, other very considerable industry. and many other articles. Pork-packing is an The government is vested in a mayor, elected every four years; a bicameral council; and administrative departments as follows: boards of works, safety, sewer commissioners, park commissioners, sinking fund commissioners, and water-works, comptroller, gas inspector, and eity buyer, nominated by the executive with the consent of the council; city attorney and assessor, elected by the council; and public school board, chosen by popular election. Louisville spends annually, in maintenance and operation, nearly $2,500,000, the principal items of expenditure being about $500.000 for schools, $225,000 for the police department, $200,000 for the fire department, $165,000 for street sprinkling and cleaning, including amounts for garbage moval; $150,000 for municipal lighting, $140,000 re |