V.

Articles of marriage, however, were prepared, which, on the whole, failed to satisfy the people, although it was proposed that the royal power was to be vested wholly in the queen. Against this match a declaration was published by Sir Thomas Wyatt, and he, the earl of Suffolk, Sir Peter Carew, and Sir George Harper were active in promoting a rebellion against the queen's authority. The insurrections were subdued; but although Mary granted pardon to four hundred of the rioters who were brought before her with ropes around their necks, this disturbance led to the execution of an immense number of persons, including Lady Jane Grey. Of Elizabeth too, towards whom the queen had behaved unkindly, she now appeared to be suspicious, and that princess was first sent to the tower, and then superintended in various residences by persons appointed by the court. On the 5th of

April, 1554, another parliament assembled They confirmed the articles of marriage, but carefully set aside the claim of the Spanish prince to any legal authority in England, besides omitting to pass certain bills directed against the Protestant faith.

On the 19th of July, after fears and anxious wishes on the part of Mary, who, cruel as are the transactions of her reign, appears to have been very liable to the excitement of the tender passion, Philip, her intended husband, reached Southampton. On the 27th, they were married by Bishop Gardiner, at Winchester, and the ceremony was followed by a public entry into London. Towards Philip, though apparently he was by no means popular during his residence in England, the queen seems to have entertained feelings of somewhat romantic tenderness. Parliament, however, declined agreeing to her proposal, that her husband should be crowned, although they made it treasonable to attempt his death, and although she gained another point by their agreeing on the representation of her favourite Cardinal Pole, who had come over as a legate from the pope, to renew the connection of England with the papal see, and reviving laws against heresy. Nor did these laws remain a dead letter; they were executed, at the instigation of Gardiner, and contrary to the milder views or feelings of Cardinal Pole, with terrible severity. It is reckoned that, during three years in the course of this bloody work, carried on by Gardiner and his associate Bonner-a name justly infamous for brutal cruelty-277 suffered at the stake, besides other punishments for imputed heresy.

Mary also aimed at the restoration of the ecclesiastical property of which the church had been deprived; a proposal for which was made by the pope, and on the suggestion in the council that by such a measure the crown would be a loser, she answered, that she preferred the saving of her soul to the possessing ten such realms as England. After great opposition in the house of commons, her object was enforced by act of parliament towards the end of 1555. She proceeded to make heavy impositions on her subjects to supply her husband Philip, who had gone to his father the emperor, and who seems to have lost, if he ever possessed, attachment to his consort. In spite of his solicitations, Mary declined to continue an attempt to induce her sister Elizabeth to marry the duke of Savoy; but in March, 1556, another act of perse cution occurred in the death of Cranmer, on which occasion he crowned with an honourable repentance, and a faithful martyrdom, his ser vices to the English reformation. Pole succeeded him as archbishop

of Canterbury, but he and others of her counsellors opposed the queen's attempt to engage England in a war betwixt France and Spain, an object at which both Philip and Mary aimed. The queen, however, was able to raise an army of 10,000 men, which was sent to assist in a war which, in 1558, deprived the English of Calais.

In 1554, Mary had entertained an idea of soon having an heir, and the circumstance was intimated to foreign courts, and occasioned great joy. Her hopes, however, proved fallacious, and the supposed pregnancy is represented as having been the commencement of a dropsy. At last a combination of melancholy circumstances occurred. The country was discontented, Philip was alienated, and the loss of Calais preyed on the mind of Mary. "When I die," said she, "Calais will be found at my heart." After a course of gloom and peevishness, terminating a life, deformed by many direful acts, though, by an association monstrous if not rare, connected with the holy name of religion, she died on the 17th of November, 1558, the same day that her counsellor, Cardinal Pole, expired, in the sixth year of her reign, and fortyfourth of her age.

Sir Thomas Wyatt, the Younger.

DIED A. D. 1554.

SIR THOMAS WYATT, son of the poet, wit, and courtier of that name, at first distinguished himself by his adherence to Queen Mary's cause. Though allied in blood to the Dudleys, he had stood aloof from Northumberland's insurrection, and before the issue of that illplanned struggle could be known, had proclaimed Mary at Maidstone.' The projected alliance with Mary to Philip of Spain first shook his allegiance; he had been employed in several embassies to Spain, and his knowledge of the principles of that court was such as to determine him against any such intimate alliance betwixt the two countries as was now projected. Preferring patriotism to loyalty, he chose to risk his royal mistress's favour rather than see the interests of his country trifled with to gratify a woman's passion. In the plan of revolt resolved on-in which, if not the author, he took the leading part-it was agreed that Wyatt should raise the standard of revolt in Kent; Sir Peter Carew was the leader in the west; and the duke of Suffolk undertook to raise the midland counties. The premature discovery of their designs disconcerted their plan of co-operation. Carew fled to France; and Suffolk made an unsuccessful attempt to excite his tenants in Warwickshire; but Sir Thomas having established his head-quarters at Rochester, was joined by a considerable number of Kentish men. The duke of Norfolk hastened to quell the rebels, but the London trained bands, under Brete, who composed a principal part of Norfolk's force, but were chiefly Protestants, and therefore not very hearty in the queen's cause, fell back from their post, or rather went over to Wyatt, in the very outset of the engagement, shouting aloud, "We are all Englishmen !" and Norfolk was left nearly alone to shift for him-

Carts.

self. The court opened an ineffectual negotiation with Wyatt, now advancing upon London at the head of 15,000 men; and Elizabeth being suspected of encouraging the rebels, was ordered to repair instantly to London.

On the 2d of February, 1554, Wyatt appeared at Deptford, but instead of pushing on to London, imprudently halted a day there, thus affording Mary's partisans time to rally around her. Defeated in an attempt to force London bridge, he retired to Kingston, and crossing the river at that place without resistance, arrived at Hyde Park corner on the 7th. Gardiner now entreated the queen to throw herself into the tower; but she would not listen to the proposal, and employed herself in encouraging her troops to stand their ground against the approaching foe. At Charing-cross a fierce conflict ensued, in which Wyatt, rashly advancing too far at the head of a small party, was surrounded and made prisoner after a most heroic resistance. It was immediately given out that Wyatt had made a full discovery of his accomplices, and had named the princess Elizabeth amongst them. It was said that she had received from Wyatt the whole scheme of his plot in a bracelet which he had caused to be conveyed to her; and she was accordingly sent for in haste to Hampton court. Nearly a month appears to have been employed in endeavouring to get Wyatt to inculpate the princess, who was meanwhile detained in the tower as a state-prisoner. Elizabeth was loud and vehement in her protestations of ignorance, and solemnly denied that she ever had held correspondence with 'that traitor Wyatt.' But the traitor' was as little disposed to accuse the princess as her best friends could be; and when the attorney-general endeavoured to insinuate that Elizabeth had been induced to countenance the rebellion, Wyatt indignantly denied the imputation. Nor did Mary's agents succeed more to their wishes with any of the minor conspirators, none of whom could, by any threats or promises, be made to criminate the princess. This brave youth was beheaded on the 11th of April, and spent his last breath in asserting Elizabeth's innocence of any participa tion in his plans.

John Russell, Earl of Bedford.

DIED A. D. 1555.

JOHN RUSSELL, first earl of Bedford, was the eldest son of James Russell of Kingston in the county of Dorset, an estate which had been for nearly four centuries in the family. Having been accidentally introduced to Philip, archduke of Austria, at the house of Sir Thomas Trenchard, that prince was so much pleased with his manners and appearance, that he took him to Windsor in his retinue and recommended him strongly to Henry VII., who appointed him one of the gentlemen of his privy chamber. It has been doubted, however, how far the Spaniard's visit to Henry on this occasion was an act of spontaneous courtesy. He had been shipwrecked at Weymouth, and though hospitably entertained at the mansion of Sir Thomas Trenchard, may have been regarded by his host as a prisoner rather than a guest. In conformity with this view of the matter. Russell has been represented as

having accompanied the archduke to court in the capacity of a sentinel, placed over him to observe his motions and preclude the possibility of his making his escape. Whether or not this latter view be correct, it is certain that young Russell owed his first introduction at court to the circumstance of the archduke's appearance there, and that he soon became a favourite and honoured courtier.

On the accession of Henry VIIJ, Russell was honoured with an increased share of royal patronage. His polished manners, his graceful appearance, his acquaintance with foreign languages, and various other advantages which he had gained during some years of foreign travel, all conspired to recommend him to the good graces of a monarch fond of show and gallantry. In 1513, he accompanied the king to France, and during the siege of Theroüenne, performed an act of singular bravery, having at the head of only 250 men retaken a piece of ordnance from a large body of the enemy. Soon after this exploit, he succeeded in cutting off a large supply of provisions which the French were endeavouring to introduce into the town. On this occasion Henry advanced to meet him on his return towards the camp, and the following dialogue took place: "So," cried the king, "while we are fooling, the town is relieved!" "So it is, indeed," answered Russell, "for I have sent them two thousand carcasses, and they have spared us twelve hundred waggons of provisions." "But I sent after you," replied the king, "to cut off the bridge." "That" rejoined Russell, "was the first thing I did, wherefore I am upon my knees for your majesty's grace and pardon." "Nay then," exclaimed Henry, "by our lady thou hast not my pardon only, but my favour too!" In 1522, Russell accompanied the naval expedition commanded by the earl of Surrey against France, and was knighted by that nobleman for his good service at the sacking of Morlaix. In 1523, he was sent on an embassy to Rome, whence he proceeded to the court of the duke of Bourbon, whom he prevailed on to join the alliance between Henry and the emperor. In 1525, he fought in the battle of Pavia.

In March 1538, he was created Baron Russell of Cheneys in the county of Buckingham, an estate which he had acquired by his wife. He had already been appointed comptroller of the household, and member of the privy council. On the dissolution of the greater monasteries, his royal master heaped wealth upon him with a most bountiful hand: among other grants, he obtained the entire demesne of the rich abbey of Tavistock, comprising nearly thirty manors, with other large estates in Devon, Bucks, and Somerset. In 1541, he was constituted lord-admiral of England and Ireland; and in 1543, the custody of the privy seal was committed to him.

At the coronation of Edward VI., he executed the office of lord-highsteward of England, and soon after received a grant of the dissolved monastery of Woburn in Bedfordshire, which has been the chief resi dence of the Bedford family ever since. His services against the insurgents in the western counties, in 1549, procured for him the title of earl of Bedford, and removed him from the still more dangerous scene of intrigue then getting up against the protector. He did not long survive the accession of Mary. His last public service was to escort Philip of Spain from Corunna to London, and introduce him to that princess. He died on the 14th of March, 1555. His character, if not

remarkable for great qualities, remains free from the charge of great crimes. A Burke once sought to wound an earl of Bedford through the founder of his family, but the censure was made in general terms, and amounted to little more than the insinuation that the first earl of Bedford may not have deserved all the favours which successive sovereigns were pleased to heap upon him.

Sir Thomas Pope.

BORN CIRC. A. D. 1508.-died a. D. 1559.

SIR THOMAS POPE, the founder of Trinity college, Oxford, was born at Deddington, in Oxfordshire, about the year 1508. He was educated at Banbury school, and subsequently at Eton college. Having adopted the profession of the law, he studied at Gray's inn, and, in October, 1533, received the appointment of clerk of the briefs in the star-chamber. Two years after, he was constituted warden of the mint; and, in October, 1536, he received the honour of knighthood at the same time with Henry Howard. In 1539, on the first establishment of the court of augmentations, Sir Thomas received the lucrative office of its treasurership. The business of this court was to make up valuations of the lands belonging to the dissolved monasteries, to collect their revenues, and generally to apply the possessions of dissolved religious establishments to the use and behoof of the crown. The treasurer's office was a post of considerable profit and dignity, and the person holding it ranked with the principal officers of state.

Sir Thomas held this last office for five years, and, on the formation of a new court of augmentation in 1546, he was nominated master of the crown forests on this side the Trent, and a member of the privy council. These successive appointments, especially those connected with the augmentation courts, brought in an immense revenue to Sir Thomas, and, in 1556, we find him possessed of no fewer than thirty manors, besides other estates and advowsons. During the reign of Henry VIII. Sir Thomas continued high in favour at court; but on the accession of Edward VI., his religious principles militated against him, and he received neither favour nor office. The succession of Mary again opened up the road of preferment and honour to him, and he was appointed a privy councillor and cofferer to the royal household. During this reign we find his name associated with that of Bonner and others, in a commission for the more effectual suppression of heretics; yet his behaviour towards the princess Elizabeth, who was placed under his care in 1555, was highly courteous and creditable to his feelings as a man of honour and integrity. He died shortly after Elizabeth's accession to the throne, in January, 1559, and was interred in the parish church of St Stephen's, Walbrook, where his second wife, Margaret, had been buried; but, in 1567, their bodies were removed to the chapel of Trinity college.

It was at a period when the rage for polemic disputation had almost expelled the study of classic literature from the schools, that Sir Thomas founded Trinity college in Oxford, and made it a particular regulation, that its inmates should acquire "a just relish for the graces