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II. Selections from Periodicals.

1. THE POPULATION OF THE EARTH.

Teachers will find much valuable information in Behm and Wagner's statistical work on the population of the globe. As the work may not be accessible to many of our teachers, we have compiled It is estimated that the the following interesting statistics from it. whole population of the globe for the present year amounts to 1,423,917,000, and the area of land surface they calculate to be 51,340,800 square miles, thus giving an average density of about 28 people to one square mile. These data are apportioned among the various divisions of the globe as nearly as possible as follows:

The entire area of British possessions abroad is given at 7,964,752 square miles, with a population of 203,941,766 excluding, of course, the protected Indian States.-School and Home.

regular census, for several Continental governments are not content, 1,536,622; Paris, 1,851,792; Seangtoli, Shanchowfu, and Singanfu like ourselves, with a census once every ten years. Since 1871 the (China), each 1,000,000; and Vienna, 1,001,999. population of Germany has increased by 1,693,762. There seems to have been a census taken in Norway in January of last year, the details of which have not been published, though Behm and Wagner give the probable total as 1,815,000, an increase of about 12,000 on the estimate for 1875. The increase in the case of Great Britain over the estimate for 1875 is 352,000. Portugal shows an increase of about 310,000 since 1871, and if the population of the Azores A "" paper on the climates of the various British Colonies and Madeira be added, it will raise the number in the table by read by Mr. G. J. Symons, F.M.S., at the meeting of the Royal 378,681. With regard to European Turkey, the estimates given by Colonial Institute, held on the 13th March, 1877, in which he dwells Behm and Wagner are rather more than those published some time

2. CLIMATOLOGY.

was

This would not cost 101.

since in an article in the London Times on the population of Turkey. upon the want of uniformity of the methods of observation, and he The population of Turkey proper is given as 8,500,000; Roumania, tention of the Governments of the various Colonies be called to the proposes as a remedy for this evil the following :-"(1) That the at4,459,277, and Servia, 1,377,068. Behm and Wagner's numbers are mainly founded on Kutschera's estimate, the difference between fact, that there are scarcely any two of which the official records of this and that of Herr Jakschitch being mainly caused by a differ- the meteorology are strictly comparable, and that they be urged to ence of opinion as to the density of population in and around Con-arrange for a conference of the whole of the Directors, with instructions for them to discuss the method best adapted for universal stantinople, and as to whether any portion of the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus should be included. It is clear, at all events, that the adoption, and to bind themselves uniformly, universally, and rigidly to carry out the method recommended by the majority. The votes population of Turkey proper does not much exceed eight millions, at the conference to be weighed proportionally to the number and a little over one-third being Mahomedans. The population of the whole of the Turkish Empire in Europe, Asia, and Africa is given equipment of the stations under the direction of each member of as 47,660,000-20,500,000 being claimed by Egypt, Tripoli, and the congress. (2) Failing this, which would be the proper course, useful information might be obtained by stipulating that at every Tunis, and 13,000,000 by Asia. The total population of Russia, both in Europe and Asia, is set down as 86,568,000, being an in- principal observatory a Stevenson screen with the four usual thermometers be erected, and that the instruments be read at 9 A.M. crease of 900,000 over the estimate for 1875. As might be surmised, and 9 P.M. daily, and the observations printed in extenso, with no this increase is mainly in Central Asia, and arises from additions to territory. The area given for the whole of the Russian Empire is corrections except for instrumental error. 8,456,500 square miles, being an increase of 26,000 square miles per station, even if freight be added to the cost of the apparatus.” His remarks as to Canada are as follows:over that of 1875. This increase has occurred mainly in Central "The climate of the vast territory (nearly as large as Europe) Asia, where the Russian territory covers an area of about 1,290,000 now known as the Dominion of Canada, is far too large a subject square miles, with a population of 4,650,213. The entire population of Asia is larger by about twenty-five mil- to be dismissed in a few words, and yet no other course is open to lions than the estimate given in last year's issue of Behm and Wag- vinces are neither numerous nor important, and, except for Toronto, The separate publications on the climates of the various proner's work. The increase mainly falls upon the East India Islands and Anam, the figures in the case of the latter being more than I know of no publication of observations or results for any consider able number of years. In 1871 Professor Kingston, of Toronto double those given in the tables of last year, viz., 21,000,000. The Observatory, was appointed to the directorship of the then newlypopulation of British India is rather less than last year, being 188,- created meteorological office of the Dominion of Canada, and since 093,700; that of British Burmah being about 2,750,000, including that time the results from the various stations, both public and pritributary or protected States. The whole population of British India is close on 239,000,000. In a map of India which accom- time these volumes will become of great value; but at present, bevate, have been published in his annual reports. In the course of panies the work the varying density of the population in India is shown-from five inhabitants to over 750 per square mile. The ing strictly confined to a statement of the facts observed in each greatest density is found, of course, about Calcutta, as also in year, without a word of comment, and without a single comparison patches all along the East coast and over all the North-western with previous years, they are not in a form available to any but a Provinces. The population of China is given as 405,000,000, with 28,500,000 of outlying people. Hong Kong seems to have decreased by upward of 2,000 since last year, the number now given being 121,985. Japan is set down at 33,299,014.

According to the latest statistics, the whole population of Australia amounts to 1,367,000; of New Zealand to 421,326. In the Fiji Islands the native population seems to be rapidly decreasing. It is calculated now to exceed 70,000, while the whites, who in 1872 numbered 2,940, were last year only 1,650.

With regard to Africa, the population of Algeria was, in 1875, estimated to be 2,448,961. The population of Egypt shows a slight increase over last year, being now 17,000,000. The inhabitants of Port Said now number 9,650, and of Ismailia 3,779. Many details are given concerning the area and population of the Soudan and Central and West African States, the results of recent explorations. The British possessions in South Africa show an increase of territory and population, the latter numbering, according to latest data, 1,338,702.

me.

strictly scientific investigator, and even he would have much work
to do which ought to be done by the Canadian Meteorological Office.
Kingston's disposal are inadequate.
At present it would appear that the funds or staff at Professor

Under these circumstances, I have had to fall back for data for the present note upon other publications, and I only claim for the following that they are the best readily attainable:

Toronto Mean temperature 44° 1, highest 99° 2, lowest- 26° 5, range 125° 7, mean daily range 16° 6, mean humidity 77, mean rain 36 in.

:

St. John's, Newfoundland Mean temperature 13°, highest 925, lowest 21° 0, range 113° 5, daily range 14°4, rainfall 55 in.

Spence's Bridge, British Columbia: Mean temperature 45°3, highest 100°, lowest-29 0, range 129° 0, daily range 19°-3, humidity 62, rainfall doubtful.

lowest-43°1, range 138° 1, daily range 232, humidity 84, rainfall Manitoba, Winnipeg Mean temperature 31°-3, highest 95°0, 22 in.

TIONAL PERMANENT EXHIBITION AT PHILADELPHIA,

There is an increase over the whole of America of upwards of 1,200 000 over the number given last year. This increase seems to 3. THE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERNAa considerable extent due to the fact that more recent statistics have been obtained since last year, the data in many instances referring to 1875 and 1876. The population of Newfoundland, e. g., is that We have been furnished with a copy of the official bulletin of of 1874, and is 161,386, showing a large increase over that of 1869. the International Exhibition company, and are thus enabled to Canada is still 3,672,115, and the United States nearly 40,000,000. Mexico stands at 9,276,079, and this must be from quite recent give our readers the following interesting facts :data, as last year's number was that of 1872. The Central Ameri- A special attraction of the exhibition is the educational decan States show a slight decrease, the number this year being partment. Thirteen thousand square feet of floor space have been 2,828,164; the West Indies, 4,316,178; and all South America, set apart for an educational display. This department includes 26,309,700, of which Brazil claims upward of 11,000,000. the following important features: 1. Model school-rooms, graded

A list of about 215 towns is given, which contain 100,000 or and ungraded. 2. School work from different countries, states and more inhabitants. On the exact line are Abeokuta, Herat, Leon cities. 3. School apparatus, classified according to the subjects (Mexico), and a considerable number of Chinese towns, the esti- they are intended to illustrate. 4. School-books, charts, maps, etc., mate of whose population must be founded mainly on conjecture. arranged according to subjects treated. 5. Natural history collec There are 29 towns whose population reaches or surpasses 500,000. tions. 6. Models, plans and photographs of school buildings. 7. Those at or above a million are: Berlin, 1,045,000; Canton, 1,000,- Work done by students in universities, colleges, scientific and tech000; London (1876), 3,489,428; New York, with Brooklyn (1875), nical schools, normal and commercial schools, and benevolent insti

tutions. 8. School laws, reports, journals, blanks and forms. 9. and twenty-one years of age, and must have attended school at least Periodical literature, including newspapers, magazines, etc. An one hundred days during 1877. attempt has been made to collect at least one specimen of every newspaper, journal, magazine, or other periodical issued in this country. These are arranged according to the States in which they are published. SCHOOL-ROOMS.

Rooms are fitted and furnished to represent: I. Rural Schools. -An ungraded school with one room. 2. A graded school with two rooms. II. City Schools.-3. A Kindergarten school. 4. A Primary school. 5. An Intermediate school. 6. A High school. The design is to make each room a model of its kind, which shall contain every appliance needed by the most skilful teacher, and no expense will be spared to obtain the most desirable apparatus that can be procured either in this country or abroad. Various systems of ventilation will be represented.

SCHOOL WORK.

Space contiguous to each of the school-rooms will be fitted up for the display of pupils' work. Each city that agrees to contribute work will have allotted to it sufficient wall and floor space to admit of three cases, each ten feet high and two feet wide, and as deep as the material furnished requires. One of these cases will be for the reception of work from the primary rooms, one for that from intermediate rooms, and one for that from advanced grades. There will also be exhibited work from colleges, universities, normal, commercial and art schools, and benevolent institutions. In the Kindergarten school will be exhibited all the material used in a complete Kindergarten course, and also the best specimens of work done, of all kinds, and by children of all ages.

BOOKS, MAPS AND CHARTS.

5. Pupils from a High School are not eligible unless they attend a Public School one hundred days since attending a High School. 6. Pupils who have attained the requisite number of marks for a third-class certificate, but not obtained the certificate owing to their minority, are not eligible.

7. The Inspector shall have power to use his own discretion in regard to pupils who have attended; more than one Public School during the year. 8. Messrs. Dearness and Carson, Inspectors of Public Schools, are empowered to prepare printed papers, conduct the examinations and obtain necessary assistance from any source except teachers of East Middlesex.

9. Five pupils from each school are allowed to compete.

10. The names of candidates must be handed in to the Inspector by the 15th of December.

11. Certificates of attendance are required from teachers. The silver medal offered by A. M. Ross, Esq., to the best scholar in each municipality in the Eastern Inspectorate will be competed for in the same place, at the same time, and under the same regula

tions.-SEC.

III. Extracts from the Inspectors' Reports,

County of Lanark.

January 23rd, 1877.-I find the introduction of reports a difficult matter. Several have commenced and then dropped them. Trustees generally think the money spent in procuring them, wasted. Examinations are held generally, and are tolerably well attended in July and December.

The giving of prizes is on the increase-but they are often given not on the merit card" system.

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will be classified and displayed in cases, and upon uprights and frames, according to the subjects treated. For example, all the arithmetics published in this and other countries, so far as they can The general principles of the School-law are universally recogbe secured, will be brought together in one case. So with geogra-nized and carried out; but many minor points are neglected. Pro- phies, etc. per classification is an established fact now.

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE.

The Programme and Limit Tables are not strictly followed in many

The department is prepared to exhibit to the best advantage, schools. Object lessons, Drawing, and Music are generally omitted, models, designs, drawings, prints, and photographs of school-houses and History, and all extra subjects in the 4th class. I cannot enand heating apparatus and arrangements for lighting and ventilat-courage or scarcely countenance the introduction of these subjects ing, illustrating the best manner of applying each to the purpose into the school programme, where there is so much to be done in for which it is designed. The models will comprize one, two, three, the rudimentary and essential branches of a Public School educaand four-room buildings, and such as are denominated grammar tion. The answer to this question must be taken in most cases and high schools in large cities. with this general qualification.

COLLECTIONS IN NATURAL HISTORY

will be exhibited in this department, for the purpose of showing their importance as educational aids in all institutions of learning. They will be so arranged as to support what is needed in schools of different grades. It is hoped that this exhibition will have the effect of directing more attention to the study of Natural History. To attain this end it is intended to make this department very complete, systematic, and attractive. Specimens will be exhibited fully illustrating the following branches: Botany, Zoology, Geology and Natural History of man. All who can contribute to the exhibit are earnestly invited to do so.

There are few Libraries now existing in the county that are worthy of the name. The municipality of Dalhousie, N. Sherbrooke and Lavant (united), and also that of Ramsay seem to have been well supplied at one time, but they have not been kept up. I am aware of only one small Library (S. S. No. 5 Pakenham), having been purchased during the last six years.

There is no such thing as a "private room" for the teacher in the county.

I may state that I have succeeded very well in getting commodious and well arranged school-houses erected, and there are but two or three more badly needed. The outside premises are far behind what they should be. I turn my attention to them next. H. L. SLACK, Inspector, Lanark.

County of Leeds.

District No. 2, Feb. 26th, 1877.-During the year five new schoolhouses were completed-four of them are built of brick, and contain class-rooms, and one is a frame building without a class-room, making thirty new school-buildings erected in this part of the county since 1871. Most of the school sites contain at least half an acre of land, and are suitably enclosed. The improvements are not limited to school-houses and school-premises, as the following statistics show —

3. That three prizes be given for general proficiency in the sub-This exhibits a very marked increase in the number of pupils atjects prescribed for examination of third-class teachers at the time of holding the examination.

4. Candidates to be eligible for examination must be between five

tending from 100 to 200 days, and a diminution of the number attending less than 100 days during the year. In 1875, there were 51 children between the ages of 7 and 12 years not attending school