tion. They have reached their limit. Were the princes and nobility, the legislators and counsellors of the land, all of them the best and wisest men that ever lived, their united virtue and wisdom could do no more than this. They, if any such there be, who would teach you to expect more, give you no instance where more has ever been attained. But Providence, which foresaw, which appointed, indeed, the necessity to which human affairs are subjected, (and against which it were impious to complain,) hath contrived, that, whilst fortunes are only for a few, the rest of mankind may be happy without them. And this leads me to consider the comparative advantages and comforts which belong to the condition of those who subsist, as the great mass of every people do and must subsist, by personal labour, and the solid reasons they have for contentment in their stations. I do not now use the terms poor and rich: because that man is to be accounted poor, of whatever rank he be, and suffers the pains of poverty, whose expenses exceed his resources; and no man is, properly speaking, poor but he. But I, at present, consider the advantages of those laborious conditions of life which compose the great portion of every human community. spect would be, that, lost in the perplexity of choosing, they would sink into irrecoverable indolence, inaction, and unconcern; into that vacancy and tiresomeness of time and thought which are inseparable from such a situation. A man's thoughts must be going. Whilst he is awake, the working of his mind is as constant as the beating of his pulse. He can no more stop the one than the other. Hence if our thoughts have nothing to act upon, they act upon ourselves. They acquire a corrosive quality. They become in the last degree irksome and tormenting. Wherefore that sort of equitable engagement, which takes up the thoughts sufficiently, yet so as to leave them capable of turning to any thing more important, as occasions offer or require, is a most invaluable blessing. And if the industrious be not sensible of the blessing, it is for no other reason than because they have never experienced, or rather suffered the want of it. Again; some of the necessities which poverty (if the condition of the labouring part of mankind must be so called) imposes, are not hardships but pleasures. Frugality itself is a pleasure. It is an exercise of attention and contrivance, which, whenever it is successful, produces satisfaction. The very care and forecast that are necessary to keep expenses and earnings upon a level, form, when not embarrassed by too great difficulties, an agreeable engagement of the thoughts. This is lost amidst abundance. There is no pleasure in taking out of a large unmeasured fund. They who do that, and only that, are the mere conveyers of money from one hand to another. And, first; it is an inestimable blessing of such situations, that they supply a constant train of employment both to body and mind. A husbandman, or a manufacturer, or a tradesman, never goes to bed at night without having his business to rise up to in the morning. He would understand the value of this advantage, did he know that the want of it composes one of the greatest plagues of A yet more serious advantage which persons in the human soul; a plague by which the rich, es-inferior stations possess, is the ease with which pecially those who inherit riches, are exceedingly they provide for their children. All the provision oppressed. Indeed it is to get rid of it, that is to which a poor man's child requires, is contained in say, it is to have something to do, that they are two words, "industry and innocence." With driven upon those strange and unaccountable ways these qualities, though without a shilling to set of passing their time, in which we sometimes see him forwards, he goes into the world prepared to them, to our surprise, engaged. A poor man's become an useful, virtuous, and happy man. Nor condition supplies him with that which no man will he fail to meet with a maintenance adequate can do without, and with which a rich man, with to the habits with which he has been brought up, all his opportunities, and all his contrivance, can and to the expectations which he has formed; a hardly supply himself; regular engagement, busi- degree of success sufficient for a person of any ness to look forward to, something to be done for condition whatever. These qualities of industry every day, some employment prepared for every and innocence, which, I repeat again, are all that morning. A few of better judgment can seek out are absolutely necessary, every parent can give to for themselves constant and useful occupation. his children without expense, because he can There is not one of you takes the pains in his give them by his own authority and example; calling, which some of the most independent men and they are to be communicated, I believe, and in the nation have taken, and are taking, to pro- preserved, in no other way. I call this a serious mote what they deem to be a point of great con- advantage of humble stations; because in what we cern to the interests of humanity, by which neither reckon superior ranks of life, there is a real diffithey nor theirs can ever gain a shilling, and in culty in placing children in situations which may which should they succeed, those who are to be in any degree support them in the class and in benefited by their service, will neither know nor the habits in which they have been brought up by thank them for it. I only mention this to show, their parents: from which great and oftentimes in conjunction with what has been observed above, distressing perplexity the poor are free. With that, of those who are at liberty to act as they health of body, innocence of mind, and habits of please, the wise prove, and the foolish confess, by industry, a poor man's child has nothing to be their conduct, that a life of employment is the afraid of, nor his father or mother any thing to be only life worth leading; and that the chief differ- afraid of for him. ence between their manner of passing their time and yours, is, that they can choose the objects of their activity, which you cannot. This privilege may be an advantage to some, but for nine out of ten it is fortunate that occupation is provided to their hands, that they have it not to seek, that it is imposed upon them by their necessities and occasions; for the consequence of liberty in this re3 R The labour of the world is carried on by service, that is, by one man working under another man's direction. I take it for granted that this is the best way of conducting business, because all nations and ages have adopted it. Consequently service is the relation which, of all others, affects the greatest numbers of individuals, and in the most sensible manner. In whatever country, 42* therefore, this relation is well and equitably regu- | worked. Rest is the cessation of labour. It can lated, in that country the poor will be happy. Now how is the matter managed with us? Except apprenticeships, the necessity of which every one, at least every father and mother, will acknowledge, as the best, if not the only practicable, way of gaining instruction and skill, and which have their foundation in nature, because they have their foundation in the natural ignorance and imbecility of youth; except these, service in England, is, as it ought to be, voluntary and by contract; a fair exchange of work for wages; an equal bargain, in which each party has his rights and his redress; wherein every servant chooses his master. Can this be mended? I will add, that a continuance of this connexion is frequently the foundation of so much mutual kindness and attachment, that very few friendships are more cordial, or more sincere; that it leaves oftentimes nothing in servitude except the name; nor any distinction but what one party is as much pleased with, and sometimes also as proud of, as the other. What then (for this is the fair way of calculating) is there in higher stations to place against these advantages? What does the poor man see in the life or condition of the rich, that should render him dissatisfied with his own? Was there as much in sensual pleasures, I mean in the luxuries of eating and drinking, and other gratifications of that sort, as some men's imaginations would represent them to be, but which no man's experience finds in them, I contend, that even in these respects, the advantage is on the side of the poor The rich, who addict themselves to indulgence, lose their relish. Their desires are dead. Their sensibilities are worn and tired. Hence they lead a languid satiated existence. Hardly any thing can amuse, or rouse, or gratify them. Whereas the poor man, if some thing extraordinary fall in his way, comes to the repast with appetite; is pleased and refreshed; derives from his usual course of moderation and temperance a quickness of perception and delight which the unrestrained voluptuary knows nothing of. Habits of all kinds are much the same. Whatever is habitual, becomes smooth and indifferent, and nothing more. The luxurious receive no greater pleasures from their dainties, than the peasant does from his homely fare.-But here is the difference: The peasant whenever he goes abroad, finds a feast, whereas the epicure must be sumptuously entertained to escape disgust. They who spend every day in diversions, and they who go every day about their usual business, pass their time much alike. Attending to what they are about, wanting nothing, regretting nothing, they are both, whilst engaged, in a state of ease; but then, whatever suspends the pursuits of the man of diversion, distresses him, whereas to the labourer, or the man of business, every pause is a recreation. And this is a vast advantage which they possess who are trained and inured to a life of occupation, above the man who sets up for a life of pleasure. Variety is soon exhausted. Novelty itself is no longer new. Amusements are become too familar to delight, and he is in a situation in which he can never change but for the worse. Another article which the poor are apt to envy in the rich, is their ease. Now here they mistake the matter totally. They call inaction ease, whereas nothing is farther from it. Rest is ease. That is true; but no man can rest who has not | not therefore be enjoyed, or even tasted, except by those who have known fatigue. The rich see, and not without envy, the refreshment and plea sure which rest affords to the poor, and choose to wonder that they cannot find the same enjoyment in being free from the necessity of working at all. They do not observe that this enjoyment must be purchased by previous labour, and that he who will not pay the price cannot have the gratification. Being without work is one thing; reposing from work is another. The one is as tiresome and insipid as the other is sweet and soothing. The one, in general, is the fate of the rich man, the other is the fortune of the poor. I have heard it said, that if the face of happiness can any where be seen, it is in the summer evening of a country village; where, after the labours of the day, each man at his door, with his children, amongst his neighbours, feels his frame and his heart at rest, every thing about him pleased and pleasing, and a delight and complacency in his sensations far beyond what either luxury or diversion can afford. The rich want this; and they want what they must never have. As to some other things which the poor are disposed to envy in the condition of the rich, such as their state, their appearance, the grandeur of their houses, dress, equipage, and attendance, they only envy the rich these things because they do not know the rich. They have not opportunities of observing with what neglect and insensibility the rich possess and regard these things themselves. If they could see the great man in his retirement, and in his actual manner of life, they would find him, if pleased at all, taking pleasure in some of those simple enjoyments which they can command as well as he. They would find him amongst his children, in his husbandry, in his garden, pursuing some rural diversion, or occupied with some trifling exercise, which are all gratifications, as much within the power and reach of the poor man as of the rich; or rather more so. To learn the art of contentment, is only to learn what happiness actually consists in. Sensual pleasures add little to its substance. Ease, if by that be meant exemption from labour, contributes nothing. One, however, constant spring of satisfaction, and almost infallible support of cheerfulness and spirits, is the exercise of domes tic affections; the presence of objects of tenderness and endearment in our families, our kindred, our friends. Now, have the poor any thing to complain of here? Are they not surrounded by their relatives as generally as others? The poor man has his wife and children about him; and what has the rich more? He has the same enjoyment of their society, the same solicitude for their welfare, the same pleasure in their good qualities, improvement, and success: their connexion with him, is as strict and intimate, their attachment as strong, their gratitude as warm. I have no propensity to envy any one, least of all the rich and great; but if I were disposed to this weakness, the subject of my envy would be, a healthy young man, in full possession of his strength and faculties, going forth in a morning to work for his wife and children, or bringing them home his wages at night. But was difference of rank or fortune of more importance to personal happiness than it is, it would be ill purchased by any sudden or violent change of condition. An alteration of circum- If, in comparing the different conditions of sostances, which breaks up a man's habits of life, cial life, we bring religion into the account, the deprives him of his occupation, removes him from argument is still easier. Religion smooths all inhis acquaintance, may be called an elevation of equalities, because it unfolds a prospect which fortune, but hardly ever brings with it an addition makes all earthly distinctions nothing. And I do of enjoyment. They to whom accidents of this allow that there are many cases of sickness, afsort have happened, never found them to answer fliction, and distress, which Christianity alone can their expectations. After the first hurry of the comfort. But in estimating the mere diversities change is over, they are surprised to feel in them-of station and civil condition, I have not thought selves listlessness and dejection, a consciousness it necessary to introduce religion into the inquiry of solitude, vacancy, and restraint, in the place of at all; because I contend, that the man who murcheerfulness, liberty, and ease. They try to murs and repines, when he has nothing to murmur make up for what they have lost, sometimes by a and repine about, but the mere want of independbeastly sottishness, sometimes by a foolish dissipa-ent property, is not only irreligious, but unreasontion, sometimes by a stupid sloth; all which effects able, in his complaint; and that he would find, are only so many confessions, that changes of this did he know the truth, and consider his case fairly, sort were not made for man. If any public dis- that a life of labour, such, I mean, as is led by the turbance should produce, not an equality (for that labouring part of mankind in this country, has is not the proper name to give it,) but a jumble of advantages in it which compensate all its inconranks and professions amongst us, it is not only veniences. When compared with the life of the evident what the rich would lose, but there is also rich, it is better in these important respects: It this further misfortune, that what the rich lost the supplies employment, it promotes activity. It poor would not gain. I (God knows) could not keeps the body in better health, the mind more get my livelihood by labour, nor would the labourer engaged, and, of course, more quiet. It is more find any solace or enjoyment in my studies. If we sensible of ease, more susceptible of pleasure. It were to exchange conditions to-morrow, all the is attended with greater alacrity of spirits, a more effect would be, that we both should be more constant cheerfulness and serenity of temper. It miserable, and the work of both be worse done. affords easier and more certain methods of sendWithout debating, therefore, what might be very ing children into the world in situations suited to difficult to decide, which of our two conditions their habits and expectations. It is free from many was better to begin with, one point is certain, that heavy anxieties which rich men feel; it is fraught it is best for each to remain in his own. The with many sources of delight which they want. change, and the only change, to be desired, is that gradual and progressive improvement of our cir-ing husbandman or artificer adds another very cumstances which is the natural fruit of successful industry; when each year is something better than the last; when we are enabled to add to our little household one article after another of new comfort or conveniency, as our profits increase, or our burden becomes less; and, what is best of all, when we can afford, as our strength declines, to relax our labours, or divide our cares. This may be looked forward to, and is practicable, by great numbers in a state of public order and quiet; it is absolutely impossible in any other. | If to these reasons for contentment, the reflect material one, that changes of condition, which are attended with a breaking up and sacrifice of our ancient course and habit of living, never can be productive of happiness, he will perceive, I trust, that to covet the stations or fortunes of the rich, or so, however, to covet them, as to wish to seize them by force, or through the medium of public uproar and confusion, is not only wickedness, but folly, as mistaken in the end as in the means, that it is not only to venture out to sea in a storm, but to venture for nothing. SERMONS ON PUBLIC OCCASIONS. SERMON I. CAUTION RECOMMENDED IN THE USE AND APPLICATION OF SCRIPTURE A SERMON, PREACHED, JULY 17, 1777, IN THE CATHEDRAL Church of Carlisle, at thE VISITATION OF THE RIGHT REVEREND LORD BISHOP OF CARLISLE. To the Right Reverend Edmund, Lord Bishop of Carlisle, this discourse is inscribed, with sen. timents of great respect and gratitude, by his Lordship's most dutiful, and most obliged servant and chaplain, W. PALEY. Even as our beloved brother Paul also, according to the wisdom given unto him, hath written unto you; as also in all his epistles, speaking in them of these things; in which are some things hard to be understood, which they that are unlearned and unstable wrest, as they do also the other Scriptures, unto their own destruction.-2 Peter iii. 15, 16. Ir must not be dissembled that there are many | were converted but from conviction; and convicreal difficulties in the Christian Scriptures; whilst, tion produced, for the most part, a corresponding at the same time, more, I believe, and greater, reformation of life and manners. Hence baptism may justly be imputed to certain maxims of inter- was only another name for conversion, and conpretation, which have obtained authority without version was supposed to be sincere: in this sense reason, and are received without inquiry. One of was our Saviour's promise," he that believeth, and these, as I apprehend, is the expecting to find, in the is baptized, shall be saved;" and in the same his present circumstances of Christianity, a meaning command to St. Paul, "arise, and be baptized, for, or something answering to, every appellation and wash away thy sins:"+ this was that baptism, and expression which occurs in Scripture; or, in "for the remission of sins," to which St. Peter inother words, the applying to the personal condition vited the Jews upon the day of Pentecost; that of Christians at this day, those titles, phrases, pro- "washing of regeneration," by which, as St. Paul positions, and arguments, which belong solely to writes to Titus, "he saved us.'s Now, when the situation of Christianity at its first institution. we come to speak of the baptism which obtains I am aware of an objection which weighs much in most Christian churches at present, where no with many serious tempers, namely, that to sup-conversion is supposed, or possible, it is manifest, pose any part of Scripture to be inapplicable to us, is to suppose a part of Scripture to be useless; which seems to detract from the perfection we attribute to these oracles of our salvation. To this I can only answer, that it would have been one of the strangest things in the world, if the writings of the New Testament had not, like all other books, been composed for the apprehension, and consequently adapted to the circumstances, of the persons they were addressed to; and that it would have been equally strange, if the great, and in many respects, the inevitable alterations, which have taken place in those circumstances, did not vary the application of Scripture language. I design, in the following discourse, to propose some examples of this variation, from which you will judge, as I proceed, of the truth and importance of our general observation. First; At the time the Scriptures were written, none were baptized but converts, and none that, if these expressions be applied at all, they must be applied with extreme qualification and re serve. Secondly; The community of Christians were at first a handful of men, connected amongst themselves by the strictest union, and divided from the rest of the world by a real difference of principle and persuasion, and, what was more observable, by many outward peculiarities of worship and behaviour. This society, considered collectively, and as a body, were set apart from the rest of mankind for a more gracious dispensation, as well as actually distinguished by a superior purity of life and conversation. In this view, and in opposition to the unbelieving world, they were de nominated in Scripture by titles of great seeming dignity and import; they were elect," ""called," "saints;" they were "in Christ;" they were * Mark xvi. 16. 66 Acts xxii. 16. § Titus iii. 5. TRom. viii. 1. "a chosen generation, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a peculiar people." That is, these terms were employed to distinguish the professors of Christianity froin the rest of mankind, in the same manner as the names of Greek and Barbarian, Jew and Gentile, distinguished the people of Greece and Israel from other nations. The application of such phrases to the whole body of Christians is become now obscure; partly because it is not easy to conceive of Christians as a body at all, by reason of the extent of their name and numbers, and the little visible union that subsists among them; and partly, because the heathen world, with whom they were compared, and to which comparison these phrases relate, is now ceased, or is removed from our observation. Supposing, therefore, these expressions to have a perpetual meaning, and, either forgetting the original use of them, or finding that, at this time, in a great measure exhausted and insignificant, we resort to a sense and an application of them, easier, it may be, to our comprehension, but extremely foreign from the design of their authors, namely, to distinguish individuals amongst us, the professors of Christianity, from one another agreeably to which idea, the most flattering of these names, the "elect," "called," "saints," have, by bold and unlearned men, been appropriated to themselves and their own party with a presump tion and conceit injurious to the reputation of our religion amongst them that are without," and extremely disgusting to the sober part of its professors; whereas, that such titles were intended in a sense common to all Christian converts, is well argued from many places in which they occur, in which places you may plainly substitute the terms convert, or converted, for the strongest of these phrases, without any alteration of the author's meaning, e. g. "dare any of you go to law before the unjust and not before the saints?" 'Is any man called being circumcised, let him not become uncircumcised:" "The church that is at Babylon elected together with you, saluteth Salute Andronicus and Junia, who you:"s were in Christ before me."|| Thirdly; In opposition to the Jews, who were so much offended by the preaching of the Gospel to the Gentiles, St. Paul maintains, with great industry, that it was God Almighty's intention from the first, to substitute, at a fit season, into the place of the rejected Israelites, a society of men taken indifferently out of all nations under heaven, and admitted to be the people of God upon This is easier and more comprehensive terms. expressed in the Epistle to the Ephesians, as follows:-"Having made known unto us the mystery of his will, according to his good pleasure which he hath purposed in himself, that, in the dispensation of the fulness of times, he might gather together in one all things in Christ." This scheme of collecting such a society was what God foreknew before the foundation of the world; was what he did predestinate; was the eternal purpose which he purposed in Christ Jesus; and, by consequence, this society, in their collective capacity, were the objects of this foreknowledge, predestination, and purpose; that is, in the language of the apostles, they were they "whom he did foreknow," they "whom he did as it Fourthly; The conversion of a grown person from Heathenism to Christianity, which is the case of conversion commonly intended in the Epistles, was a change of which we have now no just conception: it was a new name, a new language, a new society; a new faith, a new hope; a new object of worship, a new rule of life: a history was disclosed full of discovery and surprise; a prospect of futurity was unfolded, beyond imagination awful and august; the same description applies in a great part, though not entirely, to the conversion of a Jew. This, accompanied was with the pardon of every former sin, (Romans iii. 25,) was such an era in a man's life, so remarkable a period in his recollection, such a revolution of every thing that was most important to him, as might well admit of those strong figures and significant allusions by which it is described in Scripture: it was a "regeneration"s or a new birth; it was to be "born again of God, and of the Spirit ;" it was to be "dead to sin,” and “alive from the dead;" it was to be buried with Christ in baptism, and raised together with him;"** it was a new creature," and a new creation;"‡‡ it was a translation from the condition of "slaves to that of sons; §§ from "strangers and foreigners, to be fellow-citizens with the saints, and of the household of God." It is manifest that no change equal or similar to the conversion of a Heathen can be experienced by us, or by any one educated in a Christian country, and to whom the facts, precepts, and hopes of Christianity, have been from his infancy familiar: yet we will retain the same language; and what has been the consequence? One sort of men, observing nothing in |