scending, full of complaisance to the great, always ready to pay his court to them, and supporting, for the good of the service, all the weight of their haughtiness and vanity with incredible patience; in which behaviour some people make the whole address and merit of a courtier to consist.

He did not forget himself on this occasion, and setting at work all that the industry and art of a complete courtier could suggest of flattery and insinuation, he perfectly gained the young prince's favour and good opinion. After having praised his generosity, magnificence, and zeal for the Lacedæmonians, he desired him to give each soldier and mariner a drachma a per day; in order to corrupt those of the enemy by that means, and thereby terminate the war the sooner. Cyrus very much approved the project; but said, that he could make no change in the king's order, and that the treaty with them expressly settled only half a talent to be paid monthly for each galley. The prince, however, at the end of a banquet, which he gave him before his departure, drinking to his health, and pressing him to ask something of him, Lysander desired that an obolus a day might be added to the seaman's pay. This was granted, and he gave them four oboli, instead of three, which they received before, and paid them all the arrears due to them, with a month's advance; giving Lysander 10,000 daricks for that purpose; that is, 100,000 livres, or about 50001. sterling.

This largess filled the whole fleet with ardour and alacrity, and almost unmanned the enemy's gallies; the greatest part of the mariners deserting to the party where the pay was best. The Athenians, in despair upon receiving this news, endeavoured to conciliate Cyrus by the interposition of Tissaphernes; but he would not hearken to them, notwithstanding that Satrap represented, that it was not for the king's interest to aggrandize the Lacedæmonians, but to balance the power of one side with that of the other, in order to perpetuate the war, and to ruin both by their own divisions.

Though Lysander had considerably weakened the enemy by augmenting the mariner's pay, and therefore very much hurt their naval power, he dared not however hazard a battle with them, particularly dreading Alcibiades, who was a man of execution, had a greater number of ships, and had never been overthrown in any battle either by sea or land. But after Alcibiades had left Samos to go into Phocæa, and Ionia, to raise money, of which he was in want

a Ten pence. b 1500 livres. about 1121. Sterling. The dracluna was six oboli, or 10d. French; each obolus being three halfpence; so that the tour oboli were sixpence halfpenny a day, instead of five pence, or three oboli, A carick is about a pistole.

for the payment of his troops, and had given the command of his fleet to Antiochus, with express order not to fight or attack the enemy in his absence; the new commander, to make a show of his courage, and to brave Lysander, entered the port of Ephesus with two gallies, and after having made a great noise, retired with loud laughter, and an air of contempt and insult. Lysander, enraged at that affront, immediately detached some gallies, and went himself in pursuit of him. But as the Athenians advanced to support Antiochus, he ordered other gallies of his side to come on, till the whole fleet arrived by little and little, and the engagement became general on both sides. Lysander gained the victory, and having taken 15 of the Athenian gallies, he erected a trophy. Alcibiades, on his return to Samos, sailed even into the port to offer him battle; but Lysander was contented with his victory, and did not think proper to accept it; so that he retired without doing any thing.

Thrasybulus at the same time, the most dangerous enemy he had in his army, left the camp, and went to Athens to accuse him. To inflame his enemies in the city the more, he told the people in a full assembly, that Alcibiades had entirely ruined their affairs, and the navy, by the licence he had introduced; that he had given himself up to the most notorious debauchees and drunkards, who, from having been common seamen, were now the only persons in credit. about him; that he abandoned his whole authority to them, to be at leisure to enrich himself in the provinces, and to plunge himself there into intemperance and all other infamous excesses, to the disgrace of Athens, whilst his fleet was left neglected in the face of that of the enemy,

Another article of accusation against him was taken from the forts he had built near the city of Byzantium, for an asylum and retreat for himself; as neither being able nor willing to return any more to his country. The Athenians, a capricious, inconstant people, gave credit to all these impeachments. The loss of the last battle, and his little success since his departure from Athens, instead of the great and wonderful actions expected from him, entirely sunk him in their opinions; and his own glory and reputation may be said to have occasioned his ruin. For he was suspected of not having been desirous to do what was not done, which they could not believe out of his power, because they were fully persuaded, that nothing he desired to do was impossible to him. They made it a crime in Alcibiades that the rapidity of his conquests did not correspond with that of

a A. M. 3598 Ant. J. C. 406.

6 Antiochus is pointed at in this place, a mean, debauched man, who had ac quired the favour of Aloibiades by catching a quail for him, which he had let fly. VOL III.

Bb

their imaginations; not considering, that he made war without money upon a people who had the great king for their treasurer, and that he was often obliged to quit his camp, to go in quest of what was necessary for the payment and subsistence of his troops. However, Alcibiades was deposed, and ten generals nominated in his stead; of which when he received advice, he retired in his galley to some Castles which he had in the Thracian Chersonesus.

a About this time died Plistonax, one of the kings of Lacedæmonia, and was succeeded by Pausanias, who reigned 14 years. The latter made a fine answer to one who asked, why it was not permitted to change any thing in the ancient customs of Sparta: "Because," says he," at Sparta, the "laws command men, and not men the laws."

Lysander, who intended to establish the government of the nobility in all the cities in the dependence of Sparta, that the governors of his choosing might be always at his disposal, from his having rendered them independent of their people, caused such persons among the principal men of the cities to come to Ephesus, as he knew to be the boldest and most enterprising and ambitious. These he placed at the head of affairs, promoted to the greatest honours, and raised to the first employments of the army, thereby rendering himself, says Plutarch, the accomplice of all the crimes and oppressions they committed to advance and enrich themselves. For this reason they were always extremely attached to him, and regretted him infinitely, when Callicratidas came to suc ceed him, and took upon him the command of the fleet. He was not inferior to Lysander either in valour or military knowledge, and was infinitely above him in point of moral virtue. Alike severe to himself and others, inaccessible to flattery and sloth, the declared enemy of luxury, he retained the modesty, temperance, and austerity of the ancient Spartans; virtues that began to distinguish him particularly, as they were not too common in his time. His probity and justice were proof against all things; his simplicity and integrity abhorred all falsehood and fraud, to which were joined a truly Spartan nobleness and grandeur of soul. The great and powerful could not refrain from admiring his virtue ; but they were better pleased with the affability and condescension of his predecessor, who was blind to the injustice and violence of their actions.

It was not without mortification and jealousy, that Lysander saw him arrive at Ephesus to take upon him the coma Diod. p. 196.

ὁ Ὅτι τὰς νότες τῶν ἄνδρων, ἢ τὰς ἄνδρας τῶν νόμων κυρίως εἶναι δεί. Plut in Apoph. 230.

Peoph. Hellen. I. i. p. 442–444. Plut, in Lysand, p. 435, 436. Died. p. 297, 198.

mand, and out of a criminal baseness and treachery, not un*common with those who hearken more to their private ambition than the good of the public, he did him all the ill offices in his power. Of the 10,000 daricks, which Cyrus had given him for the augmentation of the mariner's pay, he returned the remainder to that prince; telling Callicratidas, that he might apply to the king for the money, and that it depended on him to find means for the subsistence of his army. This conduct gave him great trouble, and distressed him exceedingly. For he had brought no money with him from Sparta, and could not resolve to extort any from the citizens, as he found them sufficiently rifled already.

In this urgent necessity a person having offered him 50 talents (that is to say, 50,000 crowns) to obtain a favour which he could not grant with justice, he refused them. Upon which Cleander, one of his officers, said, "I would "accept them were I in your place." "And so would I," replied the general," were I in yours."

He had no other resource therefore than to go, as Lysander had done, to ask money at the gates of the king's generals and lieutenants, for which he was the least proper of all mankind. Nurtured and educated in the love of liberty, full of great and noble sentiments, and infinitely remote from all flattery and baseness, he was convinced at heart, that it was less evil and dishonour for Greeks to be overcome by Greeks, than infamously to make their court, and beg at the gates of Barbarians, whose only merit consisted in their gold and silver. The whole nation were indeed disgraced by so mean a prostitution.

Cicero, in his Offices, draws two very different characters of persons employed in the administration of government, and makes the application of them to the two generals, of whom we speak. The one, says he, zealous lovers of truth, and declared enemies of all fraud, pique themselves upon their simplicity and candour, and do not believe, that it can ever be consistent with honour to lay snares, or use artifice. The others, prepared to do or suffer every thing, are not ashamed of the meanest actions and prostitutions, provided from those unworthy means they have reason to expect the success of their designs. Cicero places Callicratidas amongst the former, and Lysander amongst the latter, to whom he gives two epithets not much to his honour, and hardly con

a Plut in Apoph. p. 222.

b sunt his ani multum dispares, simplices et aperti; qui nihil ex occulto, nibil ex insidiis agendum putant; veritatis cultores, fraudis inimici: itemque alii qui quidvis perpetiantur, cuivis deserviant. dum, quod velint, consequantur. Quo in genere versutismum et patientissimum, Lacedæmonium Lysandrum accepimus, contraque Callicratidem. Offic. 1. i. n. 109.

எ

a

"very

sistent with the Spartan character, when he calls him " artful and very patient," or rather " very complaisant." Callicratidas however, forced by necessity, went to Lydia, and repaired immediately to the palace of Cyrus, where he desired that prince might be told, that the admiral of the Grecian fleet was come to speak with him. He was answered, that Cyrus was then at table, engaged in a « party of pleasure; to which he replied, with a modest tone and air, that he was in no haste, and would wait till the prince came forth. The guards set up a laugh, wondering at the honest stranger's simplicity, who seemed so little acquainted with the world; and he was obliged to retire. He came thither the second time, and was again denied admittance. Upon which he returned to Ephesus, loading those with curses and imprecations, who had first made their court to Barbarians, and by their flattery and submissions had taught them to make their riches a title and pretence for insulting the rest of mankind. Addressing himself at the same time to those about him, he swore, that as soon as he returned to Sparta, he would use his utmost endeavours to reconcile the Greeks amongst themselves, that for the future they might become formidable to the Barbarians, and have no further occasion for their aid to invade and ruin each other. But that generous Spartan, whose thoughts were so noble, and so worthy the Lacedæmonian name, and whose justice, magnanimity, and valour, might rank him with all that Greece had ever produced of the most excellent and most consummate, had not the good fortune to return to his country, nor to apply himself to a work so great, and so worthy of him.

SECT. V.

Callicraditas is defeated by the Athenians near the Arginusa. The Athenians pass sentence of death upon several of their generals for not having brought off the bodies of those who had been slain in battle. Socrates alone has the courage to oppose so unjust a sentence.

Callicratidas, after having gained several victories over the Athenians, had at last pursued Conon, one of their generals, into the port of Mitylene, where he kept him blocked up. This was in the 26th year of the Peloponnesian war. Conon seeing himself besieged by sea and land, without hope of aid, and in want of provisions, found means to apprize

a The Greeks says literally that he was drinking, vƐ. The Persians va lued themselves upon drinking a great deal, as an instance of their merit, as we shall see in Cyrus's letter to the Lacedæmomans

6 Xenoph. Hellen. h. i. p. 444–452. Died. l. xiii. p. 198, et 201, et 217–222.