ance is that of a small flickering light, straggling in an irregular manner at the height of one or two feet from the ground, and sometimes standing for a few moments over a particular spot. When approached or pursued, the lights are agitated by the motion of the air, and seem to elude investigation. The cause of this species of meteor is well known to men of science; the light being nothing more than phosphureted hydrogen gas, arising from decomposing substances in the ground, spontaneously lighted. The meteors commonly called falling stars, which shoot from the upper region of the atmosphere, are ascribed to a similar origin: they are masses of matter inflated with phosphureted hydrogen gas, which, being spontaneously ignited, shoot in a down. ward direction to the earth. The greatest height whence they come is not above two or three miles, and seldom so much. Electricity, it may be supposed, is also concerned in this class of meteors. watch go round; while, in the southern hemisphere, the rotation is in the same direction as that in which the hands of a watch revolve. He pointed out how his views were illustrated by the disastrous storm of 1809, experienced by the East India fleet, under the convoy of the Culloden line-of-battle ship, and the Terpsichore frigate, and four British men-of-war, which left the Cape of Good Hope about the same time, intending to cruise about the Mauritius. Some of these vessels scudded and ran in the storm for days; some, by lying to, got almost immediately out of it; while others, by taking a wrong direction, went into the heart of it, foundered, and were never heard of more; others, by sailing right across the calm space, met the same storm in different parts of its progress, and the wind blowing in opposite directions, and considered and spoke of it as two storms which they encountered; while others, by cruising about within the bend of the curve, but beyond the circle of the great whirl, escaped the storm altogether, which had been for days raging on all sides of them. This led him to draw the very important practical conclusion as to how a ship should act when she encountered a gale, so as to escape from it. By watching the mode of veering of the wind, the portion of a storm into which a ship is falling may be ascertained: if the ship be then so manoeuvred as that the wind shall veer aft instead of ahead, and the vessel is made to come up instead of being allowed to break off, she will run out of the storm altogether; but if the contrary course be taken, either through chance or ignorance, she goes right into the whirl, and runs a great risk of being suddenly taken aback, but most assuredly will meet the opposite wind passing out through the whirl. To accomplish her object, he showed, by a diagram, that it was necessary the ship should be laid on opposite tacks, on opposite sides of a storm, as may be understood by drawing a number of concentric circles to represent the whirl of the hurricane, and then different lines across these, to represent the course of ships entering into or going through the storm." Its man Aurora Borealis.-In extreme northern and southern latitudes, and generally in the coldest season of the year, the sky appears luminous with streams of soft light, called the aurora borealis or the northern lights. This beautiful phenomenon is comparatively seldom seen as far south as the centre of England, but is frequently observed in Scotland, where it is popularly known by the name of streamers. In the latter country it appears a little after sunset, and uniformly arises in the north, inclining generally a little to the west; and it occurs more frequently about the time of the equinoxes than at any other season of the year. ner of arising, and the general characters it assumes, vary extremely; indeed, so much so as almost to preclude any accurate description. Sometimes, an hour or two after dark, it seems to illumine the northern region of the sky with no more than a gentle and subdued twilight, which gives a soft relief to the surrounding darkness. Sometimes detached masses of light suddenly appear in different parts of the sky, from which silvery and tremulous beams shoot with dazzling and evanescent splendour. Not unfrequently, indeed, from one single spot of light the beams vividly and rapidly extend. Sometimes the phenomenon is first discernible in delicate streaks or threads of light, which enlarge and shift with inconceivable rapidity, until a tremulous arch is formed, which completely spans the azure vault. Very often one general or principal arch is observed, with smaller ones at unequal distances, which frequently move laterally towards each other, and suddenly unite into one broad and brilliant mass. Often, from the horizon, in the north, one limb or segment of the arch streams up into the heavens, and sometimes several of these arise at distances from each other. The varying splendour of the coruscations, and the rapid and playful movements which they display, as they sweep across the heavens, excite alike the wonder and admiration of the spectator. Mr Espy, an American gentleman, who laid a number of facts on the subject before the British Association in 1840, arrives at the same conclusion as Redfield, Capper, and Reid; but adds, that the whirlwinds blow progressively towards a common centre. This blowing inwards to a centre, Mr Espy conceives to be the consequence of the sudden and powerful ascent of a column of air at that centre, from the atmosphere being there more heated than elsewhere. If any careful observer of atmospheric phenomena on the ocean, possess facts which tend to throw any light on this exceedingly important branch of science, it is his duty to make them known for the general benefit of mankind. the spray UNUSUAL METEORIC PHENOMENA. Among the meteoric phenomena which are of less frequent occurrence than those already noticed, may be included rainbows, figures in the air, luminous meteors, ignis fatui, the aurora borealis, halos, parhelia, and aerolites. Having in the article OPTICS explained the cause of rainbows to be simply the refraction of light through the drops of a shower of rain (or through of a cataract), nothing more need be said on the subject here. With respect to the appearance of figures in the air, such as representations of landscapes, fen, and animals, ships at sea, and so on, it has like. Halos-Parhelia.-In the colder regions of the globe, wise been shown, in the article OPTICS, that they are a and sometimes in temperate climes during cold weather, natural consequence of peculiar refractive powers of what are called halos and parhelia, or mock-suns and the atmosphere at the time of the occurrence. The mock-moons, are sometimes seen. A halo usually conMirage of the desert, the Fata Morgana of the Vene-sists of two concentric circles of coloured or refracted tians, the Brocken of the Hartz Mountains in Germany, light, such as that of a rainbow, the one forming an angle and the armies seen in the air, according to Scottish of about 234 degrees, the other an angle of about 47 superstition, all belong to this class of meteoric phe The height of the aurora has been variously computed to be from 100 to 700 miles above the surface of the earth, and consequently far beyond the sphere of our atmosphere. All the conjectures hazarded with respect to the nature and cause of the aurora have been unsatisfactory: the most feasible conclusion is, that the phenomenon is a demonstration of electric fluid in its passage from the polar to the equatorial regions. Welldigested facts are still required to form an exact and satisfactory theory on the subject. nomena. degrees, with the sun or moon. In different parts of these circles, and chiefly in opposite points at a similar Luminous Meteors. These are of various kinds. One altitude with the sun, bright spots of unrefracted light of the most familiar is the Will o' the wisp, or ignis are seen, which have received the names of mock-sung Jatuus (the fire of fools), which appears at night on or mock-moons, according as the light is received from marshy grounds or places of sepulture. The appear-the sun or from the moon during the appearance of the balo. From these bright spots diverging horns of light | ing circuits like the planets, and have most likely been are occasionally observable. It is generally agreed that a halo is produced by the sun or moon's light being refracted by frozen vapour in the atmosphere. The cause of the parhelia, or bright sun-like spot, is more difficult of definition. Some suppose it to be caused by the frozen vapour being arranged in such a manner at particular points, as allows the light of the sun or moon to be transmitted in a concentrated instead of a refracted form. Aerolites.-These are fiery meteors, which, in various forms and sizes, are seen to shoot from the heavens, and, falling to the earth, are found to consist of certain kinds of stones. The chronicles of almost every age and country record the fall of these bodies, which sometimes arrive on the surface of our planet individually, and at other times in what must be called a stream or shower. The celebrated Gassendi informs us, that, on the 29th November 1637, about ten o'clock A. M., while the sky was perfectly serene and transparent, he saw a flaming stone, apparently about four feet diameter, fall on Mount Vaision, in Provence. This stone was encircled with a zone of various colours, like a rainbow, and accompanied in its fall with a noise resembling the discharge of artillery. It was of a dark metallic colour, extremely hard, and 59 lbs. in weight. In June 1668, two stones, one of which weighed 300, and the other 200 lbs., fell near Verona. The event took place during the night, and when the weather was perfectly serene and mild. They appeared to be all on fire, descending in a sloping direction, and with a tremendous noise. The phenomenon was witnessed by a great number of people, who, when the sounds had ceased, and their courage was sufficiently re-established, ventured to approach these celestial deposits, and found that they had formed a ditch, such had been the force with which they had descended. One of the largest meteoric stones which have ever fallen, is now exhibited in a room in the British Museum; it is several feet in diameter, of great weight, shaped like a spheroid, and brown in exterior appearance. All meteoric stones that have been examined, present a similar structure and appearance. The chemical analysis of one which fell in France in 1810, may be taken as a sample of the whole :-Silica, 38-4; alumina, 36; lime, 4.2; magnesia, 136; iron, 258; nickel, 6; manganese, 06; sulphur, 5; chrome, 1-5; total, 98.7. The velocity with which the stones are shot through the atmosphere renders them red hot, and some time elapses after their fall before they cool and can be projected from the sun in the same manner as the earth and other planetary bodies are believed to have been hurled from that luminary. Showers of fiery meteors, sometimes only gaseous, and at other times solid, are, however, found to occur annually in August, December, and other periods of the year. In September 1841, a shower of many millions of meteoric stones, the greater number of which were not larger than small hailstones, occurred in Hungary, their chief ingredients being oxydate of iron, oxide of iron, and oxy-hydrate of iron, with flint, lime, and clay earth. THE WEATHER. From the preceding account of the various pheno mena of the atmosphere, it must be evident that prognostications respecting the weather must be extremely uncertain, if not, for the most part, quite illusory. According to an ancient prejudice, it has been supposed that the moon, on entering its different quarters, exercises an influence over the weather; but this is ascer tained by men of science to be without foundation in truth. The moon affects the tides of the ocean, but in no other known manner has it any influence over the ordinary phenomena of our planet. It has been seen that winds are the grand disturbers of the weather, and that to them we may proximately ascribe the occurrence of clear skies, fogs, clouds, rain, &c. As the winds originate from circumstances frequently far beyond our horizon, and cannot consequently be foreseen, every prognostic of either fine or bad weather is liable to complete derangement. The chance floating of an iceberg from the northern polar regions to a temperate latitude in the Atlantic, has been known to shed such a cold over Britain as to destroy the best hopes of summer. To utter prophecies of the coming weather, in a country exposed to such contingencies, appears ridiculous. It has long been a favourite belief with certain classes of persons, that the weather goes in cycles-that, after a limited number of years, the same succession of weather in the different seasons of the year recurs, and is repeated periodically. A period or cycle of nine, eighteen, thirty-six, and fifty-four years, has been variously fixed upon. In Scotland, nineteen years has been more generally believed to form a cycle, and on that account, leases of farms are commonly made out for that period, in order to give the agriculturist the benefit of an entire round of weather. To suit and support these theories, which rest on no solid foun dation, almanacs have been put forth, pretending to foretell the weather of the coming year; but, unless With respect to the origin of aerolites, there are four when favoured by accidental resemblances between the theories, each having its supporters. According to La- weather and the prediction, all such oracular prophe place, Poisson, Dr Hutton, and others, they are stones cies have been disproved by facts. As far as the re projected from volcanoes in the moon; it being demon- cords of meteorological phenomena for a long series strated that an initial velocity of 6000 feet per second of years warrant a conclusion, the following principles would be sufficient to drive them beyond the moon's respecting the weather may be considered settled:attraction, and to bring them within the greater attrac-1. The weather of each year stands by itself; 2. The tion of the earth. Another set of philosophers allege they are projected from volcanoes on the earth, which is exceedingly improbable. Playfair and others say it is not unlikely that the stones are formed in the atmosphere, by an aggregation of particles of matter, the result of gaseous vapours; this chemical theory is also very unsatisfactory. The fourth and most probable theory is, that the stones are asteroids, or diminutive planets, drawn to the earth's surface when our globe, in Its annual revolution, arrives at points near which these bodies are performing a circuit round the sun. A series of remarkable phenomena, of recent occurrence, serve to support this theory. On the morning of the 12th, 13th, or 14th of November, every year since 1833, there have occurred, at different parts of both Europe and America, showers of meteoric bodies, of a most brilliant appearance; and it has thence been conjectured that the earth, in its revolution round the sun, had fallen in with these bodies in the same or nearly the same part of its orbit. If such be the true Tows that these meteors are traveller weather differs annually, and is different in different Printed and published by W. and R. CHAMBERS, Edinburgh m-Sold also by W. S. Orr & Co., London. CHAMBERS'S INFORMATION FOR THE PEOPLE. NUMBER 59. CONDUCTED BY WILLIAM AND ROBERT CHAMBERS, EDITORS OF CHAMBERS'S It has of late been customary for the conductors of popular cyclopædias to admit articles on Phrenology; but in most if not all the instances in which this has been done, the articles were the composition of persons who denied that phrenology was a true system of mental philosophy, and whose aim rather was to show its want of sound foundation than simply to present a view of its doctrines. In every one of these instances, it was afterwards successfully shown by phrenological writers, that their science had been misrepresented, and its doctrines challenged on unfair grounds; so that the articles in question might as well not have been written, in so far as the instruction of candid inquirers was concerned. We have resolved to eschew this practical absurdity, by presenting a view of phrenology by one who believes it to be the true system of mind. This we conceive to be a course the more necessary, that phrenology, overlooking altogether its organological basis, presents a far more intelligible view of the faculties of the human mind, and the phenomena of their working, than any of the metaphysical systems. It is eminently, we think, the system of mental philosophy for the unlearned man, because it is much less abstract than any other. In perusing the account which it gives of the mind and its parts, ordinary people feel, for the first time in their attempts at psychological investigation, that they have ground whereon to rest the soles of their feet. Thus, supposing that the observations made with regard to the connexion of certain manifestations of thought and feeling with certain parts of the brain to be untrue, there is still a distinct value in phrenology, as an extensively available means of studying mind. We deem it right, at the same time, to menon that phrenology appears to us as beforehand likely to be true, in as far as it assigns a natural basis to mind; while we are equally sensible that its leading ctrines have acquired a title to a very respectful attention, from the support given to them by a vast amount of careful observation, and the strikingly enughtened and philanthropic aims for which many of its supporters have become remarkable. With these introductory remarks, we leave our readers to form their en opinions respecting the science, as far as they are enabled to do so by a treatise necessarily brief, and which, therefore, admits of but a slender exhibition of e.dence.-Ed. same talent, he reflected that it was possible that other by Mr George Combe himself and Mr James Simpson PHRENOLOGY is a Greek compound, signifying a disPurse on the mind. The system which exclusively passes by this name, was founded by Dr Francis Joseph Gall, a German physician, born in 1757. Dr Gail was led, when a schoolboy, to surmise a connexion of particular mental faculties with particular parts of the brain, in consequence of observing a marked promi- be traced. matched him in committing words to memory. Findnence in the eyes of a companion who always over ing the same conformation in others noted for the THE PRINCIPLES OF PHRENOLOGY. 1. The brain is the organ by and through which the protrusion was considerable; and when awake, and particularly when engaged in conversation or mental action, it was still greater, and remained so while conversation lasted.‡ Common feeling refers the mind to, or localises it in, the head; and common phrases are in accordance with this conviction. We have long-headed, shallow-pated, crack-brained, well furnished with brain, &c.; as ex From the above facts, phrenologists assume:-1st, As there is no vision or hearing without their respective organs, the eye and ear, so there is no thinking or feeling without their respective organs in the brain; 2d, Every mental affection must correspond with a certain state of the organ, and vice versa; 3d, The perfection of the mind will have relation to the perfec tion of its organs. The study of the cerebral organs, therefore, is the study of the mind, in the only condition in which we can cognise it. Hence all previous study of the mind, without reference to cerebral organisation, has, philosophically speaking, gone for nothing, if we except the shrewd but unsystematic guesses of superior sagacity ;§ and phrenology presents the first practical mental philosophy known to man. mind in this life is manifested. This truth is now blood was sent with increased force to the brain, and the disputed scarcely any where. It was a great though pulsations became frequent and violent. If, therefore, wide-spread error, before the discovery of phreno- you omit to keep the mind free from agitation, your logy, that we can recognise mind and body as two dis- other means (in the treatment of injuries of the brain) tinct entities or existences: under the influence of that will be unavailing." Blumenbach saw a portion of error, they were treated of separately by two several exposed brain to sink in sleep, and swell when the orders of philosophers-the metaphysicians and the patient awoke.+ Dr Pierquin, and a writer in the anatomists. In vain to the metaphysician was it ob- Medico-Chirurgical Review, adduce other instances of vious, that we have no knowledge of mind but through the brain swelling out in waking hours, and still more the medium of a bodily apparatus, with which it grows in mental agitations. In these, such as pain, fear, and decays; he continued to treat of mind as a spirit anger, the dressings were disturbed, and the brain unconnected with body. The anatomical investigator throbbed tumultuously. The cause is obvious: in. reasoned quite as unphilosophically, when he assumed creased activity of brain, as of muscle, is accompanied that mind was nothing but matter, the higher qua- by increased flow of blood to the part. Dr Pierquin lities of which were to think and feel. The phreno- cites a case which is extremely instructive. His sublogist avoids both these unproved assumptions. He ject was a female, twenty-six years of age, who had lost does not pretend to know, much less to assume, the a large portion of the skull and dura mater, so that a essence or nature of either mind or matter. Whether corresponding portion of the brain was laid bare. When they are one or distinct is known only to the God who she was in a dreamless sleep, her brain was motionless, made them; and whatever they are, they must, there- and lay inside the cranium; when her sleep was imper fore, be the best possibly adapted to their end and de-fect, her brain moved and protruded; in vivid dreams, sign. This is his answer to the unproved and unwarranted assumptions of spiritualism on the one hand, and materialism on the other; while he confines himself to the observation of the laws which regulate mental phenomena, in their invariable connexion with bodily organisation; and to the brain, as most obviously so connected, he has seen reason to address his chief attention. To all sane manifestations of mind, brain in healthy action is necessary. In sleep, fainting, and compressions in every one's mouth. pression of the brain, mind is suspended. In perfect sleep, the brain reposes, and mind ceases to be manifested. Were it an immaterial spirit, acting independently of the brain, the repose of the material brain could not suspend the spirit's working. In fainting, the blood ceases for the time to supply the brain, and consciousness and motion are suspended. Pressure on the brain instantly suspends consciousness. Mr Combe, in his "System of Phrenology" (4th edition, p. 14), describes several most interesting and instructive experiments on compression, as made by Richerand, Cooper, Chapman, Cline, and others. In several individuals, when the brain was partially exposed by accidents, these gentlemen applied pressure to the exposed part, when speech and consciousness suddenly stopped, to return when the pressure was removed. Pinel* clearly traces to a bodily cause the diseased manifestation of mind called insanity, by the following cases:-" A man, engaged in a mechanical employment, and afterwards confined in the Bicêtre, experiences, at irregular intervals, fits of madness, characterised by the following symptoms:-At first there is a sensation of heat in the abdominal viscera, with intense thirst, and a strong constipation; the heat gradually extends to the breast, neck, and face, producing a flush of the complexion; on reaching the temples, it is still greater, and is accompanied by very strong and frequent pulsations in the temporal arteries, which seem as if about to burst finally, the nervous affection arrives at the brain." What then follows! All the effects hitherto described are purely corporeal. Pinel proceeds-"The patient is then seized with an irresistible propensity to shed blood; and if there be a sharp instrument within reach, he is apt to sacrifice to his fury the first person who presents himself." How powerfully this case connects mind and brain, and what a strong light it sheds upon that really bodily, that is, cerebral, disease called insanity! Pinel cites another case of total change of character, from mild to furious, in an insane person, when redness of face, heat in the head, and thirst, occurred. The brain, when exposed, has been seen in action, during emotion, conversation, dreams, &c. Sir Ashley Cooper refers to the case of a young man who had lost a portion of skull above the eyebrow. "I distinctly saw the pulsation of the brain," says Sir Ashley; "it was regular and slow; but at this time he was agitated by some opposition to his wishes, and directly the * Sur l'Alienation Mentale, p. 157. *Lectures on Surgery, vol. i. p. 279. Elliotson's Blumenbach, 4th edition, p. 283. More lately than all these examples, Mr Combe has recorded one of his own observing in America, which goes not only to prove action of the brain corresponding to activity of mind generally, but action of ascertained organs when their correspondgirl of eight years of age, who, four years before, from a fall out ing mental manifestations were called forth. The subject was a of a window, lost the portion of skull which covers the organs of Self-Esteem and Love of Approbation. The integuments and hair are the only protection her brain has in that region, and its move ments can be felt by the hand, like a leech through a silk hand kerchief. Mr Combe, placing his hand on the part, led the con versation so as to pique the child's self-esteem, when the motion was distinctly felt. When she was requested to do some arithmetical lesson, to set in action her intellect, the brain at sefEsteem ceased to move. She was praised for her success, when the organ of the Love of Approbation, hitherto quiescent, sensibly moved; again the child's attention was directed to something distinct from herself, and once more the organs of Self-Esteem and Love of Approbation reposed. Mr Combe repeated his trials see ral times with the same results.-Notes on the United States of North America, vol. ii. p. 279. the Scottish metaphysical school, towards the end of his re § An opinion, not much different, was expressed by the last of We allude to Mr Dugald Stewart quoting as true the followin confession of M. de Bonald :-"Diversity of doctrine has in creased from age to age with the number of masters, and withi the progress of knowledge; and Europe, which at present pos up almost as many philosophers as writers, poor in the mid sesses libraries filled with philosophical works, and which reck *** so much riches, and uncertain, with the aid of all its guides which road it should follow-Europe, the centre and focus of all the lights of the world, HAS YET ITS PHILOSOPHY ONLY IN PECTATION." The brain being the general organ of the mind, we | ways idiotic. A large head may be idiotic from cerecome next to inquire whether it is all necessary to bral disease, but a very small head, from defect of size every act of feeling or thinking; or whether it is alone, is always idiotic. We present a contrast. Fig. 1 divided into parts, each part being the instrument or is the head of an idiot of 20 years of age; fig. 2 is organ of a particular mental act. 1st, It is a law of orga- the head of the celebrated Hindoo reformer, Rammonisation that different functions are never performed hun Roy, which was of great size, and, as is well known, by the same organ. The stomach, liver, heart, eyes, ears, manifested great power. It will in the sequel be shown have each a separate duty. Different nerves are neces- that the Hindoo type of head is small, and the mental sary to motion, feeling, and resistance, and there is no power correspondent; hence the exception, in both example of confusion amongst them. Analogy, there- particulars, of Rammohun Roy's head, tells the more fore, is in favour of the conclusion that there are distinct strongly for the doctrine. Men of great force of chaorgans for observing, reflecting, and feeling kindness, racter, such as Napoleon, Franklin, Burns, had brains resentment, self-love, &c. 2d, The mental powers do not of unusually large size. all come at once, as they would, were the brain one indivisible organ. They appear successively, and the brain undergoes a corresponding change. 3d, Genius varies in different individuals; one has a turn, as it is called, for one thing, and another for something different. 4th, Dreaming is explained by the doctrine of distinct organs which can act or rest alone. Its disjointed images and feelings could never occur if the brain acted as a whole. Undivided, it must either all sleep or all wake; so that there could be no such thing as dreaming. 5th, Partial insanity, or madness on one point, with sanity on every other, proves the distinction of organs, and their separate action. 6th, Partial injuries of the brain, affecting the mental manifestations of the injured parts, but leaving the other faculties sound, prove distinctiveness of organs. 7th, There could be no such state of mind as the familiar one where our feelings contend, and antagonise and balance each other, if the brain were one organ. These are grounds for presuming that the brain is not unique, but a cluster of organs, or at least that it is capable of acting in parts as well as in whole. For this conclusion, the phrenologists have found satisfactory proofs in repeated observations, showing that particular manifestations of mind are proportioned, in intensity and frequency of recurrence, to the size or expansion of particular parts of the brain, and are thus to be presumed to depend on those parts. Every step they have taken in this investigation has been guided by the strictest rules of the inductive philosophy, each of their inferences being grounded on an overwhelming number of cases leading to one uniform conclusion. It is therefore considered by them as a settled point, that the brain consists of a congeries of organs. It is a necessary result of the same investigations, and one of the most important doctrines of phrenology, that the power of each organ, in other words, its degree of mental manifestation, is in direct proportion to its size. This is a law every where seen affecting organic nature; a large muscle, the conditions of health, quality, and outward circumstances, being the same, has more power than a small one. The same is true of a serve. Dogs have very large nerves for smelling, eagles for seeing, &c. A child's brain is smaller, and its mental power weaker, than those of an adult. A very small brain in an adult is the invariable cause of idiocy. Powerful energetic nations exceed weaker ones in size of head, and invariably, when brought into collision with them, overcome them. The Gothic or Teutonic head is larger than the Celtic, which last race first occupied Europe, but was driven by the Gothic into the mountainous regions, where it was not worth the pains to follow it. The average European head is to the average Hindoo as the head of a man to that of a boy; and hence the conquest and subjection of a hundred mil lions of the latter by thirty thousand of the former. Figs. 9 and 10, to be found in a subsequent column, contrast a European with a Cingalese head. Indeed, the doctrine of size of brain accompanying power of character, is now generally admitted by the opponents of phrenology. The general law, then, being that size of organ is accompanied by power of manifestation, we proceed to inquire, secondly, if there are any circumstances, and what these are, which modify this law. It will be found that quality of brain is a modifying circumstance, also health of brain, and exercise of brain. 1. Phrenologists conjectured that different brains plumpness and firmness of flesh, light or red hair, blue panied with great activity of the blood-vessels, an ani- |