tory habits. Boerhaave considers the continued use of this fruit as one of the principal remedies in cases of obstruction and viscidity, and in putrid disorders. Hoffman furnishes instances of some obstinate diseases being cured by strawberries and other mild, sweet, subacid fruits, and affirms that he has known even consumptive people,cured by them. Linnæus informs us that, by eating plentifully of strawberries every day, he kept himself free from gout. They promote perspiration, and dissolve the tartarous incrustations on the teeth. Strawberries should be taken sparingly by those of a cold inactive disposition, where the vessels are lax, and circulation languid, or digestion weak." The medicinal qualities of the strawberry appear to us to consist somewhat in the abundance of small hard seeds on the fruit, which act mechanically on the stomach and bowels, and also in the weakness of the subacid; in other words, the pulpy substance is of a simple and harmless nature, remarkably easy of digestion, and at the very least cooling in its effects. Taken in moderation, it will save the use of some kinds of medicines, and, as an alterative from hard food, it cannot be too highly commended. In most parts of England, strawberries are eaten alone, or dipped individually in sugar, before being put into the mouth; and to suit this mode of consumption, they are brought to table with their stems, which form shanks to hold by. But in Scotland they are consumed in a far more wholesale manner. There they are brought to table stripped of their stems, and are ladled out and eaten with a plenteous infusion of cream and sugar. "Strawberries and cream" is, in fact, one of the grand national treats which strangers may reckon upon seeing set before them in the early weeks of July, and to which generally full justice is done. In the neighbourhood of Edinburgh, there are a number of suburban villages deriving celebrity from their extensive strawberry grounds, and to these parties proceed from town to enjoy the fruit in perfection, that is to say, along with the richest and most delicious cream. In the vicinity of Dublin, the celebrated "Strawberry Beds" in the same manner attract immense crowds of persons in the summer evenings, when the fruit is in its prime. Those who are accustomed to see strawberries only in the small pottles in which they figure at Covent Garden market, can form but a feeble idea of the mode of consumption at either the Scotch or Irish metropolis. ties comes almost at once into the market, the season lasting about three weeks, and then all is over. The exceeding precariousness of the crop, from the chance damage of rains, makes the rearing of strawberries a business of little profit, and lately, it has been abandoned by a number of our market gardeners. This is a circumstance to be regretted, and we should hope that, by a greater attention to the cultivation of late sorts, which would not arrive at maturity till late in July and in August, a greater degree of success in rearing might be secured. The following comprehend the general directions for culture: The seasons for planting are March or September. The soil that all affect is a rich unctuous loam, trenched to the depth of two feet. The best and strongest rooted runners of July are always to be preferred; and these should be planted at the periods above named, with all their roots, into beds or borders recently prepared. Many persons retain their beds or rows, during an indefinite number of years, in a tolerable state of fertility; but the triennial system appears to combine every advantage, while it avoids the two extremes of annual renewals and of protracted duration. When a bed is formed and in full bearing, it will require an annual surface-dressing of loam and manure, two parts of the former to one of the latter, early in the winter, to protect the plants and receive the new roots, which always are emitted just below the lowest leaf-stalks; in March the old leaves ought to be all cut off, leaving the hearts untouched; and the beds should be cleared of litter by a wooden rake. Prior to the fruit becoming ripe, the mowings of a lawn or of any soft grass laid over the surface, will prevent the berries from being soiled by mould or worm-casts. Triennial System of Planting.-1. A plot or border of earth being trenched, as before directed, select, after the first rains of September, a quantity of strong and well-rooted runner-plants, and, with a garden fork or trowel, set them one by one, fresh from bed, in the new ground; if in single border row, a foot apart; if in a bed, at the same distance plant from plant, but the ranks two feet asunder. Fix each plant firmly, and give water over it from the rose of a watering-pot. If a set of plants be thus merely transferred without much disturbance, and watered three times, few will fail. Hoe the ground occasionally; and prior to or during the first frost, sprinkle some manure over and around the plants, and lightly pass the wooden rake over them. Suffer no blossom to expand in the following spring, but leave the plants to acquire strength. Stir the ground occasionally, and cut off all runners. 2. In the second September, prepare and complete a corresponding plantation. Manure and dress the plants during winter, and those of No. 1 for the second time; and in March trim off the old leaves, and rake the surface. Let the plants of No. 1 bear their full complement, the fruit of which ought to be early, abundant, and of first-rate quality. Of late years there have been many changes and improvements in the strawberry world. Fifty or sixty years ago, only about a dozen sorts were known, those of the largest size being called hautboys. According to horticulturists, there are now some hundreds of select varieties, produced by crossing, change of situation, and other circumstances. An old and respectable strawberry, known as the Old scarlet, was introduced from Virginia in 1625, and has been the prolific source of several varieties. The Austrian scarlet, the Roseberry, the Scotch scarlet, the Aberdeen seedling, the Grove-End scarlet, the Downton, 3. In September, repeat the work, and thus comSir George Mackenzie's Late scarlet, Nova Scotia plete the plantations. Treat this and No. 2 exactly as scarlet, Prolific hautboys, and Keen's seedling, may directed for No. 1. In the following spring, suffer No. be noticed among hundreds of others. Latterly, some 1 to bear a second crop, No. 2 its first crop, and oblipoor sorts have been banished from the market, and terate the blossoms of No. 3. In the September of the given place to Keen's seedling, which combines good fourth year, dig up all the plants of No. 1, turn the flavour with largeness of size, and is an excellent ground, manure, and replant it. Thus the routine bearer. The object in cultivating so many varieties is will be completed; and thus, year after year, there will to obtain a succession of fruit through the season, some be a plot progressing in one of the three stages; and if, orts ripening and being ready for market in May, with each approved variety, a similar routine course be while others come to maturity in the course of June adopted-and especially if a plantation be formed in the and July. It should be understood, however, that it three aspects, east, south, and north, the last under a is only in the neighbourhood of London that the suc- hedge or fence, to screen it from the south sun-the Cessive cropping of strawberries, or the forcing of them season of strawberries can be extended between the at particular seasons, is methodically conducted on latter end of May and the middle of August. For the large scale. In most parts of the country, the vicinity latter period, Knight's Elton is peculiarly adapted; and of Edinburgh included, the fruit in its different varie- they who can at that time command a supply of a fruit a so fine and beautiful, will have ample cause for self- The Cranberry. are themselves actually fruitful. Each should have This is a small wild fruit, which may be easily culti-three bold eyes on the young wood, and each should revated in gardens; the plant is so exceedingly productive, that 140 bottles (five bottles to the gallon) have been known to grow within a space of two and a half square feet. The berries are used chiefly for tarts. Cranberry plants require a very moist soil, and if placed near a pond, so much the better. Give them some bog earth, and in dry weather let them be frequently irrigated. The Grape Vine. The vine, from the juice of whose fruit wine is made by a process of fermentation, is a plant of eastern origin, which, in the course of ages, has been introduced into all the countries of southern and central Europe, also England. Requiring a fine climate, it will not bear fruit in the open air farther north than York, and it is only in fine seasons and in good exposures, that its fruit is worth eating even in the southern parts of Britain; in general, the grapes grown in gardens about London are small, and not presentable at table. In the north of France and Germany they are little better, and we do not really get fine grapes of a proper size till we reach Italy or Portugal. In England, however, grapes produced in hot-houses surpass in size and flavour the fruit of the Portugal vines. tain at its base a small piece of the previous year's wood. The season for planting is the month of March, and the method very simple. Dibble a hole from four to six inches in front of the wall or fence, deep enough to receive the entire cutting. Mix together equal parts of black leaf-mould and white sand; put in the hole enough of this to raise the bottom one inch, and ram it hard with a blunt stick; then insert the cutting, and hold it firm in the centre of the hole, while that is filled brimful with the compost, which is brought into still closer contact with the shoot by pouring water into it two or three times. Make the ground quite even, and its surface level with the uppermost bud, then cover the cutting with a small hand-glass. If the ground is kept moderately moist, not two cuttings in a dozen will fail. If more than one shoot break, and attain the height of five or six inches, the stronger only should be retained, slipping the other off below ground. This shoot must grow till its point become spindling, when it should be nipped back; and all future growth should be thus stopped above its lowest leaf, as also the laterals that appear during the growth of the main shoot. Great care must be taken to keep the vine regularly nailed and secured by soft and roomy ties, to prevent accident, and the danger of being snapped by the wind. Throughout the continent, the practice is to grow vines in large fields, either on plains or the sides of hills, which are fully exposed to the sun. They are trained in rows, tied to stakes, and are pruned to a height of about four or five feet; on the Rhine, they seldom exceed three or four feet; and, at a distance, the ground has somewhat the appearance of being covered with staked beans or peas. In Italy, the vines are trained to a greater height, and are made to cling to horizontal palings, as if from the roof of a hot-house. To those in the southern parts of England who desire to rear the vine in gardens and on walls, we offer the following directions:-The varieties most suitable for culture are-1. The White sweet-water, with round berries, somewhat tinged with yellow, and faintly streaked with red on the sunny side. 2. The White muscadine, bunches rather loose, berries not very large, yellowish, and abounding with saccharine juice. 3. The Small black cluster, with berries between red and purple, closely packed, very sweet, and luscious in flavour. 4. Turner's hardy, or the Esperione, a fruitful tree, and very certain bearer; berries of medium size, varying from dark-red to deepish-purple. As the aspects suitable to the vine are confined between south-east and a small point to the west of south, the cuttings, if not duly supplied with water, may be droughted and perish before they become completely furnished with roots; but when once established, the main shoot will grow rapidly, perhaps attaining the height of a common fence, and ripen their wood early. In the end of September, let each be cut down to an inch above the three lowest buds; mulch the ground around the stems and over the roots as winter ap proaches, and watch the spring progress of the eyes. If possible, obtain and secure two equal shoots; and if the wall or fence be from eight to ten feet high or more, lead these shoots horizontally right and left about six inches above the soil, and secure them by shreds and nails. If the wall be six feet or under, retain but one strong shoot, and train it perpendicularly. In Septem ber, cut back according to the strength; thus, if the wood of the single rod last mentioned measure from one-third to half an inch in thickness, and the eyes be full, and from four to six inches apart, cut the shoot at the top of the fence, removing also the remains of all laterals and tendrils. The two horizontals will perhaps Mr Hoare's treatise on the vine has added import-be rather slighter, yet if they be fully ripe, and furnished ance to the culture of this graceful tree, and has thrown great light upon the treatment it requires. Our limits forbid us to recur to the statements therein given, and we can only observe, that no one who possesses a gableend, a brick-walled house, or, indeed, a wall or fence of any kind, need be without a vine; it affects no richness of soil, but will grow on the shallowest ground, over and in chalk or rock of any description; yet, if a border can be formed with a dry and well-drained bottom, the tree will be rendered more vigorous, though the fruit may not be exalted in flavour, A sound turfy loam, to the depth of eighteen inches, rendered open by small fragments of old lime-rubbish, and a portion of crushed bones, will support any vine, and promote its fertility; and these materials can be introduced by degrees, first near the roots, then at a greater distance to replace a corresponding quantity of old soil; thus little expense will be incurred, and still less labour. But if a new border be contemplated, and outlay be not considered, it will, of course, be best to complete the work in the first instance. Vines are propagated by single eyes, by cuttings, and by layers, placed in pots when it is intended to remove the plants to borders or vineries. The soil should be a light rich sandy earth, or perfectly decayed manure, and sand, in equal parts; but they who wish to raise vines ,ut loss of time, should plant cuttings taken from known fertility and of the yearling shoots which with bold eyes, they may be left three or four feet long on each side of the short main stem, but all the buds on the under side of each must be cut away; mulch the ground as before; and in March following fork in the manure. Bearing Condition of the Vine.-The fourth spring will find the vines in a fruitful state; but previous, the trees prepared for a dwarf fence should be so pruned as to retain but three horizontal branches on each side of the main stems, about eighteen inches asunder, the intermediate branches being cut back to their lowest bold eye beyond the stem. This eye is designed to produce a new shoot, to take the place of the bearing shoot, which, after the fruit is taken, must be cut away. Thus the vine will henceforward produce, year by year, two systems of branches, e of which will comprise year-old bearing wood, the other a corresponding series of green wood, which will produce the fruit of the following year. This de scription would almost suffice to elucidate the habits of the vine; yet, to leave no doubt on a subject which involves the entire theory of pruning, it will be understood that this tree bears its fruit solely upon the gre shoots of the present year, which spring from the of the pale-brown wood of the previous year. Wheth therefore, a vine is of age, and has acquired sufficient strength to support a crop of fruit, it will generally te wise to provide a new series of bearing wood every year, because the fruit of new wood (in the white varieties particularly) is always superior. In this horizontal alternate system for low fences, each new branch may safely be permitted to extend itself at least two joints beyond its predecessor, always remembering to cut back, early in the autumn, to a short distance above a bold eye seated on perfectly ripe wood; for thus the free will acquire strength and extent at the same time; and experience proves that, in ordinary circumstances, the fertility of a tree should be moderated, and kept below the supporting power. The trees on the second system of training for high | walls must be pruned in a similar manner, and upon corresponding principles. In the autumn of the third year, three out of four branches will be cut down to the lowest bold eye, and a few vertical shoots, from thirty inches to a yard apart, will remain; and these also must be pruned to a strong eye situated on mature wood. This system will furnish new bearing-wood every year, increasing in length as the power of the tree augments; while, also, the low horizontal stems will extend gradually in due proportion. At first one, or at most two bunches, must be permitted to remain upon each upright branch. In the fifth season, a greater crop may be taken, always, however, remembering to restrict the fertility of the vine; for by so doing, its vegetating power will keep in the advance, till, in the end, the entire fence will be filled with vigorous branches, annually renewed, from which a very heavy crop may be gathered, without tasking the vine in any degree that shall produce debility. | while the young wood for succeeding crops is allowed to grow without, where, under a brighter sunshine than we enjoy, the wood becomes perfectly ripened, and when the crop is gathered, the old wood, or that which produced fruit this year, is entirely cut out and replaced with the young wood hitherto growing without the pit. Vines are also ripened on the continent by having glass frames placed against the wall on which they grow, about the time the fruit is half or three parts swelled, at which period those glasses are not in use which have been employed in forcing early crops of melons, salads, &c. The solar heat collected by this contrivance ripens the fruit well, and fully matures the wood for the following season. We have it in contemplation, founded upon the success of this mode, which we have often witnessed on the continent with admiration, to erect a portable structure in the new gardens now preparing for his Grace the Duke of Buccleuch, at Dalkeith Palace, and of which the following brief description will convey a sufficient idea :—Supposing a south wall, built hollow and heated with hot water (as all our walls are to be), be planted with the early ripening sorts of grapes, late peaches, and some of the best late ripening plums, such as Coe's Golden Drop, &c. The trees not to be excited in spring (which should never be attempted with hot walls), but rather retarded in their blossoming, by keeping the branches as far from the wall as possible till they begin to blossom, at which time they are to be laid in to the wall, and the blossom protected with thin canvass awnings, particularly during night. In July, at which period the roof-sashes of the early The spur system of pruning back the bearing shoot forced peach-houses and vineries will be removed, these annually, may occasionally be adopted with black grapes, are intended to be employed to cover the above wall in and not without advantage; yet the system of yearly the following manner:-A permanent stone curb, twelve renewal leaves the vine at the entire command of the inches high or more (or a wooden plank of the same pruner, and procures large clusters of fruit. The few height will answer as well), is laid along parallel to the remarks above offered enter little into minutia, but bottom of the wall, and at two feet distance from it. they elucidate general principles; and if applied prac- This curb is furnished with a groove an inch and a tically, will, we believe, lead to improvement in grape- half deep and three inches wide, to receive the bottom growing. We again profess to be much indebted to rail of the sashes, the top rail to run in a corresponding Mr Hoare, and recommend his treatise to every culti-groove, in a batten of wood fixed to permanent brackets vator of the vine. near the top of the wall, the distance between the top and bottom grooves to be equal to the length of the sashes, the bottom rail of each sash to be furnished with two brass rollers, to facilitate their movement. The glasses, it will thus appear, will stand perpendicular to the wall, and at two feet from it, and ventilation and the necessary operations of pruning, gathering, &c., can be carried on from without, the lights being made to pass each other in the grooves, as in the manner of what is called barrack windows. The concentration of solar heat in August, September, and October, with the power of applying fire-heat by means of the hot-water pipes in the walls, which may be safely used as soon as the glasses are put, will not only ripen our best autumn fruits, but also mature the wood and buds for succeeding crops. Grapes and plums may be prolonged by this mode, we think, till Christmas, or indeed until the glasses be required to be again put on the early forcinghouses; and our finest Flemish pears, late peaches, and nectarines, which do not often ripen well in England, on the open walls, and never in Scotland, will be brought to the highest perfection. Hot walls we have long ago proved to be of little or no value in spring, but their efficacy in autumn no one can doubt, and their utility will be greatly increased by having this covering of glass before them.” The fruit of the vine grows in clusters or bunches, as many, perhaps, as a hundred grapes in the bunch. It is not desirable that so many should cluster together, for, when numerous, they are apt to be very small, and to be so compact in the mass, that those within do not ripen. Bunches with many grapes, therefore, should be thinned, by clipping out those of the smallest size, which will allow the others to grow to the proper dimensions. In very many instances, grapes grown on walls in gardens are spoiled by vermin, the interstices in the bunches being often filled with spider's webs and insects of different kinds. All this is a result of carelessness in not keeping the walls clean, and pruning and otherwise attending to the bunches. As a preventive, let the walls in winter be lime-washed, including all branches of the vines, and take some pains to remove all vermin which appear in the fruit season. Forcing-Of the growing of vines in hot-houses or vineries, it is not our intention to speak; but for the class of persons whom we address, the following account of a method for forcing vines in humble edifices, given by Mr M'Intosh, in the "Orchard," seems so suitable, that we take leave to offer it :" In many parts of the continent, and even in some few instances in this country, vines are forced in very humble edifices. The Dutch, Flemings, and Germans use pits, often not ex- For information respecting the construction and ceeding three or four feet in depth. These are some-management of hot-houses and green-houses, we refer times heated by dung or tan being placed within them, to Loudon's " Encyclopaedia of Gardening," also to the which give out a mild, humid heat, serviceable to the beautiful works of Mr M'Intosh (Orr & Co., London). vine while the buds are breaking; and this, with the proper husbanding of the solar heat by judicious ventilation, is often found sufficient to produce ripe grapes at an early period. Other instances occur of such pits being heated by a smoke flue, to which very moderate fires are applied. But what is most novel in these pits is, the vines being planted outside the wood that is to produce the fruit is trained under the glass within, MISCELLANEOUS FRUITS. The following are fruits which cannot be strictly ranked among the preceding classes, and are grown almost exclusively in gardens of a high order: The Fig. The fig-tree is a delicate exotic like the grape-vine, are then cut down within a few inches of the ground. From the stems several strong shoots are produced, which, in the second year after cutting down, are generally shortened by one-third of their length. Regular figure and an open head are procured by placing a small hoof within the branches, to which the shoots are fastened at regular distances. In the third year, as the bush approaches maturity, short shoots (spurs) spring from the eyes, and are suffered to grow till the autumn, when they are cut back nearly to their origin, whilst, also, the leading shoots of the previous year are shortened two-thirds. and great care is required to bring crops of the fruit | to remain; and these grow three or four years, and In the following spring, several small shoots arise from the base of the small branches which were cut off the preceding autumn, in consequence of the curtailment of the leading trained branches, and upon these secondary spurs the fruit may be expected; these shoots augment in number yearly, insomuch that many must be cast away. The largest are removed; the lesser remain, being more fertile in their habit. Many decay yearly; but whether they do so or not, those which have borne filberts are always cut away, and a fresh succes sion provided as future bearers. The leading shoot is every year shortened two-thirds or more, if the tree be weak, and the whole height of the branches must not exceed six feet. In order to strengthen the tree as much as possible, the suckers of the roots are era. dicated, by exposing the roots, at a moderate distance from the stem, to the frost. The excavation is, in the spring, filled with manure. But to secure fruit in due season, the pruner must recollect that, in Italy and the south of Europe, two crops of figs are produced yearly. Those large figs which are seen on fruitful trees here late in summer, are developed in spring, and would ripen early in a warm climate; but our winters check their progress, and generally destroy them. The crop which ripens in August is developed late in the preceding summers, and is extremely minute, almost invisible, in September; it is situated near the terminations of those green shoots which have been pinched or compressed; therefore the large green figs (which have properly been termed sterilising encumbrances) should be displaced by midAugust, and then it will frequently be seen that two minute embryos form in lieu of the one; and these, if the tree be protected, will ripen at the season mentioned. As to protection, it will be proper to unnail and bend down the upper shoots, so as to bring them into moderate compass, then to pass a few straw bands among and across them, and finally to cover the whole with a mat or canvass sheet. In April, train in, straight and regularly, all the bearing wood; and as the trees grow, suffer the breast wood to curve forward at its pleasure, pinching the points as directed. Not one shoot is to be cut shorter; but if the wood become redundant, some branches which obscure the fruit should be entirely removed, reserving that which will manifestly be fertile, and which can be duly trained in at the regulation of the following spring. The Filbert. The crops thus produced are sometimes enormous, followed, however, by intervals of barrenness. We have not heretofore adopted the method of pruning, leaving the trees more to the order of nature; but it is right to try experiments; and when a row of young trees exists, a comparison might readily be obtained, by pruning alternate trees, or one of every three trees, by the "spur-system;" always, however, observing to keep the head of every tree open, and to cut away its upright central leader. The Mulberry. The mulberry is a native of Italy, introduced in 1548. The structure of its flowers and fruit is very singular; like the nut and filbert, the males are distinct from the females; the latter do not always expand at the same time as the males, and therefore are not fertilised. The calyx swells and becomes fleshy; each individual contains one or two seeds; and a congeries of these swollen organs form what is supposed to be a single mulberry. There is but one known species of the black mulberry, and this thrives best in loam, of the quality so often named; but the bed ought to be deep, and to rest on a dry sandy subsoil. The fruit sometimes fails; and on this subject Rogers observes, that fertility may depend very much on the warmth of the weather at the time of blossoming, and on the circumstance of both male and female flowers coming forth at the same time; sometimes, also, the male catkins drop before the fruitblossoms expand. Williams of Pitmaston suggests that "no tree receives more benefit from the spade and dunghill than the mulberry; it ought therefore to be frequently dug about the roots, and occasionally assisted with manure." Others consider a velvety piece of turf as the best site; and certainly if the finest fruit fail, grass turf must preserve it clean and sound. We have known several old trees on turf never dug or disturbed, which always bore immense and fine crops; on the other hand, we have seen young trees on dug and enriched ground fail year after year. When the buds expand in this third spring, it four shoots on each side of the upright stem, and all the shoots that will break from the two horizontals which latter are to be led upright, and secured as they advance. The filbert is believed to be an improved variety of the common hazel-nut. Both plants are monoecious; that is, they produce male and fruitful blossoms very early in the year on the same tree, but separate from each other: the catkins that become visible in autumn are the males or pollen-bearing flowers: the crimson threads are the pointals of the fertile nut-bearing flowers. As the trees are pruned-spurred, as it is termed-in autumn, care must be taken to reserve a number of catkins, otherwise the crimson pointals will fail to perfect the nuts. The chief varieties of the filbert are the Red-Skinned, the White-Skinned, and the Cob or Barcelona-nut. The following are the methods of culture: -Strong suckers, taken in autumn, are either planted in the nursery, or at once in the places where they are desirable to obtain Printed and Published by W. and R. CHAMBERS, Edinburgh, CHAMBERS'S INFORMATION FOR THE PEOPLE. CONDUCTED BY WILLIAM AND ROBERT CHAMBERS, EDITORS OF CHAMBERS'S NUMBER 76. NEW AND IMPROVED SERIES. ARBORICULTURE. SCIENTIFICALLY, Trees are divided, with a regard to their structure, PRICE 14d. face of a square inch of wood! The vessels in trees, like those in animals, are of different sizes; but it has been ascertained that there is nothing in trees performing the same functions as the heart in the higher classes of animals-that is, propelling the blood throughout the system, and, by its return again to the heart, completing the circulation. The vessels simply extend from one end of the tree to the other, sometimes joining with each other, as the veins and arteries of animals do, and, moreover, exhibiting circles which, when the tree is cut across, have the appearance of rings. One of these circles of vessels grows round the outside of the tree (under the bark) every year, and is called alburnum, or sap-wood, while the inner and harder matter is called duramen. A tree consists of four principal parts-the Root, the Trunk, the Branches, and the Leaves. The Root consists of two parts-the body or bulb of the root, and the long branch-like fibres, great and small, which disperse themselves abroad into the soil. The body of the root differs little in substance from the trunk, but the rootlets terminate in slender spongy threads, fitted for absorbing the sap of the earth, and sending it up into the rootlets, whence it ascends into the trunk. It is observed that the earth is only exhausted of its nourishing matter in the neighbourhood of those soft extremities of the roots. The Trunk is called by Linnæus cauder ascendens, In the organisation and organic functions of trees, as The Branches require no further notice than that 401 |