We have notices from both Perthshire and Ireland of the 1st of November being partly regarded as the proper time for returning thanks for the realised fruits of the earth. The Irish, in this regard, called it La Mas Ubhal, that is, the day of the apple fruit, and celebrated it with a drink or mess composed of bruised roasted apples amongst ale or milk. This drink in time acquired the strange appellation of lamb's wool, a corruption, apparently, of the name of the day in the Celtic language. Ringing of bells was one of the modes of celebrating Hallowmass in England in the days of our ancestors. It was a Roman Catholic practice, being designed in some way to favour the souls of departed Christians. For this reason Queen Elizabeth prohibited it. It was also a custom of our Catholic forefathers to have a cake baken on this eve for every member of the family, as a soul mass cake or soul cake. It was composed of oatmeal, and seeded; and pasties and furmety were incidental to the same evening. In families of good condition, a quantity were baken and set up on a board, like the shew-bread in old pictures in the Bible, to be given to visiters, or distributed amongst the poor. There was a rhyme for the occasion-"A soul cake! a soul cake! Have mercy on all Christian souls for a soul cake!" People went from parish to parish a-souling, as they called it, that is, begging in a kind of chant for soul-cakes, or any thing to make them merry on It is very curious to find that a century and a half ago the inhabitants of St Kilda, so far removed from all other parts of Britain, had a custom of baking a large triangular cake, furrowed on the edges, on All Saints' Night. this eve. Essentially connected with all these customs are those better known ones which Burns has so well and so faithfully described in his poem of Halloween. All over the British islands, the festive and fortune-telling practices of this evening are very nearly the same. As some proof of this, passages from an English, Irish, and Scottish poet may be presented side by side: Two hazel-nuts I threw into the flame, These glowing nuts are emblems true With mutual fondness, while they burn, Together gently sink away: Till life's fierce ordeal being past, -Nuts Burning, All Halloweve, by Charles Graydon. Jcan slips in twa wi' tentie ee, Wha 'twas she wadna tell ; But this is Jock and this is me, He bleezed owre her, and she owre him, As they wad ne'er mair part, Till fuff! he started up the lum, And Jean had e'en a sair heart Nuts, besides being thus used for divination, are cracked | Burns, besides the above, are for the girls to pull stalks from a corn-stalk, and ascertain, from the presence or absence of the top pickle, an interesting point in their moral history-for a solitary female to go to a kiln, and throwing a blue clue into the pot to wind it, expecting that ere finished it will be held back, when, by inquiring who holds, a response will be obtained disclosing the name of the future husband-to eat an apple at a looking-glass, expecting to see a vision of the future husband peeping over the shoulder--to sow hemp-seed in the yard, saying, "Hemp-seed, I saw thee, hemp-seed, I saw thee, and her that is to be my true love come after me and draw thee," expecting that, on looking over the shoulder, a vision will be obtained of the future spouse in the act of pulling grown hemp-to win three wechts o' naething in the barn, expecting to see a like vision-to fathom a barley-stack thrice, expecting at the last to embrace your mistress-to dip a shirt sleeve in a rivulet at the meeting point of the lands of three proprietors, and then hang it by the fire to dry, trusting to see such a visionary person come in and turn the other side-to pull stalks of deceased cabbages, blindfolded, without choice, and augur, from their straightness or crookedness, the figure of the future spouse, from the earth which clings to the root the fortune she will bring, and from the taste of the heart her temper-finally, to set three dishes on the floor, one empty, one with clean, and one with foul water, and cause the company to approach them blindfolded and dip in a hand; when he who dips in the empty one is expected to remain unmarried, he who dips in the foul one to marry to a widow, and he who dips in the clean one to marry a female not hitherto married. The whole of these rites are as familiar to the Welsh, Irish, and Northumbrian, as to the Ayrshire peasantry. Many of them are also practised in England on St John's Eve, the 23d of June. Hallowe'en is still observed, but the more daring rites are generally given up. Meetings of young persons take place, and a plentiful store of nuts and apples being provided, a few simple amusements are practised. The experiment of the burning nuts, to test the durability of love or friendship, is still a favourite. Ducking for apples is another. A tub being provided, nearly full of water, and the fruit thrown in, the young people endeavour to seize an apple with their teeth-a task of much more difficulty than might be supposed, and which generally puts the dress and tresses of fair experimentalists into considerable disorder. The baffled efforts of the various parties raise, of course, shouts of laughter. Or a cross stick is suspended by a string from the ceiling, with a short burning candle on ono end and an apple on the other. While it swings rapidly round, lads and lasses, with their hands tied, endeavour to catch the apple with their teeth, but generally suffer a good deal from the candle before they succeed in their object. Here, also, failure is a source of infinite amusement. It is rather remarkable that Burns has not introduced into his poem any notice of these sports, which, like the others, are prevalent over the whole of her Majesty's home dominions. It may not be out of place here to remark, that the jest of the apple and candle is nearly the same as that of the quintain, a favourite sport of our ancestors, commonly practised in summer. The quintain was a heroic figure of wood, on a vertical pivot, used as a butt for the practice of tilting. In this case it had a cross board, one end of which was broad, while the other was furnished with a heavy bag of sand. The trick was, to come tilt against the broad end, and escape receiving a knock-down blow from the sand-bag. 2. All Souls' Day, or the Commemoration of the Faith ful Departed. A very solemn festival of the Romish Church, which has masses and ceremonies appropriate to the occasion, designed in favour of the souls of all the dead. "Odillon, Abbot of Cluny, in the ninth century, first enjoined the ceremony of praying for the dead on this day in his own monastery; and the like practice was partially adopted by other religious houses and there was an enigmatical proverb thence arising, that "blood without groats was nothing," meaning that birth without fortune was of little value. Down to near the end of the last century there was not a family above the poorest condition in the rural districts of Scotland which had not a mart, or a share in one, and salted meat was the only food of the kind used in winter; now, there is no such practice known, except as a matter of tradition, until the year 998, when it was established as a general | in England, were composed of blood, suet, and groats; festival throughout the western churches. To mark the pre-eminent importance of this festival, if it happened on a Sunday, it was not postponed to the Monday, as was the case with other such solemnities, but kept on the Saturday, in order that the church might the sooner aid the suffering souls; and that the dead might have every benefit from the pious exertions of the living, the remembrance of this ordinance was kept up by persons dressed in black, who went round the different towns, ringing a loud and dismal-toned bell at the corner of each street, every Sunday evening during the month, and calling upon the inhabitants to remember the deceased suffering the expiatory flames of Purgatory, and to join in prayers for the repose of their souls." 5. The anniversary of the discovery of the Gunpowder Plot in 1605, and of the landing of King William III. in 1688; observed in the British dominions as a holiday, and celebrated by the Church of England by a form of prayer with thanksgiving. There is also a popular celebration of this day. From an early hour, the boys go about collecting materials for a bonfire, or money wherewith to purchase them. In some, perhaps most places, they carried with them a frightful figure composed of an old suit of clothes stuffed with straw, to represent Guy Fawkes. They called on the passengers and householders to "remember Guy," or shouted some balderdash rhymes. In the evening, the bonfire is lighted, with Guy Fawkes in the middle of it, amidst tumultuous merriment. The firing of guns as a token of rejoicing, we are glad to say, are now discontinued on this day, and we trust the other absurd usages will soon likewise disappear. Martin, in whose honour this festival was at first instituted, is said to have been born in Lower Hungary about 316, and to have originally been a soldier. After a number of miraculous adventures, he settled as a hermit in the hollow of a rock near Tours in the south of France, where he was greatly venerated. He died bishop of Tours in 397. When a few fine days occurred about this time of the year, they were called St Martin's summer. 23. St Clement's Day, in the Church of England calendar. Clement is spoken of by St Paul as one of his fellow-labourers. Monkish imagination has sup plied him with a history and a martyrdom. He is said to have been thrown into the sea with an anchor fixed about his neck. An anchor is therefore assigned to him as an emblem: of this the metropolis presents a conspicuous memorial in the anchor which forms the vane of the church of St Clement Danes, in the Strand. St Clement is held as the patron saint of the blacksmiths. It was formerly customary for boys, and the lower class of people generally, to go about on this day begging for liquor, wherewith they made a regale at night. Hence, in a certain class of old almanacs, the day was signified by the figure of a pot. 29. This is one of the days on which Advent may commence. Advent [literally, the Coming] is a term applied from an early period of ecclesiastical history to the four weeks preceding Christmas, which were observed with penance and devotion, in reference to the approaching birth of Christ. There are four Sundays in Advent, the first of which is always the nearest Sunday to St Andrew's Day (November 30). 11. St Martin's Day, or Martinmas, in the Church of England calendar. Popularly, this is one of the most remarkable days of the year, especially in Scotland, where Whitsunday and Martinmas are the two great terms for leases and engagement of servants, the latter being that at which the occupation of farms usually commences. Formerly, it was a quarterly term day in England: a payment of corn at Martinmas occurs in the Doomsday Survey. On the continent, 30. St Andrew's Day.-The festival day of this saint from an early age, the day has been distinguished con- is retained in the Church of England calendar. St vivially; and this apparently for two reasons, namely, Andrew was one of the apostles. His history, as rethat now the people first tasted the wines of the season, lated by the Catholic writers, represents him as marand killed the animals required to be salted for their tyred in the year 66 at Patræ in Greece, upon a cross winter provisions. The entrails of these animals, pre- of the form of the letter X, which accordingly is still pared as sausages, or blood-puddings, became the sub-recognised as St Andrew's Cross. A supposed relic of ject of an immediate feast, while the rest of the meat this cross, carried to Brussels in the middle ages, caused was salted and set aside. In some countries, also, the its figure to be adopted as a badge for the knights of goose, which is elsewhere enjoyed at Michaelmas, was the Golden Fleece. Some relics of the apostle himself now presented. The killing of beeves at Martinmas are said to have been carried by a Greek devotee named for winter provision was formerly universal in northern St Regulus, to Scotland, where they were placed in a Europe, in consequence of there being no means of church built at a place which subsequently became dis keeping them alive in winter; since the improvement tinguished by the name of St Andrews. St Andrews of husbandry in some countries, the custom has been became the seat of the Scottish primacy; and from this given up, and fresh meat used all the year round. The cause probably it was that St Andrew was in time confeasting upon the entrails was equally universal. So sidered as the patron saint of Scotland. In that coun much was all this associated with Martinmas, that in try, however, there is scarcely any observance of this Scotland a beeve killed at that time was called a mart, day in any manner; it is only when Scotsmen are or mairt. In the old book of laws attributed (errone- abroad, and have occasion to select a day for an annual ously) to David I. of Scotland, it is provided that "the convivial meeting, that St Andrew's Day comes into fleshours sall serve the burgessis all the time of the notice. There used to be a procession of Scotsmen on slauchter of Mairts." In Northumberland, also, a this day in London, with singed sheeps' heads borne Martinmas bullock is called a mart. Tusser, in his before them. It is remarkable that St Andrew is al curious metrical treatise on husbandry, written in the a tutelar saint of the Russians, probably in consequence time of Henry VIII., says— of the Greek locality of his martyrdom. There is a ancient and widely prevalent custom connected will St Andrew's Day, to which Luther has adverte Maidens, on the eve of this day, stripped themselves, and sought to learn what sort of husbands they were i When Easter comes, who knows not than Bishop Hall, in his Satires, written in the time of have by praying in these terms-"Oh, St Andrew, caust James I., mentions Dried flitches of some smoked beeve, Hang'd on a writhen wythe since Martin's eve. that I obtain a good pious husband; to-night show me the figure of the man who will take me to wife." Natural History. In this month the business of It appears that the contents of the puddings, as made vegetation experiences its death. The trees are no "Brady's Clavis Calendaria.' thoroughly stripped of their foliage. It is reputed as a gloomy month; but the temperature is sometimes agreeable in the earlier part of it, and its average for the whole term is 43 degrees. A considerable number of plants remain in flower throughout November. The gloom of the month is said to have a depressing effect on the spirits of the English nation; let those who are liable to such influences lay to heart the following remarks of Johnson in the "Idler:"-" The distinction of seasons is produced only by imagination acting upon luxury. To temperance every day is bright, and every hour is propitious to diligence. He that resolutely excites his faculties, or exerts his virtues, will soon make himself superior to the seasons, and may set at defiance the morning mist and the evening damp, the blasts of the east and the clouds of, the south. Instead of looking for spring with anxious and caring mind, enjoy the present day; there are pleasures even in November." DECEMBER. So called as being originally the tenth of the Roman year. Our Anglo-Saxon ancestors called December winta monat, that is, winter month; but, after becoming acquainted with Christianity, this name was changed into heligh monat, or holy month, with reference to the celebration of the nativity on its twentyfifth day. 6. St Nicholas's Day.-Retained in the Church of England calendar. St Nicholas was Archbishop of Myra, in Greece, A. D. 342. He is regarded as the patron saint of children and of mariners, probably in consequence of his benevolent zeal in the protection of orphans and stranded seamen. Churches built near the sea are in many instances dedicated to St Nicholas. He is also said to have shown much kind interest in the fate of young women, sometimes secretly throwing purses into the chamber-windows of those who lacked dowries. Hence has arisen a custom prevalent over a large part of the Christian world. On his eve, presents are hid in the shoes of those to whom any one wishes to give a pleasing surprise; and these, being found in the morning, are jocularly said to be gifts from St Nicholas. St Nicholas is also considered as the tutelar saint of scholars, or clerks, and of robbers. The fraternity of parish-clerks have thought themselves entitled by their name to adopt him as their patron. How robbers should have come to be called St Nicholas's clerks, or St Nicholas's knights, it is not easy to see, unless it were from the coincidence of his name with one of the slang appellations of the devil. brought forth its young at the winter solstice. To ac- 13. St Lucia's Day-Retained in the Church of Eng- 16. O Sapientia.-This day is so marked in the church calendar, probably from an anthem sung on this day in the Romish Church, beginning, "O sapientia quæ ex ore altissimi prodidisti," &c. 21. St Thomas the Apostle, a festival of the English Church. It was customary in England for women to go a-gooding on St Thomas's Day; that is, they went about begging money, and presenting in return sprigs of palm and bunches of primroses, probably with a view to the decoration of their houses against Christmas. 25. Christmas Day, observed from an early period as the nativity of our Lord, and celebrated not only by the religious ceremonies from which the name of the day is partly taken, but by popular festivities of the most joyful kind. In England, Christmas is held by the church as a solemn festival, and distinguished by the complete cessation of business-an honour paid to no other day besides Good Friday. But within the last hundred years, the festivities once appropriate to the day have much fallen off. These at one time lasted with more or less brilliancy till Candlemas, and with great spirit till Twelfth Day; but now a meeting in the evening, little different from a common dinner party, though sure to be marked by a roast and plum-pudding, and pretty generally followed by a game at cards, is all that distinguishes Christmas in most families. In former times, the celebration of Christmas began in the latter part of the previous day-Christmas Eve. The house was first decked with holly, ivy, and other evergreens. Candles of an uncommon size were then lighted, under the name of Christmas Candles; an enormous log, called the Yule Clog, or Christmas Block, was laid upon the fire: the people sat round, regaling themselves with beer. In the course of the night, small parties of songsters went about from house to house, or through the streets, singing what were called Christmas Carols-simple popular ditties full of joyful allusions to the great gift from God to man in the Throughout the middle ages, there was a universal Redeemer. A mass was commenced in the churches custom of electing a kind of mock bishop on St Nicho- at midnight, a custom still kept up in the Catholic las's Day. A boy, possibly taken from amongst the Church. At one period, the people had a custom of choristers, was chosen by his associates as bishop, ar-wassailing the fruit trees on this evening; that is, they rayed in suitable vestments, and indued with appro- took a wassail bowl, threw a toast from it to the tree, priate powers, which he enjoyed for some days. The and sung a song, expecting thus to secure a good crop infant prelate was led along in a gay procession, bless- of fruit the next season. It was thought that, during ing the grinning multitude as he went, and he was even the night, all water was for a short time changed into allowed to sing mass and to mount the pulpit and wine, and that bread baked on this eve would never preach. Edward I., in his way to Scotland in 1299, heard vespers by a boy bishop at the chapel of Heton, near Newcastle. The boy bishop at Salisbury is said to have had the power of disposing of any prebends that fell vacant during his term of office; and one who died at that time had a monument in the cathedral, representing him in his episcopal robes. Mr Warton is of opinion that we see some faint traces of the rise of dramatic entertainments in the strange mummeries connected with the election of the Boy Bishop. 8. The Conception of the Blessed Virgin in the Romish and English calendars. 11. The fourteen days from this to Christmas Eve were called the Halcyon Days, and supposed to be, in their calm and tranquil character, an exception from the season. The term, which is now a regular adjeclanguage, is derived from the bird, kingfisher or halcyon, which, from the days of Aristotle at least, has been the subject of a curious superstition. The ancients supposed that it built its nest on the ocean, and tive in our become mouldy. These notions are essentially foolish, The carols were more generally sung in the morning God rest you, merry gentlemen, To save us all from Satan's power, When we were gone astray. Oh tidings of comfort and joy, In Bethlehem in Jewry This blessed babe was born, And laid upon a manger Upon this blessed morn; Oh tidings, &c. 27. St John the Evangelist's Day, observed as a festival by the Church of England. Because John drank poison, without dying in consequence, it was supposed that those who put their trust in him were safe from all injury from that cause. 28. Childermas, or Holy Innocent's Day, observed by the Church of Rome with masses for the children killed by Herod. It was considered unlucky to marry, or to begin any work, on Childermas Day. The learned Gregory says, "It hath been a custom, and yet is elsewhere, to whip up the children upon Innocent's Day morning, that the memory of Herod's murder might stick the closer, and in a moderate proportion to act over the "crueltie again in kinde." 31. The last day of the year is called in Scotland Hogmanay, a word which has fruitlessly exercised the wits of the etymologists. The Scottish people, overlooking Christmas in obedience to the behests of their religious teachers, have transferred the merriment of the season to Hogmanay and New Year's Day, which they accordingly abandon to all kinds of festi vity. Handsel Monday, or the first Monday of the year, is also an occasion of festivity. On Hogmanay, the children in small towns perambulate amongst the neighbours of the better class, crying at their doors. Hogmanay!" or sometimes the following rhyme: Christmas carols are amongst the oldest of English 66 The management of the plays usually acted at Christmas in the halls of colleges and law societies, fell to the care of the Lord of Misrule. The particular functionary elected in the inns of court in London, after exercising all the duties and going through the parade of royalty for a fortnight, at an expense of a couple of thousand pounds, was knighted at Whitehall by the real sovereign of the land. Hogmanay, trollolay, Gie's of your white bread and none of your grey; in obedience to which call, they are served each with an oaten cake. In the evening, there are merry mak ings, which are always prolonged to twelve o'clock, which has no sooner struck than all start up excitedly, and wish each other a happy new year. Small venturous parties take a kettle with hot ale posset, called "a het pint," and go to the houses of their friends, to wish them a happy new year. Whoever comes first, is called in that house "the First Foot," and it is deemed necessary on such occasions to offer the inmates both a piece of cake and a sip from the posset kettle, otherwise they would not be lucky throughout the year. This is called "First-Footing." Next day, all people go about among all other people's houses; presents are given amongst relations; and dinner-parties close the evening. Formerly, the first Monday of the year was also much observed as a festive day, and time for gir ing presents, from which latter circumstance it was called Handsel Monday. The Handsel Monday, style, is still, in some rural districts, the chief feasi day of the season. On the evenings of Christmas Hogmanay, New Year's Day, and Handsel Monday, parties of young men and boys went about disguised in old shirts and paper vizards, singing at the vare houses for a small guerdon. These quizarts, as they were called, also acted a rustic kind of drama, in which the adventures of two rival knights, and the feats of a doctor, were conspicuous. Almost everywhere in Se land the festive and frolicsome observances of the New In Scotland, before the Reformation, the religious houses had a similar officer for the Christmas revels, called the Abbot of Unreason, whose particular fuuctions are graphically pourtrayed by Scott in his novel of "The Abbot." The custom was suppressed by statute in 1555. 26. St Stephen's Day, observed as a festival of the Church of England. There was formerly a widely prevalent dogma that it was good to bleed horses about this time of the year, and St Stephen's Day was that chosen by most people for the purpose. On this day, also, blessings were implored upon pastures. Year tide have much declined. Natural History-December is the darkest, but m the coldest month, of the year: the general average temperature is 40 degrees. The deciduous trees are now completely stripped of their foliage, and the ground often shows a snowy covering, although it is rare that there is much strong ice in December. Amaisi the general desolation, the pines and other evergreens form an agreeable resting-place for the eye. The r also continues to blow during this month. Formerly the Glastonbury thorn was a great wonder in Engan being supposed to blow regularly on Christmas Day The monks of the abbey there represented it as the staff of Joseph of Arimathen, which, being inserted him in the ground, had miraculously sprouted out a living tree. But it seems to have been only a ber of a certain species of thorn well known in the eas for blowing in the depth of winter. Printed and published by W. and R. CHAMBAs, Edmiste Sold also by W. S. ORR and Co., London. CHAMBERS'S INFORMATION FOR THE PEOPLE. CONDUCTED BY WILLIAM AND ROBERT CHAMBERS, EDITORS OF CHAMBERS'S NUMBER 90. NEW AND IMPROVED SERIES. PRINTING.-ENGRAVING.-LITHOGRAPHY. ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF PRINTING. PRINTING is the art of producing impressions from characters or figures, moveable and immoveable, on paper or any other substance. There are several distinct branches of this important art-as the printing of books with moveable types, the printing of engraved copper and steel plates, and the taking of impressions from stone, called Lithography. Our object, in the first place, is to describe the art of printing books or sheets with moveable types, generally called letterpress printing, and which may undoubtedly be esteemed the greatest of all human inventions. PRICE lid. with the proper degree of pressure. The Chinese chronicles state that the above mode of printing was discovered in China about fifty years before the Christian era, and the art of paper-making about 145 years afterwards; previous to which period, all their writings were transcribed or printed in volumes of silk cut into leaves of proper dimensions. It is a somewhat curious circumstance, that amongst the first attempts at printing by means of wood-engraving which can be traced to have been made in Europe, was the making of playing-cards for the amusement of Charles VI. of France. This was towards the latter end of the fourteenth century. Thereafter came prints from wood-blocks of human figures, single or in groups; the earliest existing specimen of which is in the possession of Earl Spencer, and dated 1423. It is by an unknown artist. These prints were at first without any text, or letterpress, as it is modernly termed ; but after the groundwork of the art had been completed, its rise towards perfection was almost unparalleled in rapidity. Its professors composed historical subjects with a text or explanation subjoined. The pages were placed in pairs facing each other; and as only one side of the leaf was impressed, the blank pages came also opposite one another; which, being pasted together, gave the whole the appearance of a book printed in the modern fashion. The next step in the science of typography was that of forming every letter or character of the alphabet separately, so as to be capable of re-arrangement, and forming in succession the pages of a work, thereby The art of printing is of comparatively modern origin: avoiding the interminable labour of cutting new blocks four hundred years have not yet elapsed since the first of types for every page. It is exceedingly remarkable, book was issued from the press; yet we have proofs that this most important and yet simple idea should not that the principles upon which it was ultimately deve- have occurred to the Romans; and what renders it the loped existed amongst the ancient Chaldean nations. more surprising, is the fact, which we learn from Virgil, Entire and undecayed bricks of the famed city and that brands, with the letters of the owner's name, were tower of Babylon have been found stamped with various in use in his time for the purpose of marking cattle. The symbolical figures and hieroglyphic characters. In this, credit of the discovery was reserved for a German, John however, as in every similar relic of antiquity, the Guttenberg (or Guttemberg), who accomplished this object which stamped the figures was in one block or important improvement about the year 1438. As this piece, and therefore could be employed only for one man was the first great improver of typography, to the distinct subject. This, though a kind of printing, was study of which he exclusively devoted his whole time and totally useless for the propagation of literature, on ac- attention, a short sketch of his life will only be a part count both of its expensiveness and tediousness. The of the history of the art. Guttenberg, who is supposed Chinese are the only existing people who still pursue to have been born at Mayence, or Mentz, in the beginthis rude mode of printing by stamping paper with ning of the fifteenth century, settled at Strasburg about blocks of wood. The work which they intend to be the year 1424. In 1435, he entered into partnership printed is in the first place carefully written upon sheets with Andrew Drozhennis (or Dritzehen), John Riff, and of thin transparent paper; each of these sheets is glued, Andrew Heelman, citizens of Strasburg, binding himwith the face downwards, upon a thin tablet of hard self thereby to disclose certain important secrets conwood; and the engraver then, with proper instruments, nected with the art of printing, by which they would cuts away the wood in all those parts on which nothing attain opulence. The workshop was in the house of is traced; thus leaving the transcribed characters in Dritzehen, who, dying shortly after the work was com relief, and ready for printing. In this way, as many menced, Guttenberg immediately sent his servant, Lawtablets are necessary as there are written pages. No rence Bieldich, to Nicholas, the brother of the deceased, press is used; but when the ink is laid on, and the and requested that no person might be admitted into paper carefully placed above it, a brush is passed over the workshop, lest the secret should be discovered, and |