endued him with a rational soul, re-|| sembling himself in knowledge, righteousness, and holiness: for his exercise and refreshment he placed him in the garden of Eden, to keep and cuitivate it. Though his most perfect obedience was due to his Maker, and could properly merit no valuable reward, God, in rich condescension and grace, made a covenant with him, importing, that upon condition of his perfect obedience to every precept of the divine law, he and all his posterity should be rewarded with happiness and life, natural, spiritual, and eternal; but in case of failure, should be subjected to the contrary death, to which he consented. This, to be sure, was the shortest, easiest, and most probable method of securing happiness to mankind. Adam too was the fittest person, and lay under the strongest obligations to perform the condition. To render him the more attentive, to keep him mindful of his fallible nature, and that his happiness consisted only in the enjoyment of God, to try his obedience in the easiest point of indifference, he was prohibted, under pain of immediate death, to eat of the fruit of a certain

TREE.

26-31. and ii. Psalm viii. 4-7. Rom. v. 12-19. That very day, or rather soon after, Satan, just expelled from the heavenly abodes, conceiving the strongest envy at the happiness of mankind, resolved to effectuate their ruin. Sticking at nothing base, he entered into a serpent, the most simple or subtile of the animal tribe. Thence, finding the woman all alone, he conferred with her; tempted her to suspect the meaning and certainty of the divine prohibition, and to eat of the forbidden fruit. Solicited by her, Adum followed his wife's example, received part of the fruit from her hand, and did eat thereof. He no doubt hoped for happiness, at least impunity, in so doing: but it is quite absurd to imagine he wittingly threw himself into endless woe, from affection to her. Guilt immediately seized on their conscience, and irregular passions awaked in their soul; they were ashamed of their nakedness, and applied fig-leaves for a covering. In the cool, or afternoon of the day, they heard the Voice, the WORD, or Son of God, walking in the garden, and fled to hide themselves amidst the thick bushes or trees. God called for Adam and inquired why he fled, how he became ashamed of his nakedness, and why he had eaten the forbidden fruit? Adam laid the whole blame on Eve, whom, he said, God had given him for an assistant and comfort. Eve blamed the serpent as her deceiver. After passing a sen

On the same day God constituted him lord of the fish, fowls, cattle, and creeping things, vegetables, and other things on the earth: the fowls, cattle, and creeping things, he convened before Adam as his vassals; and Adam marked his wisdom and authority in assigning to each its proper name.-tence of ruin upon Satan and his None of these animals being a fit companion for Adam, God cast him into a deep sleep, took a piece of flesh, or a rib, from his side, without the least pain, and formed it into the body of a most beautiful woman: Her too the endued with a reasonable soul, and brought her to Adam, who received her with the utmost affection as his wife. There being no inclemency in the air, no irregularity in their nature, they went both naked; and were neither hurt nor ashamed, Genesis i.

agents, by means of the Seed of the woman, and of affliction of the serpent, the instrument of his deceit; of sorrow, painful child birth, and further subjection to her husband, on the woman and her female offspring; God threatened Adam and his whole posterity with a curse on their fields; with scanty crops; with sorrow and toil; and finally, with death and a return to dust.

The threatening on Satan implied a promise of mercy and redemption

to mankind by the blood of God's || the earth, by the overshadowing inSon: God therefore now instructed fluence of the Holy Ghost. He is Adam and his wife in the manner the glorious fruit of the earth; the and signification of typical sacrifices. product of the chief counsels of God, To mark their degrading of them- and the ornament and centre of all selves to the rank of beasts by sin, and his works. He is the head and redenote their recovery by the imputed presentative of his people in the serighteousness of the great atonement, cond and last covenant; he is their God clothed them with the skins of common parent, who communicates sacrificed animals. To testify his to them his spiritual image, and endispleasure with sin, and prevent titles them to all the fulness of God: their vain attempts to procure happi- he is their great prophet, priest, and ness and immortality by eating of the governor. All things, without retree of life, God expelled them from serve, are subjected to him for their Eden, to cultivate the fields eastward, sake. Having by his blood regained whence their body had been formed. the celestial paradise, he resides in it, The symbols of the divine presence and cultivates the whole garden of his hovered on the east of the garden; church; and hath, and gives men, some angels and perhaps some ficry power to eat of the tree of life. Bemeteor there placed, rendered it im- ing, by the determinate counsel of possible for mankind to re-enter. God, cast into the deep sleep of deJust before his expulsion Adam had basement and death, his church, in called his wife EvE, because she was her true members, was formed out of to be the common mother of men, his broken body and pierced side :particularly of these appointed to divinely is she espoused to him; and everlasting life. Now he knew her, to her he cleaves, at the expense of and she conceived and bare CAIN, once leaving his Father in heaven, and soon after ABEL. These Adam and now leaving his mother the taught to sacrifice to the Lord; but church and nation of Judah, 1 Cor. both in the issue proved to their pa- xv. 22, 45—49. rents a source of trouble and grief.— Soon after the death of Abel, Adam, in the 130th year of his age, had Seth born to him he had besides a great many other children. After he had lived 930 years he died.

A number of fancies concerning him are reported by Heathen and Jewish writers: but he is represented in scripture as a covenant-breaker; as a coverer of his transgressions; as a source of guilt and death to all his posterity; and as a figure of the promised Messiah, Gen iii. iv. and v. Hos. vii. 6. Job xxxi. 33. Rom. v. 12-19. 1 Corinth. xv. 21, 22, 45 -49.

Jesus Christ is called the second ADAM, because of his similitude to the first. He is in a peculiar manner the Son of God, the express image of his person, and brightness of his glory. He is a new thing created in

VOL. I.

ADAM, ADAMAH, ADAMI, a city pertaining to the tribe of NAPHTALL It was situated near the south end of the sea of Tiberias: just by it the waters of Jordan stood as an heap till the Hebrews passed over, Joshua iii. 16. and xix. 33, 36. Perhaps Adami was a different city from Adamah.

ADAMAH, or ADMAH, the most easterly of the four cities destroyed by fire and brimstone from heaven. Some think the Moabites built a city of that name near to where the other had stood, Gen. xiv. 2. Deut. xxix. 23. To be made as Admah, and set as Zeboim, is to be made a distinguished monument of the fearful vengeance of God, Hos. xi. 8.

ADAMANT, the same precious stone which we call a diamond. It is the hardest and the most valuable of gems. It is of a fine pellucid substance; is never fouled by any mix

E

of a diamond; their corrupt inclinations were deep rooted and fixed in their heart; and all their crimes were indelibly marked by God, Jer. xvii. 1.

ADAMITES, a sort of heretics of the second age. The author of this sect was once Prodicus, a disciple of Carpocrates; they assumed the title of Adamites, pretending to the innocence of Adam, whose nakedness they imitated in their churches, which they called Paradise. Community of

ture of coarse matter; but is ready to receive an elegant tinge from metalline particles: Being rubbed with a soft substance it shines in the dark; but its lustre is checked if in the open air any thing stop its communication with the sky. It gives fire with steel, but does not ferment with acid menstruums. No fire, except the concentrated heat of the solar rays, have the least impression on it; and even that affects but its weakest parts. Some diamonds are found in Brasil, but those of the East Indies, in the king-woman was one of their principal tedoms of Golconda, Visapour, Bengal, nets; they lived, or made a shew of and the Isle of Borneo, are the best. living, in solitude and continercy, We know of no more than four mines comdemning the state of matrimony; of diamond in India. That of Gani and when any of them were guilty of or Coulour, about seven days jour- any particular crimes, such an one ney east of Golconda, seems the most they called Adam, and that he had noted. About 60,000 persons work eaten of the forbidden fruit; and when in it. The goodness of diamonds they expelled him from their assemconsists in the water or colour, lus-bly, they drove him, as the phrase tre and weight. The most perfect colour is the whitish. Their defects are veins, flaws, specks of red or black sand; and a bluish or yellowish

cast.

was, out of Paradise. This heresy was renewed in these last ages by one Picard, a native of Flanders, who retired into Bohemia, where he introduced this sect. There were some The finest diamonds now in the in Poland and England who were folworld are, that of the late king of lowers of it; and the modern Adamites France, Lewis XVI. weighing 136 are said to hold their assemblies in the 3-4ths caracts; that of the duke of || night time, and to observe these rules Tuscany, weighing 136 1-2 caracts, exactly, Swear, Forswear, and reveal and worth 868,328 dols. 89 cts: that not the secret.* [a] of the Great Mogul, weighing 279 1-2 caracts, and worth 3,463,306 dols. 66 In the various accounts given of this cents that of a certain merchant, unfortunate and fanatic sect of people, we weighing 242 1-3 caracts. There was find the following observations in Moalso, one in the French crown that 449; and though it be rather deviating sheim's Ecclesiastical History, vol. iii. p. weighed 106 caracts. The adamant from the plan of this work, we think them or diamond was the third jewel in the sufficiently interesting to be taken notice second row of the high-priest's breast-of; more especially as there appears to be plate, Exodus xxviii. 18. Ezekiel's forehead was made like an adamant; he was endued with undaunted boldness in declaring God's message to the Jews, Ezek. iii. 9. Wicked men's hearts are as an adamant, Zech. vii. 12: neither broken by the threatenings and judgements of God; nor melted by his promises, invitations and mercies. The sin of Judah was written with a pen of iron, and point

a sect somewhat similar in principle to the Adamites, now taking its rise in one or more ofour sister states. We take it as a maxim not to be easily controverted, that the more error is exposed, the less liable people are to fall into it.

"The Brethren and Sisters of the free spirit (who were called in Germany, Beghards, or Schwestriones, and in France, Turelupins, and whose distinctive character was a species of mysticism that bordered upon frenzy) wandered about in a secret and disguised manner in several

there was a second Adar added, consisting of thirty days.

ADAR, the 12th month of the Jewish ecclesiastic year, and the 6th of their civil. It had twenty-nine days, To ADD. (1.) To join or put to, and answered to our February and Deut. iv. 2. (2.) To increase, Prov. part of March. On the third day of xvi. 23. (3.) To bestow, Gen. xxx; it, the second temple was finished and 24. (4.) To proceed to utter, Deut. dedicated, Ezra vi. 15. On the sev. 22. They added nothing to me :venth, the Jews fast for the death of they gave me no new information or Moses on the thirteenth, they com- authority which I had not before, memorate the fast of ESTHER and Gal. ii. 6. To add sin to sin, is to Mordecai: on the fourteenth, they ob- continue and become more open and serve the feast of PURIM, Esther iv. active in the practice of it, Isa. xxx.. and ix. 17. On the twenty-fifth, they || 1. To add to faith virtue; and to commemorate the release of JEHOI- virtue knowledge, &c. is more and ACHIN, Jer. lii. 31. Every third YEAR more to exercise and abound in all the

universally suspected of the most scanda lous incontinence, and of the most lascivious practices. ZISKA, the austere general of the Hussites, gave credit to these suspicions, and to the rumours they oc

parts of France, Germany, and Flanders, worship, appeared absolutely naked, withand particularly in Suabia and Switzer- out any sort of veil or covering at all. They land, where they spread the contagion of had also constantly in their mouths a maxtheir enthusiasm, and caught the unwary im, which indeed, was very suitable to the in their snares. The search however, genius of the religion they professed, viz. that was made after them was so strict and that THEY WERE NOT FREE(i.e. sufficientwell-conducted, that few of the teachers ly extricated from the shackles of the body) and chiefs of this fanatical sect escaped who made use of the garments, particularly the hands of the inquisitors. When the such garments as covered the thighs and the war between the Hussites and the votaries parts adjacent. These horrible tenets could of Rome broke out in Bohemia in the year not but cast a deserved reproach upon this 1418, a troop of these fanatics, with a per- absurd sect; and though nothing passed son at their head whose name was JOHN, in their religious assemblies that was conrepaired thither, and held secret assem-trary to the rules of virtue, yet they were blies, first at Prague, and afterwards in different places, from whence they, at length, retired to a certain island, where they were less exposed to the notice of their enemics. It was, as we have already had occasion to observe, one of the lead-casioned; and falling upon this miserable ing principles of this sect, that the tender instincts of nature, with that bashfulness and modesty that generally accompany them, were evident marks of inherent corruption, and shewed, that the mind was not sufficiently purified nor rendered conformable to the divine nature, from whence it derived its origin. And they alone were deemed perfect by these fanatics, and supposed to be united to the Supreme Being, who could behold, without any emotion, the naked bodies of the sex to which they did not belong, and who, in imitation of what was practised before the fall by our first parents, went stark naked, and conversed familiarly in this manner with males and females, without feeling any of the tender propensities of nature. Hence it was that the Beghards, (whom the Bohemians, by a change in the pronunciation of that word, called Picards) when they came into their religious assemblies, and were present at the celebration of the divine

sect in the year 1421, he put some to the sword, and condemned the rest to the flames, which dreadful punishinent they sustained with the most cheerful fortitude, and also with that contempt of death that was peculiar to their sect, and which they possessed in a degree that seems to surpass credibility. Among the various titles by which these extravagant enthusiasts were distinguished, that of Adamites was one; and it was given them on account of their being so studious to imitate the state of innocence in which the first man was originally created. The ignominious term of Beghards, or Picards, which was at first peculiar to the small sect which we now treat, was afterwards applied to the Hussites, and to all the Bohemians who opposed the tyranny of the Roman church. All these were called by their enemies, and indeed by the multitude in general, Picard friars."

5-7.

graces of the divine Spirit, and thegular number. The Jews, who either virtues of an holy conversation in out of respect or superstition, do not their proper connection, 2 Peter i. pronounce the name of Jehovah, read Adonai in the room of it as often as they meet with Jehovah in the Hebrew text. But the ancient Jews were not so nice there is no law which forbids them to renounce the name of God. [a]

ADONIBEZEK, the king of BEZEK. Just before Joshua entered the land of Canaan, Adonibezek had waged a furious war with his neighbour

ADDER, a venomous annimal, brought forth alive, not by eggs. It is considerably smaller and shorter than the snake, and has black spots on its back; its belly is quite blackish: it is often called a viper. We find the word ADDER five times in our translation, but I suppose always without warrant from the original. Shepiphon, Gen. xlix. 17. is probablying kings; seventy of them he had the blood-snake, a serpent of the colour of sand, which lurks in it, and in the tracks of wheels on the road, and, especially if trampled upon, gives a sudden and dangerous bite. Pethen, Psal. Iviii. 4. and xci. 13. and cxl. 3. signifies an ASP. Tziphoni, Prov. xxiii. 32. signifies that dread-cantons of these accursed nations: ful serpent called the Basilisk.

taken captives; and, cutting off their thumbs and great toes, had caused them, like dogs, to feed on the crumbs that fell from his table. After Joshua's death, the tribes of Judah and Simeon, finding themselves pent up by the Canaanites, resolved to clear their

among others they fell upon Adonibezek; took his capital, and made

To ADJURE. (1.) To bind one by oath, as under the penalty of ahimself prisoner; and cut of his fearful curse, Josh. vi. 26. Mark v. thumbs and great toes: he thereup7. (2.) To charge solemnly, as by on acknowledged the just vengeance the authority, and under pain of the of Heaven upon him, for his cruelty displeasure of God, Acts xix. 13. toward his fellow princes. They Matth. xxvi, 63. brought him along with them to JeTo ADMINISTER, to managerusalem, where he died about A. M, and give out as stewards, 2 Cor. viii. 2570, Judg. i. 4—7. 19. ADMINISTRATION, a public office, and the execution thereof, 1 Cor. xii. 5.

To ADMIRE, to wonder at any thing for its greatness, excellency, rarity, 2 Thess. i. 10.

ADONIJAH, was the fourth son of king David, born at Hebron. When his two elder brothers Amnon and Absalom were dead, and Chileab perhaps weak and inactive, and his father languished under the infirmities of To ADMONISH; to instruct; old age, Adonijah attempted to sieze warn; reprove, 1 Thess. v. 14. The the kingdom of Israel for himself. admonition of the Lord is instruction, He prepared himself a magnificent warning, and reproof, given in the equipage of horses and horsemen, Lord's name from his word, in a way and fifty men to run before him: becoming his perfections, and intend-this displeased not his father. His ed for his honour, Eph. vi. 4. Here-interest at court waxed powerful.tics are to be rejected, or cast out of the church, after a first and second admonition, i. e. solemn warning and reproof, Tit. iii. 10.

JOAB the general of the forces, ABIATHAR the highpriest, and others, were of his party; though Benaiah, Zadok, and Nathan the prophet, and ADONAI, is one of the names of the most of the mighty men, were God. This word signifies properly not. To introduce himself to the my lords, in the plural number, as throne, he prepared a splendid enter. Adoni signifies my lord, in the sin-tainment at ENROGEL: to this he ins