Portland Cement: Composition, Production, and Properties

adsorbed adsorption alite alkalis alumina analysis ation belite Bogue C₂S calcite calcium calcium hydroxide calcium silicate calculation carbonate cement hydration cement mill cement ratio chalk chemical clay minerals coarse component composition compounds concrete containing cooler cooling crystallisation crystals decarbonation depends derived determined diffusion dormant period energy equation equilibrium ettringite ferrite ferrite phase Figure free lime grindability grinding gypsum hardened cement paste hydration of C3S hydration products hydration reactions increase involved ions kaolinite kiln lime lime saturation limestone liquid melt method microscopy mill N/mm² obtained occur ordinary Portland cement oxide particles peak pores porosity Portland cement clinker portlandite preheater pressure produced proportion pyroprocessing QXDA raw materials raw meal reaction reactivity sample Section silica ratio silicate slurry solid solution specific surface structure sulphate surface area temperature Tricalcium Tricalcium aluminate tricalcium silicate usually values viscosity water to cement X-ray diffraction xerogel