The kind of man who did this is revealed to us by the find of Dubois in 1891 in Trinil, central Java. Only his skull-cap and thigh-bone and three teeth were found,* but an anthropologist is able from such relics to build up a head and body with reasonable certainty. When this had been done, it was not an easy matter to decide whether this tentative man was a gibbon or a pre-human ape or a primitive human being. His height was about five feet seven inches, which is about an inch lower than the average for man of today. He was flat-footed and possessed great supra-orbital ridges from

which hung beetling eyebrows. His brain capacity was about 900 c. c., perhaps half-way between that of a simian and a man. The island of Java on which he lived was in his time a part of the Asian continent. The climate of Europe at that time was mild and pleasant, resembling that of southern Georgia today. He had probably come from Asia and the animals with which his kind were familiar were mastodons, rhinoceroses, sabertooth tigers, hyenas, ante

lopes and innumerable apes Reconstruction of the face of Pithand monkeys and other va- ecanthropus erectus by J. H. Mcrieties of tentative men. At Gregor. (Courtesy of American that time there were land Museum of Natural History.) bridges connecting Europe via Sicily with Africa and via the Dardanelles with Asia. The first glacial epoch was about to begin, to be followed by a climate warmer than that of today. He was extremely dolicocephalic, (longheaded) unlike all apes hitherto known, which are broadheaded, or brachycephalic. His brain, which weighed about 28 oz., had a capacity of about 900 c. c., and was most highly developed in the rear sensory centers. This may be compared with the largest simian brain capacity, estimated to be about 600 c. c., and with that of modern man which averages about 1,500 c. c. His weapons were probably sharpened sticks and clubs and rocks for missiles, and those

*The Associated Press has just reported a find of a complete skull of the Pithecanthropus erectus.

CORRELATION OF CLIMATIC, RACIAL, CULTURE & LIFE STAGES 19/4

PREHISTORIC
NEOL TRIC

HLADALADEROISIAN UPPER

6 SOLUTREAN

SAURIGNACIAN...

PALAEO-
LITHIC

25000 YEARS

IV. GLACIAL

WURM, WISCONSIN "Upper Drift

Lowest Terraces

BUHL

3. INTERGLACIAL RISS-WÜRM SANGAMON "Middle Loess

4 MOUSTERIAN

50,000 YEARS

3ACHEULEAN

3-75000 YEARS

2 CHELLEAN 4100000 YEARS

I PRE-CHELLEAN

5 125000 YEARS

rudely shaped but sharp-edged flints called eoliths which were to develop later into knife and hammer and razor. He stood upright, as a careful study of the femur shows. He was certainly not an ape, and yet it is hard to recognize him as a man, although he differed less from modern man than does the infant from his father. Without lese majeste we may call him a cousin of the gorilla, especially since they had in common that extreme prognathism which characterizes almost all specimens of earliest man. He was a walking ape-man as the name given to him by scientists, Pithecanthropus erectus, indicates. His was a wonderful age, in which a higher intelligence was beginning to dawn, in which man was first setting himself to the vast problem of making over the earth and utilizing it for his own purposes.

We must skip a quarter of a million years before we come to the next authenticated find. In doing so we pass to Europe, where on account of evident circumstances anthropology has been developed farther than in any other part of the world. The days of the first glaciation had passed, to Le followed by the first inter-glacial period, with its warm Africo-Asiatic fauna of elephants, rhinoceroses and hippopotami. After it followed the second glacial epoch, 400,000 years ago, and then during the warm inter-glacial days that came afterward, when the warm Africo-Asiatic fauna was still to be found in Europe, hippos, rhinos, and elephants, we find the Heidelberg man. We know him only by his jaw, perfectly preserved and full of teeth. As we look at it we see at once that it possesses no chin, that it is very massive and yet so narrow that it would seem difficult for its owner to have possessed the power of fluent speech. It was found eighty feet below the surface of the soil in 1907 by Schoetensack in the Mauer sands near Heidelberg, and with it were those significant eoliths which tell of the primitive industry still persisting. In the same strata are found the remains of bison and elephants and rhinoceroses and horses and moose. It was the day when the lion was spreading over Europe, but saber-tooth was declining in numbers. It was at the very beginning of what was known as the Chellean flint industry, noted partly for the size and massiveness of its implements. With a fair degree of exactness we may locate in time the Heidelberg man, low-browed and sub-human, somewhere between 200,000 and 350,000 years ago.

After his day the geologists tell us there came a third glaciation when Europe was occupied by a fauna from the

cold tundra regions of the north such as the woolly mamWhen moth, the woolly rhinoceros, and the reindeer. something like 50,000 years had passed there came the third interglacial period when the warm Africo-Asiatic fauna returned, and it is about this point in time to which the famous discovery at Piltdown, Sussex, England, is referred. These remains consisted of a whole skull exceedinly thick, with a brain capacity about half-way between that of modern man and the Pithecanthropus erectus. Nearby was found a jaw-bone and some teeth. A careful study of the former showed

that it was even less like that of a human being than was the Heidelberg jaw but the teeth were not unlike those of human beings. So different did the jaw seem that most anthropologists refused to believe that it belonged to the same being that had furnished the skull and it was supposed to have been the remains of some anthropoid ape which it resembled closely, but the later discovery of another specimen of the Piltdown man at a point not far removed, and having quite the same general characteristics, has Reconstruction of the head of the set all doubt at rest. Oddly Piltdown man by J. H. McGregor. enough the skull lacked the (Courtesy of American Museum beetling brows of almost all of Natural History.) types of sub-men, possessing a smooth forehead but an ape-like jaw which is more slender than that of the Heidelberg man and an ape-like chin - that is to say, no chin at all. The fact that the brain seemed to have been far more human than the jaw suggests the very evident fact that the changes in the lower part of the human face have followed tardily the brain development of the race. Originally man was quite ape-like in appearance and manlike in reality. The brain capacity of the Piltdown skull is estimated at 1,300 c. c., which may be compared with that of the lowest type of human brains today, that of the Australian aborigines, approximately 1250 c. c. The fact that the Piltdown skull shows no supra