or other University authorities, in any matter relating to the students of that hostel. The students in hostels are subject to the same rules of discipline as students in colleges. The Vice-Chancellor has no authority or power to interfere with the internal arrangements of hostels, than he has to interfere with the internal regulation of colleges. The domestic arrangements of the hostels, the mode or form of religious worship, and the charges for the education, &c., of the students, are left entirely to the discretion of the principal. The power of opening hostels within the precincts of the University is not restricted to members of the Church of England, but is extended by the Act to all persons having the required degrees, and the qualifications prescribed by the statutes for hostels.

:

With respect to the strong opinions which were expressed on the subject of lodging-houses, in the evidence laid before the University Commissioners, they remark (pp. 19, 144) :"An opinion has been expressed in some quarters that it would be more conducive to the ends of discipline if, in connection with and dependence on the colleges, there were hostels or public buildings established for the reception of students, under a system of closer inspection and stricter control than can be attained while they are dispersed in private lodgings throughout the town. .. We think

that it would be very advantageous if buildings were erected for the reception of students in immediate connection with, and under the direct control of, the collegiate bodies. For such affiliated Halls we apprehend that no fresh powers are required. They appear to have existed in ancient times; sometimes under the name of pensionaries; in other cases, particular hostels were attached to colleges, an instance of which is furnished by Physwick Hostel, belonging to Gonville Hall, which was included in the site of Trinity College, on its foundation, in 1546."

There cannot be a doubt of the fact, that all students would be under better superintendence if resident in college, or in hostels, than in the lodging-houses. The lodging-house keeper can only report breach of regulations, but has no

power or authority to do more. He cannot exercise any moral influence over the habits, or authoritative restraint over the practices of a student lodging in his house. He cannot oblige him to observe seasonable hours of rising or retiring to rest. He cannot enforce attendance to reading, nor check bad habits, nor aid in the formation of good

ones.

It is not desirable that thoughtless young men, otherwise not ill-disposed, and others with little thirst for knowledge and a very imperfect sense of responsibility, should have so much freedom from wholesome restraint for following the bent of their inclinations. Such young men require especially to be more closely surrounded by right influences; right rules alone will not keep them right; and experience has proved it most unwise to entrust a young man with a greater degree of liberty than he knows how to use with propriety.

THE PROFESSORSHIPS.

The professorships or readerships in the University, some of them of ancient, and some of them of modern foundation, were designed and endowed by their founders for the promotion of learning and science. The following brief notices will contain some account of them, and the regulations introduced by the new statutes.

THE LADY MARGARET'S READERSHIP IN DIVINITY.

Of all the professorships in the University, the most ancient and the best endowed is the Professorship of Divinity, founded in 1502 by the Lady Margaret, Countess of Richmond, and mother of King Henry VII.

The original endowment was 20 marks yearly, chargeable upon the revenues of the Abbey of Westminster, and after the suppression by Henry VIII., was paid by the Treasury. King James I. added to the income of the professor the great tithes of Terrington St. John's and Terrington St. Clement's, in the county of Norfolk, which have been commuted for a

rent-charge of £2402, together with a small glebe, let for £26 per annum.

In 1625, Mrs. Alice Danvers, "out of her pious disposition to advance learning and religion, and to encourage as well Dr. Samuel Ward, as his successors, readers of the said lecture for the time being, in his and their painful discharging of the duties belonging to the said lecture, by adding some small means of livelihood towards the better maintenance of the said Samuel, and of his successors," gavė a small parcel of ground in Cambridge, now producing a rent of £18 a year.

The duties of the reader were to read such works in divinity to the students of the University as might seem fit to the Chancellor and the doctors. Many stringent rules were also prescribed for the order and manner of his duties; and if he contravened any of them, he was, for a first offence, to be admonished, for a second, to lose his stipend, and for a third, to be removed from his office.

"The great changes which have taken place in the habits of society, and in the condition of the University, have modified the practices prescribed and required by the ordinances of this as well as of other foundations of ancient date, more especially of those which preceded the reformation of religion. Even without reference to such portions of these regulations as are repealed by the statute against superstitious uses, the remainder will be found to contain much that is either impracticable or inexpedient.

"Thus, the Lector, whose general duty was to read the manuscript copies of classical or other authors, with or without occasional observations, became a Lecturer when the invention of printing had placed the originals in the hands of his hearers. If before that period the Lector ceased to read, the student generally also ceased to learn; if he left the University, the students, who had no other means of instruction, must leave it likewise. Thence the necessity for the apparent severity of the conditions imposed upon such readers in ancient times. They were required to read upon every day to which other duties, more especially public dis

putations, were not assigned; to reside as long as the students resided, including the greater part, or the whole, of the Long Vacation; at least, in seasons when the plague or pestilence had not emptied the University. The performance of these duties required generally little previous preparation, as even when comments were added to their readings they were probably only such explanations of the text as were required to make it intelligible to their hearers; but when the general possession of books had opened to students other means of acquiring knowledge, there were required increased preparation and higher acquirements in their teachers; and whilst a daily reading would impose upon a professor, even with occasional comments, a very slight amount of labour, a daily lecture, addressed to more advanced students, who had free access to books, might become an intolerable burden."

The new statutes for the Lady Margaret's Professorship were confirmed, by order of her Majesty in Council, on August 1, 1860. They repeal the provisions of the original foundation deed, excepting so far as they are re-enacted by the new statutes. The electors are members of the Senate, having the degree of D.D. or B.D. The professor is entitled to hold his professorship for life; but may be admonished or deprived of it if he has been wilfully neglectful of his duties, or guilty of gross and habitual immorality. The professorship is not tenable with a deanery, or any ecclesiastical preferment with cure of souls.

The duties of the professor are to reside in the University, within one mile and a half of Great St. Mary's Church, eighteen weeks, at least, during term time in every year, six weeks being in the Michaelmas Term, and the remaining twelve in the Lent and Easter Terms. He has also to give lectures in every year according to the scheme approved by the Board of Theological Studies, and to deliver to the ViceChancellor once in every year, before the end of the Easter Term, a statement in writing of the number of lectures given by him during the preceding year, and of the times of delivery, together with the number of weeks in each of the

three terms during which he has resided within one mile and a half of Great St. Mary's Church. There are other regulations providing when a deputy may be appointed, and the stipend he is to receive while he discharges the duties of the professorship; and lastly, a provision that the new statute shall come into force on the next vacancy of the professorship, or at such time as the existing professor may declare, in writing, to the Vice-Chancellor his acceptance of the statute.

SIR ROBERT READE'S LECTURER.

Three readerships of Philosophy, Rhetoric, and Logic were founded in 1524, by Sir Robert Reade, Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas ; in addition to these, a fourth readership in Mathematics was shortly afterwards endowed by the University.

The first three used to receive stipends of £3 4s each, derived from a fixed money-rent charge. The stipend of £4 a year assigned to the last was paid by the University. These readers or professors were formerly called the Lectores Ordinarii; but in later times they were better known by the name of Barnaby Lecturers, in consequence of their annual appointment on the Feast of St. Barnabas. They were formerly offices of great importance in the University, but gradually degenerated into merely nominal appointments, given to fellows of colleges, who received the stipends, but performed no duties; for although statutable duties were assigned to them, and enforced by penalties, the duties were not performed.

A new statute for Sir Robert Reade's foundation was confirmed, by order of her Majesty in Council, on April 6, 1858. The statute provides that instead of three lecturers there shall be one lecturer, who shall receive the stipends directed to be paid to all the three readers heretofore appointed, and it shall be the duty of the reader to deliver one lecture in term time every year.

By Grace of the Senate, it was determined that Sir Robert Reade's Lecturer be appointed for one year by the Vice-Chan