Observe the following precautions:

(A) Use a dry coat, a dry rope, a dry stick or board, or any other dry nonconductor to move either the victim or the wire, so as to break the electrical contact. Beware of using metal or any moist material. The victim's loose clothing, if dry, may be used to pull him away; do not touch the sole or heels of his shoes while he remains in contact; the nails are dangerous. (B) If the body must be touched by your hands, be sure to cover them with rubber gloves, mackintosh, rubber sheeting or dry cloth; or stand on a dry board or on some other insulating surface. If possible, use only one hand. If the victim is conducting the current to the ground, and is convulsively clutching the live conductor, it may be easier to shut off the current by lifting him than by leaving him on the ground and trying to break his grasp.

2. Open the nearest switch, if that is the quickest way to break the circuit. 3. If necessary to cut a live wire, use an ax or a hatchet with a dry wooden handle, or properly insulated pliers.

After release from contact get patient's face or hand in contact with ground, so as to discharge any retained current. Summon a doctor at once. Immediately begin artificial respiration by the Schaefer or Sylvester methods. Fractures.-Fractures of bones can be divided into simple and compound. The simple fracture is a break of the bone without an opening to the surface of the skin. A compound fracture is a break of the bone with an opening to the surface of the skin. Fractures of the bones of the arms and legs can usually be detected by the position the limb assumes, and the loss of power and control over the limb. The limb should be straightened gently by pulling on the foot or hand firmly, and fixed in position by padded splints, securely fastened with bandages.

In compound fractures do not attempt to replace a protruding bone. Cover the wound with sterile dressings and then apply splints. Fractures of the bones of the head and body should be fastened with dressings and bandages. In the absence of regular splints, straight pieces of wood of proper length, well padded can be used in emergencies.

Dislocations.-Dress all dislocations of joints in the position they assume with bandages drawn only sufficiently tight to render the transportation of the patient less painful.

Drowning.-After removal from the water, elevate patient's hips, shake him gently and press on chest as in Shafer method for about 2 min. to allow the water to run out of chest. The mouth should be cleansed and artificial respiration continued for an hour or more. The patient's body should be warmed by the application of hot-water bottles.

Examine the eye,

Foreign Body in Eye.-Have patient face the light. when the foreign body is not imbedded, remove it with a clean handkerchief or gauze. Evert the upper lid by taking hold of the lashes, have patient look down and apply pressure with stick to skin of upper lid. The under surface of the upper lid is where most loose foreign bodies are found. Do not try to scrape off imbedded foreign bodies. If a foreign body cannot be removed without scraping wait for physician. Do not use cocaine.

Foreign Bodies in Throat.-Stand patient on his feet and head and a few smart blows on back will usually dislodge foreign body.

Foreign Body in Nose.-If it cannot be blown out by patient, summon a doctor.

Foreign Body in Ear, Insects, Etc.-A teaspoonful of water or olive oil will drown an insect. Hardened wax better be removed by a doctor.

METHOD OF MOVING INJURED PERSONS

One Bearer. To lift patient erect: Turn patient on his face. The bearer steps astride body, facing towards head, with hands in arm pits, he lifts the patient to his knees, then clasping hands over abdomen he lifts him to his feet. He then with left hand seizes patient's left wrist (Fig. 10), drawing left arm about his (the bearer's) neck holds it against his left chest, the patient's left side resting against his body and supports him with his right arm about the waist.

To Place Patient Across the Back.-The bearer with his left hand seizes the right wrist of the patient (Fig. 11) and draws the arm over his head and down upon his left shoulder, then shifting himself in front, stoops and clasps the right thigh with his right arm placed between the legs, his right hand seizing the patient's right wrist; lastly, he, with the left hand grasps the patient's left hand and steadies it against his side, when he rises.

To place patient across shoulder: The bearer clasps his hands about the

patient's waist, shifts himself to the front, facing him, and stooping places his right shoulder against the abdomen; he passes his right hand and arm between the thighs (Fig 12), securing the right thigh, and with his left grasps

the patient's right hand, bringing it from behind under his (bearer's) left armpit, when, the wrist being firmly grasped by his right hand he rises. This position leaves the left hand free.

In lowering patient from these positions the motions are reversed. Should a patient be injured in such a manner as to require these motions to be

conducted from his right side, instead of left, as laid down, the change is simply one of hands, the motions proceed as directed, substituting right for left, and vice versa.

By Two Bearers.-Bearers face each other on right and left of patient. Raise patient to sitting posture, clasp hands behind patient's back, while the other hands are passed under patient's thighs and fingers interlocked as in Fig. 13. Athird bearer can support the legs.

By Three Bearers.-Lay patient on back; the bearers kneel on knees nearest the patient's feet. Pass arms under shoulders, hips and knees. Raise patient to bearers' knees; bearers rise and carry patient facing them in elbows. To lower patient to litter, reverse movements.

Emergency Supplies.-Accidents very commonly happen where supplies are not available for proper treatment of injuries. In such cases makeshifts may be devised from material at hand. Splints may be made from

strips of bark removed from a post; by splitting a post or cap; from the staves of nail or spike kegs; from powder kegs cut in strips with an ax, and even thin and long pieces of slate, sprags, etc. Bandages for holding splints in place may be improvised from clothing torn into strips.

A very common form of emergency stretcher is made from two coats as shown in Fig. 14. The sleeves of two coats are turned inside out and the coats placed on the ground with their lower edges touching. A pole or long drill is placed through the sleeves on each side, the coats are buttoned up and the buttoned side turned down. This stretcher is commonly made by one man grasping a drill in either hand, and his companion pulling his coat off over his head. Stretchers may be made from doors, plank nailed together, etc., but the coat-stretcher described above is probably the easiest and quickest to make and the most comfortable for the injured person.

MINE SAFETY

Safety First.-Although the motto of "safety first" has been generally adopted by many American coal mining firms it may or may not have a real significance. Unless this or a similar motto is to be strictly lived up to it is better not adopted. The chief cause of mining accidents is of course falls of roof and coal. These can be guarded against only by vigilance, care and an adequate amount of carefully placed timber.

Systematic Timbering.-The roofs of mines differ widely from one field to another and even frequently in different mines of the same field or even in different portions of the same mine. Experience has demonstrated that it is often safer to set an excess of timbers, that is, more than is deemed necessary under the existing conditions than to trust to the judgment of even experienced men. The spacing of such timbering will vary considerably throughout different fields but will in the main bear a considerable resemblance to Fig. 1 which has proved eminently successful in the prevention of accidents in the Pocahontas field of West Virginia. No props or timbers as a general rule should ever be set without cap pieces.

Adequate Supervision.-Experience has proved that to attain the greatest measure of safety to the mine workers adequate supervision must be given to each working face. For this purpose one assistant mine foreman (sometimes called face foreman or roof inspector) should be employed for each 20 to 40 men, this number varying somewhat with natural conditions and with the area over which the miners are scattered. The fundamental idea of employing the assistant mine foreman is that he shall be able to visit each working face within the territory intrusted to his care at least twice during each shift. It is his duty whenever he sees a dangerous condition of any kind,

whether from loose coal, loose roof, inadequate timbering or what not, not only to instruct the workmen in that place to rectify the condition at once but to himself remain until the dangerous condition has been rendered absolutely safe.

The Premium System and Company Rules.-In order to encourage the foremen and assistant foremen to be constantly on the alert for danger and dangerous practices and to see to it that the laws of the state and the rules of the company are implicitly obeyed, one plan which has been adopted is a premium system arranged on a merit and demerit basis so that the official

If

who has a clean record, that
is, one without a serious or
fatal accident, is paid a bonus
at the end of the month.
this record is clean for six
months a special bonus is paid
which continues monthly as
long as the record is clean.
The United States Coal &
Coke Co., with works in Mc-
Dowell County W. Va., which
has adopted this system with
marked success, furnishes
each foreman and assistant
foreman with a book of in-
structions which he is sup-
posed to carry at all times
and which contains the rules
of the company which he is
expected to see obeyed.
Although many of these rules
may be considered as being
applicable only to the field in
question several of the more
important ones are here
given. Doubtless many
others will suggest them-
selves to wide awake officials
operating in other localities.

The last breakthrough of every pair of headings, whether working or not, must have at least 12,000 cu. ft. of air per min. passing through it.

Assistant foremen must examine each working place in their district, and mark each place visited with date of month before allowing men

to enter them. Each idle place must also be examined each day and a record of the examination must be made daily in the book provided for this purpose. When the fan has been stopped for 1 hr. or more for any reason, all places must be thoroughly examined by assistant foremen before allowing men to enter them and a record of the examination must be made in the record book. All permanent brattices must be built of incombustible material, concrete preferred.

Air measurements must be made weekly and be recorded in the book provided for that purpose.

Assistant foremen must carry Pieler testing lamps when making examinations, and all final tests for gas must be made with this lamp. When an ordinary safety lamp will not detect gas, try the Pieler lamp.

The presence of dust, as well as gas, must be noted in the record book. Dust must not be allowed to accumulate in working places nor anywhere in the mine.

All dusty places on haulage roads must be sprinkled daily.idw Tow No charge of any explosive in any hole shall exceed 2 lb. talaga sap.m Assistant foremen must not fire any shot that is improperly drilled, drilled on the solid, or improperly tamped.

An assistant foreman must not fire any shot within 3 hr. after detecting gas in any place in his district.

Where more than one shot is to be fired in any place, one shot only shall be charged, tamped and fired, and an examination of the place must be made before firing the second or following shots. Only one shot shall be fired at a time. Assistant foremen must carefully examine working places after shooting before allowing work to begin.

No explosives except flameless explosives approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines shall be used.

If necessary, water dust at working face before shooting.

Shots must be fired by battery and not from machine or trolley wire.

All haulage roads on which more than one car is hauled per trip shall be at least 5 ft. high above the rail, and there shall be at least 24 ft. clearance between any part of a car, and the side of the heading at all places.

All rash, slate, etc., is to be kept cleaned off haulage roads.
Permanent track must be bonded as it is laid.

16--

Where any dangerous slate is found, an assistant foreman must take it down at once before work is done near it or anyone or any trip allowed to pass under it.

Loaders must post their working places. Proper arrangement and placing of caps, posts, etc., is shown on standard plan which must be strictly followed. Posts must be set in straight lines and be vertical. Cap pieces must be wedged tightly against roof with wedge between post and cap.