I have observed a potulant and contemptuous disregard shown to an increase of population. I, however, doubt very much to proof of character. Jurymen are not aware how much this whether the increase of agricultural produce is always attended disregard tends to loosen the bands of society. What has a poor with a proportional increase of population. At any rate, the popuman but his health and his character? His character recom- lation that is in this way acquired must be added to the already mends him to employment, aids him when he is in distress, and overgrown mass of manufacturing towns. No doubt the apparent he looks to it as a defence when he is accused. Take away its strength of the nation would be thus increased. But a healthy value in this last point of view, and you weaken one of the and a virtuous populace constitute the real power of a state; and strongest incentives to moral conduct. In the Old Bailey a good it will not be said, that crowded towns are favourable either to name is found not to be better than riches. Proof of alibi, like-health or to morals. The country and the village inhabitants are wise, is too little regarded by London juries. In cases of highway in truth the source of the national population: and if it be drained, robbery commited under cloud of night, I have observed the most the towns themselves must of course decay, since the demand incomprehensible positiveness in the evidence of the prisoner's for live-supplies, consequent on the consumpt of human life in identity. Now, evidence of identity is the most fallacious of all towns, could no longer be answered. But how are the evils arisevidence, especially in a populous city, in which, including a few ing from the abridgement of agricultural labour to be countermiles of the neighbourhood, two millions of people are collected. acted? They may be partially counteracted by a limitation of Among such a prodigious multitude, there must be many fac the extent of farms. If the arable districts were parcelled out similes in person, in dress, in manner, and in voice. Yet juries into possessions not exceeding a hundred and fifty acres, and if every day convict on evidence of identity, though contradicted every landlord and tenant were bound either to keep up a certain by evidence of alibi. Nor in such a city as London can it be said number of inhabited cottages, in the proportion, let it be said, of that they decide in this manner from their knowledge of the one to each thirty acres, or else to pay triple land-tax and poorsuperior credibility of the one set of witnesses; for it very seldom rate, our crops would perhaps not be quite so abundant as in happens that London jurymen have ever seen the face of one of process of time they may come to be, under the present system the witnesses. The disregard paid to evidence of alibi is defended of weeding out the small farmers and cottagers; but the nation on the score of the frequency of perjury. But this consideration would be richer in a more important kind of produce, a numestrikes both ways. There may be perjury against as well as for rous peasantry; and even the landlords themselves would find the prisoner. It is not enough to say that the prosecutor has no more real comfort and enjoyment in contemplating a populous interest to use unjustifiable means for procuring a conviction. and happy neighbourhood, than in surveying large deserted There may exist an interest to convict elsewhere than in the domains, teeming with all the means of virtuous and happy existprosecutor. When a crime is committed, the search for the cri- ence, but barren of inhabitants to reap the benefits so liberally ninal is most effectually stopped by a trial and conviction. Sup- spread out by the father of mercies. Perhaps another expedient pose, then, the real criminal hear that a wrong person is appre- check to rural depopulation might be suggested, an equalisation hended on suspicion, how easy is it for him to send some of of the right of succession. Commercial accumulation has, during his associates to appear as informers, and then as witnesses the last half century, gone far in re-uniting those enormous against the prisoner! Yes, it may be said; but a few cross ques- estates which at one time commerce had disjoined. Every great tions will destroy the fabric of a false story. Now, is it not plain merchant and money-dealer wishes to be the founder of what is that the same observation is applicable to false evidence, on called a family. Now, I would indulge this vanity by allowing whichever side it is brought? But where is the remedy for all such persons to found, not one family, but a number of families, this? Will legal regulations avail? No. Let truth be cultivated in proportion to the number of their children. To the peerage, in private life; let parents inculcate the love of truth more than and perhaps to families that have been long established in their the love of gain; let it be their perpetual lesson to their children, possessions, the law ought to be left as it now stands. But if it that the possession of an honest mind is a possession more valuable, be expedient to keep things as they now are, to check the rapid proboth in regard to themselves and the public, than all the wealth gress of a hideous oligarchy, the old law of inheritance, as it and accomplishments which industry and study can bestow. existed in England prior to the Norman conquest, and as it now Let them display a scrupulous regard to truth, even in the most exists in the county of Kent, ought to be made the general law of trivial matters. "The beginning of wrath," says Solomon, "is the land. as the letting out of waters." The observation may be extended to the beginning of falsehood. Let every man consider this, that when, either by example or tolerance, he weakens that reverence in which truth ought to be held, he may perhaps be sowing the seeds of perjury. Perhaps, if the minute links of human events were discernible, a judicial murder might sometimes be traced to an apparently harmless lie. But the fountain of justice is polluted from another quarter-the foul sink of revenue oaths. Many mercantile houses keep a swearing clerk. Such a man makes fifty appeals to the Deity in the course of a day. What he swears is sometimes consistent with his knowledge, sometimes not. No matter; he gains by it two or three hundred pounds a-year; that is, he is paid at the rate of about sixpence per oath. How unspeakably contemptible is that system of legislation which acts on the supposition that oaths are the proper checks to fraud against the revenue. NOTE XV. Each one returns to his inheritance.-P. 7, 1. 126. Lycurgus' contrivance of iron money, as a preventive of the corruption arising from the commercial system, was clumsy and inefficient, compared with that part of the Mosaic institution here alluded to. NOTE XVI. Driven from their homes by fell monopoly.-P. 8, 1. 30. The utility of all such agricultural improvements as diminish the quantum of human labour employed in the cultivation of the soil, is very questionable. In the Highlands of Scotland, black cattle were the produce which in former times was cultivated. Afterwards it was discovered, that the rearing of sheep was a mode of farming which required a much smaller proportion of hands than the rearing of black cattle did; in other words, the Highland proprietors discovered, that by the substitution of sheep for black cattle, nine-tenths of that fund which formerly was consumed in the maintenance of a numerous tenantry, might be added to the amount of their rent-rolls. The consequence has been that large districts of the Highlands have been nearly depopulated. Make the supposition, that an improvement similar in its effects should be made on the agricultural system of the low country; suppose, for instance, that a new kind of grain or root should be discovered, the cultivation of which should require no more than one-tenth part of the manual labour necessary for the cultivation of our present crops; or suppose that there should be invented a machine for turning up the soil, as much superior to the plough as the plough is to the spade, and that the other implements of husbandry should be improved on a proportional scale-the consequence undoubtedly would be, that the peasantry of this country would be nearly extirpated. It is true that the supposed improvements would not only increase the revenue of the landlord, but would add to the quantity of agricultural produce, and that an increase of produce would tend NOTE XVII. Enchain'd, endungeon'd, forced by stripes to live.-P. 9, 1. 82. A child of about ten months old took sulks, and would not eat. The captain took up the child, and flogged him with a cat. "D-n you," said he, "I'll make you eat, or I'll kill you." From this, and other ill treatment, the child's legs swelled, and the captain ordered some water to be made hot, for abating the swelling. But even his tender mercies were cruel; for the cook, putting his hand into the water, said it was too hot. "D-n him," said the captain, "put his feet in." The child was put into the water, and the nails and skin came all off his feet. Oiled cloths were then put round them. The child was then tied to a heavy log; and two or three days afterwards the captain caught it up again, and said, "I will make you eat, or I will be the death of you." He immediately flogged the child again; and in a quarter of an hour, it died.-Evidence before the House of Commons. NOTE XVIII. Oh England! England! cleanse thy purpled hands.-P. 9, 1. 100. Not a single slave-ship sails from a Scottish port. The slave-trade has been attempted to be defended by appeals to the authority of the Old Testament. The existence of slavery appears, indeed, to have been tolerated among the Jews; but where is the authority for any thing like the slave trade? Is it in the following express law?" And he that stealeth a man, and selleth him, or if he be found in his hand, he shall surely be put to death."-Exod. xxi. 16. Extracts from the Parliamentary Register, 1791, of the Debate on the Abolition of the Slave-Trade. "There was another transaction that he (Mr Wilberforce) must distinctly state, not only on account of its enormous magnitude, but also because it established, beyond all controversy, the frequency of those acts of rapine, which was the conclusion he had before referred to. When General Rooke, a respectable member of that house, was commanding in his majesty's settlement at Goree, some of the subjects of a neighbouring king, with whom he was on terms of amity, had come to pay him a friendly visit; there were from 100 to 150 of them, men, women, and children; all was gaiety and merriment; it was a scene to gladden the saddest and to soften the hardest heart: but a slave-captain, ever faithful to the interests of his employers, is not so soon thrown off his guard. With what astonishment would the committee hear, that in the midst of this festivity it was proposed to General Rooke to seize the whole of this unsuspecting multitude, hurry them on board the ships, and carry them off to the West Indies! Was there ever a man bold enough to venture on such a proposal? Not only one, Raised on his arm, he lists the cadence close, It is not only in the sacred fane That homage should be paid to the Most High; Nor yet less pleasing at the heavenly throne, What though the sceptic's scorn hath dared to soil The upland moors, where rivers, there but brooks, With greensward gay, and flowers that strangers seem On England's banner, and had powerless struck Of night, save when the wintry storm raved fierce, But wood and wild, the mountain and the dale, Ah me! these youthful bearers robed in white, And he does covet it-his wish is death: * Sentinels were placed on the surrounding hills, to give warn ing of the approach of the military. Towards the end of Columbus's voyage to the new world, when he was already near, but not in sight of land, the drooping hopes of his mariners (for his own confidence seems to have remained unmoved) were revived by the appearance of birds at first hovering round the ship, and then lighting on the rigging. has been prostituted to this sacrilegious pantomime. Compared himself. The distinction of wealth is gradually absorbing every to such things as these, the former atheism of the Corsican creed- other. I would prefer the aristocracy of pedigree to that of riches. tonger was sanctity itself. NOTE XIX. The bells whose knoll a holy calmness pour'd.-P. 9, 1. 119. During the late sanguinary civil war in France, the animals who assumed the honourable title of republican when it was a la mode, and who now, on a similar principle, would hold Bonaparte's golden basin while he washed his hands of their brother's or their father's blood, used to transmit to the committee of public safety long gasconading accounts of their prowess in storming belfries, and melting the bell-metal. These dispatches were meant as certificates of their civism, their atheism, and their courage. NOTE XX. Down like an avalanche.-P. 10, 1. 32. As we "After having descended, about three hours from the time of our quitting Meysingen, we refreshed ourselves and our horses in a delightful vale, strewed with hamlets; a sloping hill, adorned with variegated verdure and wood, on one side; on the other, the Rosenlavi and Schartzwald glaciers stretching between impending rocks; and before us the highest point of the Wetterhorn lifting its pyramidical top, capped with eternal snow. were taking our repast, we were suddenly startled by a noise like the sound of thunder, occasioned by a large body of snow falling from the top of the mountain, which in its precipitate descent had the appearance of a torrent of water reduced almost into spray. These avalanches, as they are called, are sometimes attended with the most fatal consequences; for when they consist of enormous masses, they destroy every thing in their course, and not unfrequently overwhelm even a whole village."-CoxE. NOTE XXI. The plaintive strain that links, &c.-P. 10, 1. 50. "After dinner, some musicians of the country performed the Ranz des Vaches, that famous air which was forbid to be played among the Swiss troops in the French armies, as it created in the soldiers such a longing recollection of their native country, that it often produced in them a settled melancholy, and occasioned frequent desertion. The French call this sort of patriotic regret maladie du pays. There is nothing peculiarly striking in the tune; but as it is composed of the most simple notes, the powerful effect of its melody upon the Swiss soldiers in a foreign land is the less remarkable. Nothing, indeed, renews so lively a remembrance of former scenes, as a piece of favourite music which we were accustomed to hear among our earliest and dearest connexions." -COXE. NOTE XXII. Till beckon'd by some kindly hand to sit.-P. 10, 1. 108. It is most melancholy to see old respectable persons standing in the passages of a church. In former times, the area of churches was common to all. The appropriation was certainly an encroachment. To bring matters back to their primitive state would now be impracticable. But surely a very large portion of the house of prayer ought to be allotted to the Lord's poor. Or why should not free churches be established in all the considerable towns? There are several in England. To the hardship of exclusion from divine service, or of precarious and mendicant admission, may be traced the dissipated and idle habits of many originally well-disposed persons. NOTE XXIII. Her hands could earn her bread and freely give.-P. 10, L. 110. The character here described is well pourtrayed in the following passage of Newton's Letters:-"We have lost another of the people here; a person of much experience, eminent grace, wisdom, and usefulness. She walked with God forty years. She was one of the Lord's poor; but her poverty was decent, sanctified, and honourable. She lived respected, and her death is considered as a public loss. It is a great loss to me: I shall miss her advice and example, by which I have been often edified and animated. Almost the last words she uttered were, The Lord is my portion, saith my soul.'" I have known many instances of such persons. The character is indeed most highly respectable; but it does not obtain that respect and support which it so well merits. In truth, wealth is so devotedly worshipped, that virtuous poverty must of necessity be neglected, if not despised. Every man is aspiring to the imaginary dignity of the person who happens to be a little richer than NOTE XXIV. There courage that expects no tongue to praise.-P. 10, 1. 126. To private soldiers and sailors the voice of praise very seldom reaches, yet is their courage not less conspicuous than that which their superiors in rank display. Our military establishment, both at sea and on shore, is indeed penurious in reward, while it is liberal in punishment. By extending the one, and restricting the other, the regular army would be more expeditiously recruited than by increase of bounties. Let the experiment of less severe punishments be tried. The immediate consequence would be (to speak in mercantile phrase) a fall in the price of the article. But there is still another and a more effectual way of recruiting the army. Follow the advice of that man, who, through good report and through bad report, has stood the steadfast friend of justice and of freedom-to whose intuitive ken the most complicated subjects are simple, the most opaque transparent. His advice (but, alas! his prescient advice is seldom regarded until the event verifies the prediction) was to restrict the term of service to a moderate period, to five, six, or seven years. If a man engaging himself for half a year as a common servant were asked for what higher rate of wages he would bind himself during life, his answer would probably be, that no reward would tempt him to bind himself for life. Or, if he were to be so allured, would he not ask an enormous hire? To indent one's person for life, is a tremendous engagement. But a limitation of the term of service would be highly expedient in another view. Reckoning the regular troops of Britain at 200,000, if each man were to be discharged at the end of seven years from the time of his enlistment, is it not obvious, that we should have a yearly addition of about 27,000 thorough-bred soldiers, ready to fall into the ranks of the strictly defensive department of our national armament? Say that the addition were to be only 20,000, what an accession of real strength, of discipline, of experience, of confidence, would be the result! In five years there would be nearly 100,000 veterans (for a soldier who has served seven years I would call a veteran) added to our home-force. No one can form a probable guess at the duration of the present war; nor is it likely that many of the present generation will see the day when they may with safety turn their swords into plough-shares, and their spears into pruning-hooks. We must continue in the attitude of an armed nation. We must labour with the one hand, and wield our weapons with the other. NOTE XXV. Or cheering, with inquiries from the heart.-P. 11, 1. 7. In some hospitals, the patients are supposed to be treated with all due justice, if the bolus and the knife be liberally adminis tered. Nothing is done to amuse or to console. NOTE XXVI. Blest be the female votaries.-P. 11, 1. 65. The nuns called Beguines devote the whole of their time to attendance on the sick, whether in hospitals or in private houses. They are habited in black, and when going abroad they wear deep black veils. NOTE XXVII. Call forth the dead, and re-unite the dust (Transform'd and purified) to angel souls.-P. 11, 1. 85. Every one has experienced how much contrast enhances pleasure, and aggravates pain. Perhaps in created beings perfect happiness is impossible, without the contrast of recollected misery. This consideration affords an answer to those persons who censure the resurrection of the body as a provision unnecessary and unwise, who say that the joys of a blessed spirit cannot be increased by a union with the material body, however excellent in form, structure, and powers. I would ask, what other provision could possibly furnish the pleasure derived from contrast, so vividly, so constantly? A celestial form the habitation of that being who formerly dwelt in a body frail, diseased, mortal! To the man who had been blind in his earthly abode, what a change!-his sightless orbs transformed into eyes of telescopic ken! To the palsied !-that body which could not move itself, endowed perhaps with electric velocity!-that once feeble, faltering voice, attuned to the harmonies of the heavenly choirs, "who sing the song of Moses the servant of God, and the song of the Lamb, saying, Great and marvellous are thy works, Lord God Almighty; just and true are thy ways, thou King of saints: Alleluia, for the Lord God Omnipotent reigneth!" B How sweet the tinkle of the palm-bower'd brook! Did ever law of man a power like this The words which God in thunder from the mount Of trees primeval (soon to be laid low), They sing, "By Babel's streams we sat and wept." What strong mysterious links enchain the heart Not even the poor blind man who sought his bread Oft had they told him that his home was near: The tinkle of the rill, the murmuring So gentle of the brook, the torrent's rush, *"And these words which I command thee this day shall be in thine heart. And thou shalt teach them diligently unto thy children, and shalt talk of them when thou sittest in thine house, and when thou walkest by the way, and when thou liest down, and when thou risest up. Thou shalt say unto thy son, we were Pharaoh's bondmen in Egypt; and the Lord brought us out of Egypt with a mighty hand."-Deut. vi. 6, 7, 21. What though the cluster'd vine there hardly tempts The traveller's hand; though birds of dazzling plume Perch on the loaded boughs; "Give me thy woods, (Exclaims the banish'd man) "thy barren woods, Poor Scotland; sweeter there the reddening haw, The sloe, or rowan's* bitter bunch, than here The purple grape; more dear the redbreast's note, That mourns the fading year in Scotia's vales, Than Philomel's, where spring is ever new; More dear to me the redbreast's sober suit, So like a wither'd leaflet, than the glare Of gaudy wings that make the iris dim." Nor is regret exclusive to the old : But what the loss of country to the woes As is the rock his seat, gazing whole days A sail appearing on th' horizon's verge; *Mountain-ash. "They that go down to the sea in ships, that do business in the great deep: these sce the works of the Lord, and his wonders in the deep."-PSALM CVii. In the tropical regions, the sky during storms is often with out a cloud. So vivid, that the stars are hid and seen And thy right hand does lead him. Lo! at last, As if th' embodied spirit of sweet sounds To Bethlehem's shepherds,t as they watch'd their flocks. The semblance of a fiery wave, ‡ in crescent form, His native tongue to hear! He breathes at home, Of those thy messengers of peace and joy.) For days, for nights, illumed by phosphor lamps; "If I take the wings of the morning, and dwell in the uttermost parts of the sea, even there shall thy hand lead me, and thy right hand shall hold me."-PSALM CXxxix. “And there were in the same country shepherds abiding in the field, keeping watch over their flock by night. And lo! the angel of the Lord came upon them, and the glory of the Lord angel said unto them, Fear not; for behold! I bring you good tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people. For unto you is born this day, in the city of David, a Saviour who is Christ the Lord. And this shall be a sign unto you-ye shall find the babe wrapped in swaddling-clothes, lying in a manger. And suddenly there was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly host, praising God, and saying, Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men."-LUKE, ii. 8-14. shone round about them, and they were sore afraid. And the Let worldly men The cause and combatants contemptuous scorn, But messengers commission'd to announce They, too, though clothed with power of mighty works Oft did their words fall powerless, though enforced By works of love-the slave set free, the sick The oft-reiterated stroke is still; The clotted scourge hangs hardening in the shrouds. Oh England! England! wash thy purpled hands Of all the murderous trades by mortals plied, From morn to eve destruction revels phrensied, "In some seas, as particularly about the coast of Malabar, Of larks descending to their grass-bower'd homes, as a ship floats along, it seems during the night to be surrounded with fire, and to leave a long tract of light behind it. Whenever the sea is gently agitated, it seems converted into little stars; every drop as it breaks emits light, like bodies electrified in the dark."-DARWIN. *Sun-flower. "The seeds of many plants of this kind are furnished with a plume, by which admirable mechanism they are disseminated far from their parent stem."-DARWIN. † Church steeples are frequently used as signal-posts. |