12. The rich crown of state that his majefty wears on his throne in parliament, in which is a large emerald seven inches round, a pearl the finest in the world, and a ruby of inestimable value.

13. A globe and scepter made for the late Queen Mary.

14. An ivory scepter with a dove, made for the late King James's queen. 15. The golden fpurs and the armillas that are worn at the coronation.

There is alfo an apartment in the Tower where noble prifoners used to be confined, but of late years fome of lefs quality have been fent thither.

The Tower where the lions and other favage animals are kept is on the right hand, on the outside the ditch, as we enter the fortrefs. Thefe confift of lions, leopards, tygers, eagles, vultures, and fuch other wild creatures as foreign princes or fea-officers have prefented to the British kings and queens.

Not far from the Tower ftands London-Bridge. This bridge has nineteen arches befides the draw-bridge, and is built with hewn ftone, being one thousand two hundred feet in length, and feventy four in breadth, whereof the houses built on each side take up twenty-feven feet, and the street between the houses twenty feet; there being only three vacancies about the middle of the bridge where there are no houses, but a low stone wall, with an iron pallifade, through which is a fine view of the fhipping and vessels in the river. This street over the bridge is as much thronged, and has as brifk a trade as any street in the city; and the perpetual paffage of coaches and carriages makes it troublesome walking on it, there being no pofts to keep off carriages, as in other streets. The middle vacancy was left for a draw bridge, which used formerly to be drawn up when shipping paffed that way; but no veffels come above the bridge at this day but fuch as can flrike their mafts, and pass under the arches. Four of the arches on the north fide of the bridge are now taken up with mills and engines, that raife the water to a great height, for the fupply of the city: This brings in a large revenue, which, with the rents of the houfes on the bridge, and other houses and lands that be long to it, are applied as far as is neceffary to the repair of it, by the officers appointed for that fervice, who are, a comptroller and two bridge-mafters, with their fubordinate officers: And in fome years, it is faid, not lefs than three thousand pounds are laid out in repairing and fupporting this mighty fabrick, though it be never suffered to run much to decay.

I come next to defcribe that circuit of ground which lies without the walls, but within the freedom and jurifdiction of the city of London: And this is bounded by a line, which begins at Temple-bar, and extends itself by many turnings and windings through part of Shear-lane, Bell-yard, Chancery-lane, by the Rolls-liberty, &c. into Holborn, almost against Gray's-Inn-lane, where there is a bar (confifting of pofts, rails, and a chain) ufually called Holborn bars; from whence it paffes with many turnings and windings by the fouth end of Brook-street, Furnival's-Inn, Leather-lane, the fouth-end of Hatton-garden, Ely-houfe, Field-lane, and Chick-lane, to the common-fewer; then to Cow-crofs, and fo to Smithfield-bars; from whence it runs with feveral windings between Long-lane and Charterhouse-lane to Gofwell-street, and fo up that street northward to the Bars.

From thefe Bars in Gofwell-ftreet, where the manor of Finfbury begins, the line extends by Golden-lane to the pofts and chain in Whitecrofs-ftreet, and from thence to the pofts and chain in Grub-treet; and then runs through Ropemakers-alley to the pofts and chain in the highway from Moorgate, and from thence by the north fide of Moorfields; after which it runs northwards to Nortonfalgate, meeting with the bars

in Bishopfgate-frect, and from thence runs eaftward into Spittlefields, abutting all along upon Nortonfalgate.

From Nortonfalgate it returns fouthwards by Spittlefields, and then fouth-eaft by Wentworth-street, to the bars in Whitechapel: From hence it inclines more foutherly to the Little Minories and Goodman's-fields; from whence it returns weftward to the posts and chain in the Minories, and fo on more wefterly till it comes to London-wall, abutting on the Tower-liberty, and there it ends. The ground comprehended betwixt this line and the city-wall, contains about three hundred acres.

There is no wall or fence, as has been hinted already, to feparate the freedom of the city from that part of the town which lies in the county of Middlefex, only posts and chains at certain places, and one gate at the welt end of Fleet-ftreet, which goes by the name of Temple-bar.

This gate resembles a triumphal arch: It is built of hewn-ftone, each fide being adorned with four pilafters, their entablature, and an arched pediment of the Corinthian order. The intercolumns are niches replenished; thofe within the Bar towards the east, with the figures of King James I. and his queen; and those without the Bar, with the figures of King Charles I. and King Charles II. It is enriched alfo with cornucopias, and has two large cartouches, by way of fupporters to the whole; and on the infide of the gate is the following infcription, viz. Erected in the year 1670, Sir Samuel Starling, mayor: continued in the year 1571, Sir Richard Ford, lordmayor: and finished in the year 1672, Sir George Waterman, lord-mayor."

The city is divided into twenty-fix wards or governments, each having its peculiar, officers, as alderman, common-council, &c. But all are fubject to the lord-mayor, the fupreme magiftrate of this great metropolis. Of each of these wards take the fol lowing account.

1. Portfoken ward, is fituate without Aldgate, the most easterly ward belonging to the city; and extends from Aldgate eastward to the bars. The chief streets and places comprehended in it, are part of Whitechapel-ftreet, the Minories, Houndfditch, and the weft fide of Petticoat-lane.

Whitechapel is a handfome broad ftreet, by which we enter the town from the east.. The fouth fide, or great part of it, is taken up by butchers who deal in the wholefale. way, felling whole carcafes of veal, mutton, and lamb (which come chiefly out of Effex) to the town butchers. On the north fide are a great many good inns, and feveral confiderable tradefmen's houses, who ferve the east part of England with fuch goods and merchandize as London affords. On the fouth fide is a great market for hay three times a week.

Tower ward extends along the Thames from the Tower on the east almost to Billinfgate on the weft, and that part of the Tower itself which lies to the weftward of the White Tower is held by fome to be within this ward. The principal streets and places contained in it are Great Tower-ftreet, part of Little Tower-ftreet and Towerhill, part of Thames-fireet, Mark-lane, Mincing-lane, Seething-lane, St. Olave Hartftreet, Idle-lane, St. Dunstan's-hill, Harp-lane, Water-lane, and Bear-lane, with the courts and alleys that fall into them.

Great Tower-hill lies on the outfide of the Tower-ditch towards the north-west. Upon this hill is a fcaffold erected, at the charge of the city, for the execution of noble offenders imprifoned in the Tower, (after fentence paffed upon them.).

The names of the keys or wharfs lying on the Thames fide in this ward between the Tower and Billinfgate, are Brewer's-key, Chefter-key, Galley-key, Wool-key, Por

ter's-key,

ter's-key, Custom-houfe-key, Great Bear-key, Little Bear-key, Wigging's-key, Ralph'skey, Little Dice-key, Great Dice-key, and Smart's-key, of which, next to the Cuftomhoufe-key, Bear-keys are the most confiderable, there being one of the greatest markets in England for wheat and other kinds of grain, brought hither by coafting veffels.

The publick buildings in this ward (befides the western part of the Tower abovementioned to be within the city) are the Custom-houfe, Clothworkers'-hall, Bakers'hall, and the three parish churches of Alhallows Barking, St. Olave, Hart-ftreet, and St. Dunstan's in the East.

The Custom-houfe is fituated on the north fide of the Thames between the Tower and Billinfgate; confifting of two floors, in the uppermost of which, in a wainscotted magnificent room, almost the whole length of the building, and fifteen feet in height, fit the commiffioners of the customs, with their under officers and clerks. The length of this edifice is an hundred and eighty-nine feet, and the general breadth twenty-feven, but at the weft end it is fixty feet broad. It is built of brick and ftone, and covered with lead, being adorned with the upper and lower orders of architecture.

3. Aldgate, or Ealdgate ward. The principal streets and places in it are Aldgatestreet, Berry-street, part of St. Mary Axe, part of Leadenhall-street, part of Limeftreet, Billiter-lane and Square, part of Mark-lane, Fenchurch-ftreet, and Crutchedfriars.

The publick buildings in this ward are the African-house, the Navy-office, Bricklayer's-hall, the churches of St. Catharine Creechurch, St. James's, Duke's-place, St. Andrew Underfhaft, St. Catharine Coleman, and the Jews' fynagogues.

The Royal African-house is fituated on the fouth fide of Leadenhall-ftreet, near the east end of it. Here the affairs of the company are tranfacted; but the house has nothing in it that merits a particular defcription.

The Navy-office is fituated on the fouth fide of Crutched-friars, near Tower-hill, being a large well-built pile of buildings, and the offices for every branch of business relating to the navy admirably well difpofed.

The Jews' fynagogues are in Duke's-place, where, and in that neighdourhood, many of that religion inhabit. The fynagogue ftands eaft and weft, as Chriftian churches ufually do the great door is on the weft, within which is a long defk upon an ascent, raised above the floor, from whence the law is read. The eaft part of the fynagogue alfo is railed in, and the places where the women fit inclofed with lattices; the men fit on benches with backs to them, running eaft and weft; and there are abundance of fine branches for candles, befides lamps, especially in that belonging to the Portuguese, 4. Lime-ftreet ward. The principal streets and places in it are part of Leadenhall. ftreet, and Leadenhall-market, part of Lime street, and part of St. Mary Axe.

Leadenhall-market, the fineft fhambles in Europe, lies between Leadenhall-street and Fenchurch-street. Of the three courts or yards that it confifts of, the first is that at the north-east corner of Gracechurch-street, and opens into Leadenhall ftreet. This court or yard contains in length from north to fouth 164 feet, and in breadth from eaft to weft so feet: within this court or yard, round about the fame, are about 100 standing stalls for butchers, for the felling of beef only, and therefore this court is called the beef market. Thefe ftalls are either under warehouses, or fheltered from the weather by roofs over them. This yard is on Tuesdays a market for leather, to which the tanners refort; on Thursdays the waggons from Colchester, and other parts, come with baize, &c. and the felinongers with their wool; and on Fridays it is a market for raw hides; on Saturdays, for beef and other provifions.

The fecond market-yard is called the Green-yard, as being once a green plot of ground; afterwards it was the city's store-yard for materials for building and the like;

VOL. II.

H

but

but now a market only for veal, mutton, lamb, &c. This yard is 170 feet in length from east to weft, and 90 feet broad from north to fouth: it hath in it 140 ftalls for the butchers, all covered over. In the middle of this Green-yard market from north to fouth is a row of fhops, with rooms over them, for fifhmongers; and on the fouth fide and weft end are houfes and fhops alfo for fishmongers. owards the east end of this yard is erected a fair market-houfe, ftanding upon columns, with vaults underneath, and rooms above, with a bell-tower, and a clock, and under it are butchers' talls. The tenements round about this yard are for the most part inhabited by cooks and victuallers; and in the paffages leading out of the treets into this market are fishmongers, poulterers, cheefemongers, and other traders in provifion.

The third market belonging to Leadenhall is called the Herb-market, for that herbs, roots, fruit, &c. are only there fold. This market is about r40 feet fquare; the weft, eaft, and north fides had walks round them, covered over for fhelter, and standing upon columns; in which walks there were 28 ftalls for gardeners, with cellars under

them.

The publick buildings in this ward are Leadenhall, the East-India-house, Pewterers'hall, and Fletchers'-hall.

Leadenhall is fituated on the fouth fide of Leadenhall-street. It is a large ftone fabrick, consisting of three large courts or yards, as has been obferved already; part of it is at present a warehoufe, in the occupation of the Eaft-India company, where the finest calicoes, and other curiofities of the eastern part of the world, are repofited; another part of it is a warehouse for Colchester baize, and is open every Thursday and Friday. Here was alfo anciently a chapel, and a fraternity of 60 priests constituted to celebrate divine fervice every day to the market-people; but was diffolved with other religious focieties at the reformation.

On the fouth fide of Leadenhall-street alfo, and a little to the eastward of Leadenhall, ftands the Eaft-India House, lately magnificently rebuilt, with a ftone front to the ftreet; but the front being very narrow, does not make an appearance answerable to the grandeur of the house within, which stands upon a great deal of ground, the offices and ftorehouses admirably well contrived, and the publick hall and the committee room fcarce inferior to any thing of the like nature in the city.

There is not one church in this ward at prefent. The officers of the ward are, an alderman, his deputy, four common-council men, four conftables, two fcavengers, fixteen for the wardmote inqueft, and a beadle.

5. Bishopfgate ward is divided into two parts, one within Bishopfgate, and the other without.

The streets and places in this ward, within the gate, are, all Bishopfgate-ftreet, part of Gracechurch-ftreet, all Great and Little St. Helen's, all Crosby-fquare, all Camomile-street, and a fmall part of Wormwood-ftreet, with feveral courts and alleys that fall into them.

That part

of this ward that lies without Bifhopfgate extends northwards, as far as the bars, being the bounds of the city freedom on this fide.

The principal streets and places in this ward, without the gate, are, BifhopfgateAtreet, Petty-France, Bethlem Court and Lane, and Devonshire-fquare; befides which, there are little courts and alleys without number between Bishopfgate-street and

Moorfields.

The publick buildings in this ward are Leathersellers'-hall, Grefham-college, the churches of St. Botolph Bifhopfgate, St. Ethelburga, and St. Helen.

London workhoufe, for the poor of the city of London, alfo ftands in this ward, just without Bishopfgate, being a long brick edifice four hundred feet in length, confifting

8

fifting of feveral work-rooms and lodging-rooms for the vagrants and parish children brought thither, who are employed in fpinning wool and flax, in fewing, knitting, or winding filk, or making their cloaths or fhoes, and are taught to write, read, and caft accompts. The grown vagrants brought here for a time only, are employed in washing, beating hemp, and picking oakhum, and have no more to keep them than they earn, unless they are fick; and the boys are put out apprentices to feafaring men or artificers, at a certain age, and in the mean time have their diet, cloaths, phyfick, and other neceffaries, provided for them by the houfe, which is fupported by rivate charities, by fums raifed annually by the city, or by the labour of the children, which laft article produces feven or eight hundred pounds per annum.

6. Broad-street ward contains part of Threadneedle-ftreet, Bartholomew-lane, part of Prince's street, part of Lothbury, part of Throgmorton-ftreet, great part of Broadftreet, Winchester-street, Auftin-friars, part of Wormwood-ftreet, and part of Londonwall-street, with the courts and lanes running into them.

The publick buildings in this ward are Carpenters'-hall, Drapers'-hall, MerchantTaylors'-hall, the South-Sea-Houfe, the Pay-office, Alhallows on the Wall, St. Peter's Poor, the Dutch church, St. Martin's, St. Bennet's, St. Bartholomew's, St. Christopher's, and the French church.

The most magnificent and beautiful edifice of the kind in this ward, and indeed in the city of London, is the South-Sea-Houfe, lately erected at the north-east corner of Threadneedle-ftreet, near Bifhopfgate-street, and over against the church of St. Martin Outwich. It is built of stone and brick.

The feveral offices for tranfacting the bufinefs of this great company are admirably well difpofed; and the great hall for fales is no where to be paralleled, either in its dimenfions or ornaments, any more than the dining-room, galleries, and chambers above.

7. Cornhill ward comprehends little more than the street of the fame name, and fome little lanes and alleys that fall into it, as Caftle-alley, Sweeting's or Swithin'salley, Freeman's-yard, part of Finch-lane, Weigh-houfe-yard, Star-court, the north end of Birching-lane, St. Michael's-alley, Pope's-head-alley, and Exchange-alley.

Cornhill-ftreet may, in many refpects, be looked upon as the principal street of the city of London; for here almoft all affairs relating to navigation and commerce are tranfacted; and here, all the business relating to the great companies and the Bank, are negotiated. This ftreet alfo is fituated near the centre of the city, and fome fay, upon the highest ground in it. It is fpacious, and well built with lofty houfes, four or five stories high, inhabited by linen-drapers and other confiderable tradesmen, who deal by wholesale as well as retail, and adorned with the principal gate and front of the Royal-Exchange. Here alfo it is faid the metropolitan church was fituated, when London was an archbishoprick.

Exchange-alley, fo denominated from its being fituated on the fouth-fide of this street, over against the Royal Exchange, has long been famous for the great concourse of merchants and commanders of fhips, and the bargains and contracts made there and in the two celebrated coffee-houfes in it, which go under the respective names of Jonathan's and Garraway's, where land, ftocks, debentures, and merchandize, and every thing that has an existence in nature, is bought, fold, and transferred from one to another; and many things contracted for, that fubfift only in the imagination of the parties.

The publick buildings in this ward are, the Royal-Exchange, and the churches of St. Peter and St. Michael.