proved with regard to cleanliness and convenience, and is extremely full of inhabitants, owing to the various manufactures, &c. carried on here; most of which receive peculiar advantages from the copious streams of pure water with which it is so abundantly supplied. The corn mill, behind the Cock Inn, probably occupies the same site as that which was bestowed on the abbey by queen Maud, at the commencement of the twelfth century: the powder mills are at present in the hands of government. There are extensive manufactories for printed linens, and some newly erected premises for the purpose of making pins, the process of which not being. generally known, is here particularly described; The first operation is that of winding it off from one wheel to another with great velocity, and causing it to pass between the two, through a circle in a piece of iron of smaller diameter; the wire being thus reduced to its proper dimension, is straightened by drawing between iron pins, fixed in a board in a zig-zag man. ner, but so as to leave a straight line between them; afterwards it is cut into lengths of three or four yards, and then into smaller ones, every length being sufficient to make six pins; each end of these is ground to a point, which is performed throughout the manufactory by boys, who sit each with two small grinding stones before them, turned by a wheel. Taking up a handful, each boy applies the ends to the coarsest of the two stones, being careful at the same time to keep each piece moving round his fingers, so that the points may not become flat: he then gives them a smoother and sharper point, by applying them to the other stone, and by that means a lad of twelve or fourteen years of age is enabled to point about sixteen thousand pins in an hour. When the wire is thus pointed, a pin is taken off from each end, and this is repeated till it is cut into six pieces, The would naturally cease; if they condemned it, the pope would find it difficult to resist the solicitations of so great a monarch, seconded by the opinion of all the learned men in Christendom. When the king was informed of this proposal, he was delighted with it; and, with more alacrity than delicacy, swore, that "Cranmer had got the right sow by the ear." He sent for that divine, adopted his opinion, and ever after entertained for him the highest regard. Mr. Cressy's house is not now to be found. next operation is that of forming the heads, or, as they term it, head-spinning, which is done by means of a spinning wheel; one piece of wire being thus with astonishing rapidity wound round another, and the interior one being drawn out, leaves a hollow tube between the circumvolutions: it is then cut with sheers, every two circumvolations, or turns of the wire, forming one head; these are softened by throwing them into iron pans, and placing them in a furnace till they are red hot. As soon as they are cold they are distributed to children, who set with anvils and hammers before them, which they work with their feet, by means of a lath, and taking up one of the lengths, they thrust the blunt end into a quantity of the heads which lie before them, and catching one at the extremity, they apply them immediately to the anvil and hammer, and by a motion or two of the foot, the point and the head are fixed together in much less time than can be described, and with a dexterity only to be acquired by practice, the spectator being in continual apprehension for the safety of their fingers end. The pin is now finished as to its form, but still it is merely brass; it is therefore thrown into a copper, containing a solution of tin and the lees of wine. Here it remains for some time, and when taken out assumes a white though dull appearance; in order therefore to give it a polish, it is thrown into a tub containing a quantity of bran, which is set in motion by turning a shaft that runs through its centre, and thus by means of friction it becomes perfectly bright. The pin being complete, nothing remains but to separate it from the bran, which is performed by a mode exactly similar to the winnowing of corn; the bran flying off, and leav ing the pin fit for immediate sale. "I was the more pleased with this manufactory," says Mr. Ellis, "as it appeared to afford employment to a number of children of both sexes, who are thus not only prevented from acquiring the habits of idleness and vice, but are on the contrary initiated in their earlier years in those of a beneficial and virtuous industry."* Among the eminent persons connected with Waltham, we recount ROGER WALTHAM, canon of St. Paul's cathedral, who wrote Compendium Morale, and Imagines Oratorum, in the reign of Henry III. JOHN DE WALTHAM, bishop of * Campagna of London. Salisbury, Salisbury, lord privy seal, and chancellor of England, in the reign of Richard II. who caused his body to be buried among the kings in Westminster Abbey, in testimony of his great regard for his worth. NICHOLAS, abbot of Waltham, was an eminent person during the same reign. The last abbot, ROBERT FULLER, wrote the History of the Abbey. Among the curates since the Reformation were JOSEPH HALL, S. T. P. afterwards bishop of Exeter, by whose persuasion Mr. Sutton erected his hospital of the Charter House; Dr. THOMAS FULLER, author of The Church History of England, Pisgah Sight, The Holy War, Worthies, &c. After quitting Waltham Cross we enter the Forest, in which are many beautiful situations; and having passed Warlies Park, we arrive at COPPED HALL, the seat of John Conyers, Esq. in the parish of Epping, built by his father; it is a perfect model of convenience as well as of elegant architecture. The original house stood at the bottom of the hill, in the parish of Waltham Holy Cross; and here was a private chapel for the use of the family, which had belonged to the abbots of Waltham. This chapel was decorated by the beautiful painted window now in the church of St. Margaret, Westminster. While the manor of Epping was in the possession of the abbey of Waltham, the abbots erected within its boundaries a mansion for pleasure and privacy, which in antient records was called COPPICE HALL, so named from the neighbouring woods. After the dissolution of the abbeys, it became the seat of the Fitz Auchers, who sold it to Sir Thomas Heneage soon after he became lord of the town. Sir Thomas much enlarged it, and built one of the most stately galleries in England, being fifty-six yards long, which by a strange hurricane was blown down November 1639, and the lord Coventry's picture carrted away, without any damage to many others. From Sir Thomas Heneage this manor and seat descended to Sir Moyle Finch, by marriage with Elizabeth, Sir Thomas's only daughter ana heir, from whom it came to the Sack |