1. What is Involution?

2. What is Evolution?

Questions.

3. What is the Root of any power? 4. What is the Square Root? 5. Can the precise roots of all powers be found?

6. What are rational numbers? 7. What are surd numbers?

8. What is it to extract the square root?

9. What is the Rule?

10. When there is a remainder, how may the operation be continued?

11. How do you extract the square root of a Vulgar Fraction?

EXTRACTION OF THE CUBE ROOT.

We have seen that any number multiplied into itself produces a square, and that the square multiplied again by that number produces a cube; and likewise, that the number itself is the root of the given cube.

Hence, to extract the cube root of any given number is, to find a number which, being raised to its third power, that is, multiplied into its square, shall produce the given

number.

A solid body having six equal sides, and each of the sides an exact square, is a cube; and since the length, breadth and thickness, are the same, it is evident that the length of one side of the given body is the cube root of that body; for, the length, multiplied by the breadth, multiplied by the thickness, will give the cubic contents, &c.

Thus, the cubic contents of a square block a foot long, a foot wide and a foot thick is 1x1x1=1 foot. The cubic feet contained in a block 2 feet long, 2 feet wide and 2 feet thick, is 2×2×2=8 cubic feet. Hence the cube root of 8 is 2, because 23, that is, 2×2×2=8.

RULE.

I. Separate the given number into periods of three figures each, by putting a point over the unit figure, and every third figure from the place of units, towards the left, and if there be decimals, point them from the unit's place towards the right in the same manner.

II. Find the greatest cube in the left hand period, and put its root in the quotient.

III. Subtract the cube thus found from the said period, and to the remainder bring down the next period, calling this the dividend.

IV. Multiply the square of the quotient by 300, calling it the divisor.

V. Seek how often the divisor may be had in the dividend, and place the result in the quotient, (root.)

VI. Multiply the divisor by this last quotient figure, and place the product under the dividend.

VII. Multiply the former quotient figure, or figures, by the square of the last quotient figure, and that product by 30, and write the product under the last; then place the cube of the last quotient figure under these two products, and call their amount the subtrahend.

VIII. Subtract the subtrahend from the dividend, and to the remainder bring down the next period for a new dividend, with which proceed as before; and so on till the whole is finished.

Note 1. If the subtrahend happens to be larger than the dividend, the last quotient figure must be made one less, and a new subtrahend found.

2. When it happens that the divisor is not contained in the dividend, we must put a cipher in the quotient, and bring down the next period for a new dividend; and multiply the square of the whole quotient by 300 for a new divisor.

3. When there is a remainder after bringing down all the periods, we may annex periods of ciphers, and continue the operation to decimals.

EXAMPLES.

1. What is the length of the side of a cubic block, which contains 12167 solid or cubic inches?

Operation.*

12167(23

8

2×2×300=1200)4167 dividend.

3600

2×3×3×30= 540

3x3x3= 27

4167 subtrahend.

00

* We have seen that the square of any number contains just twice as many figures as the number itself, or at least, but one less than twice that number. So also the cube (being a number multiplied into its square) contains just 3 times

32 x 32 x 300=307200)1560125 dividend.

1536000

32 × 5 × 5 × 30= 5x5x5=

24000

125

1560125 subtrahend.
0000

as many places of figures as the number itself, or at least, but two figures less than 3 times that number. Hence, by pointing any number into periods of 3 figures each, as directed in the Rule, we may at once find how many figures the root will consist of.-Pointing the above exampie, we have two periods: hence we find that the root will consist of two figures, viz.: a figure of tens and a figure of units.

We then seek for the greatest cube in the first or left hand period, 12 [thousands ;] this we find to be 8 [thousands,] the root of which is 2 [tens:] placing the 2 [tens] for the first figure in the root, and its cube, 8 [thousands,] under the 12 [thousands, and subtracting it therefrom, the remainder is 4 [thousands,] to which we bring down the next period, 167, making 4167 inches, which remain.

We have now disposed of 8000 inches in a cube, the length of each side of which being 2 [tens]=20 inches, and 20x20x20-8000. Now suppose we make a cubic block, and suppose each side of it to be 2 [tens]-20 inches, it will contain 8000 cubic inches. We must now enlarge this block by the addition of 4167 cubic inches, so that the block shall retain its cubic form; and in order to do this it is plain that we must make the addition on three sides of it. Now the square contents of each of these sides is 20 X 20-400, and 400 × 3, the number of sides on which the addition is to be made, gives 1200, the square contents in the given sides. (But we may obtain the square contents in these sides by neglecting the cipher in the 2 tens=20, and multiply the square of this quotient figure 2 by 300, and it will produce the same. Thus, 2X2X300-1200 as above; and thus the rule is formed.)

Now it is evident that the 4167 inches, which are to be added to this block di vided by 1200, the square inches contained in the sides on which the additions are to be made, will show the thickness of the additions to be made on each of the three sides. Thus, 1200 is contained in 4167, 3 times, which shows that the thickness of the additions must be 3 inches. We place the 3 in the root, and multiply the square contents, 1200, by the thickness, 3 inches: that is, the last quotient figure; making 3600 cubic inches contained in these additions, which we place under the dividend. Now after these additions are made to the cube, there are 3 vacancies on the corners, each of which is 3 inches wide, and 3 inches thick, and 20 inches long, containing 3×3×20=180 cubic inches. This, multiplied by 3, gives the whole number of inches in the three vacancies,=540 cubic inches. But by the rule we neglect the cipher, and multiply the former quotient figure, 2 [tens,] by the square of the last, and that product by 30, which produces the same effect. Thus, 2×3×3×30=540, which we place under the former. Now if we

Ans. 28.

Ans. 63.

Ans. 85.

Ans. 276.

Ans. 45,6.

3. What is the cube root of 21952 ? 4. What is the cube root of 250047? 5. What is the cube root of 614125 ? 6. What is the cube root of 21024576 ? 7. What is the cube root of 94818,816? 8. What is the cube root of 7612,812161? Ans. 19,67+ 9. What is the cube root of,121861281 ? 10. What is the cube root of ,000021952 ? 11. What is the cube root of?

Ans. ,495 X
Ans. ,028.

Thus, 82, the numerator, and 27=3, the denomi

1. How many solid or cubic feet are contained. in a cubical block which is 8 feet long, 6 feet wide and 4 feet thick? 8×6×4=192, Ans. 2. How many solid or cubic feet of earth were thrown out of a cellar which is 32 feet long, 25 feet wide, and 10 feet deep? Ans. 8000, 3. What is the length of the side of a cube which contains 8000 solid or cubic feet? 8000 20ft. Ans. 4. A bushel contains 2150,420 solid or cubic inches; what is the length of the side of a cubic box which shall contain that quantity? Ans. 12,9+inches. 5. The side of a certain cubical box measures 1 foot; what is the length of the side of another that is 8 times as large? 1x1xX1=1X8=8, and / 8=2 feet, Ans.

examine our cube, will ! these additions made and placed to it, we shall discover in one corner a vacancy, the length, breadth and thickness, of which is just 3 inches; (that is, the same as the thickness of our last addition; which, when filled, will just complete the cube. This vacancy contains 3x3x3=27 cubic inches; that is, the cube of the last quotient figure. These 27 cubic inches we place under the former products, then add them up, and subtract the amount from the dividend, 4167, and 0 remains. Hence we find, that the side of a cube which contains 12167 inches must measure 23 inches; or, that the cube root of 12167 is 23. 3

Proof-23, that is, 23x23x23-12167, the given sum, therefore right.

Note. The solid contents of similar figures are in proportion to each other as the cubes of their similar sides or diameters.

6. If a ball 4 inches in diameter weigh 12 pounds, what will another ball of the same metal weigh, whose diameter is 7 inches?

7. If a globe of silver 3 inches in diameter be worth 150 dollars, what is the value of a globe 8 inches in diameter ? Ans. $2844,44+ 8. How many globes 1 foot in diameter would it take to make a globe 2 feet in diameter ?

Ans. 8.

9. The diameter of a ball weighing 4 pounds, is three inches; what is the diameter of another ball 8 times as large?

3×3×3=27, and 27×8=3/216=6 inches, Ans. 10. If the side of á cube of silver worth 20 dollars, be 2 inches, what is the side of another cube of silver, whose value shall be 64 times as much? Ans. 8 inches.

11. If the diameter of the earth is 8000 miles, and the sun is one million times as large as the earth, what is the diameter of the sun? Ans. Eight hundred thousand miles. PROB. 1.-The product of two or more parts of any number given, to find that number.

RULE.

Divide the given product by the product of the given parts, and the quotient will be that power of the required number which is equal to the number of parts.

Ex. 1. If and of a certain number be multiplied together the product will be 54; what is that number?

Thus, x, then 54÷=144, which is the 2d power of the required number, because the number of parts multiplied were 2; then /144-12, Ans.

Ex. 2. If, and & of a certain number be multiplied together the product will be 12000: what is that number? Thus, ××48=4; then 12000÷27000, which is the 3d power of the required number; and 27000= 30, the Answer.