War, and offenders convicted and condemned for capital crimes. Perfons of the former defcription may be ranfomed or exchanged, for which they often wait a confiderable time; and the latter fuffer only when their friends cannot redeem them by the customary fine of 20 beenchangs, or 80 dollars. Thefe are tried by the people of the tribe where the fact was committed, but cannot be executed till their own particular raja or chief has been acquainted with the fentence; who, when he acknowledges the juftice of the intended punishment, fends a cloth to cover the delinquent's head, together with a large difh of falt and lemons. The unhappy object, whether prifoner of war or malefactor, is then tied to a stake: the people affembled throw their lances at him from a certain diftance; and when mortally wounded, they run upon him, as if in a tranfport of paffion; cut pieces from the body with their knives; dip them in the difh of falt and lemon juice; flightly broil them over a fire prepared for the purpose; and fwallow the morfels with a degree of favage enthufiafm. Sometimes, according to the degree of their animofity and refentment, the whole is devoured; and instances have been known, where, with barbarity ftill aggravated, they tear the flesh from the carcase with their mouths. To fuch a depth of depravity may man be plunged, when neither religion nor philofophy enlightens his steps! All that can be faid in extenuation of the horror of this diabolical ceremony is, that no view appears to be entertained of tortaring the fufferers; of encreafing or lengthening out the pangs of death; the whole fury is direct ed against the corfe; warm indeed with the remains of life, but paft the fenfation of pain. I have found a difference of opinion in regard to their eating the bones of their enemies llain in battle. Some perfons long refident there, and ac quainted with their proceedings, affert that it is not cuftomary; but as one or two particular in Rances have been given by other people, it is juft to conclude, that it sometimes takes place, though not generally. It was fuppofed to be with this intent that raja Neabin maintained a long conflict for the body of Mr Nairne, a moft refpectable gentleman and valuable fervant of the India Company, who fell in an attack upon the campong of that chief, in the year 1775 It may be faid, that whether the dead body of an enemy be eaten or buried, is a matter perfectly indifferent. But whatever the practice of eating human fleth may be in itself, it certainly is relatively, and in its confequences, most pernicious. It manifeftly tends to eradicate a principle, which is the chief fecurity of human life, and more frequently reftrains the hand of the murderer, than the fenfe of duty, or the dread of punishment. If even this horrid practice originates from hunger, ftill it must be perpetuated from revenge. Death muft lofe much of its horror among those who are accuftomed to eat the dead; and where there is little horror at the fight of death, there must be lefs repugnance to murder. See fome further obfervations on this fubject, equally just and ingenious, by Dr Hawkefworth, Vol. II. p. 389. and Vol. III. p. 447. & feq.

VOL. II. PART L

ANTHROPOPHAGIA, the act or habit of eating human flesh. This is pretended by fome to be the effect of a difeafe, which leads people affected with it to eat every thing alike. Some choose only to confider is as a fpecious of PICA. The annals of Milan furnish an extraordinary in ftance of anthropophagy. A Milanefe woman, named Elizabeth, from a depraved appetite, like what women with child, and thofe whofe menfes are obftructed, frequently experience, had an invincible inclination to human flesh, of which the made provifion by enticing children into her houfe, where the killed and falted them; a difcovery of which having been made, the was broken on the wheel and burnt in 1519.

* ANTHROPOPHAGINIÁN. n. j. A ludicrous word, formed by Shakespeare from anthropophagi for the fake of a formidable found.-Go, knock and call; he'll fpeak like an anthropophaginian unto thee: knock, I say. Shakespeare.

* ANTHROPOPHAGY. n. f. [asewwos, a man, and pɑyw, to eat.] The quality of eating human flesh, or man eating. Upon flender foundations was raifed the anthropophagy of Diomedes his horfes. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

ANTHROPOSCOPIA, [from awæis, and ex, I confider,] the art of judging or discovering a man's character, difpofition, paffions, and inclinations, from the lineaments of his body. In which fenfe, anthropofcopia feems of fomewhat greater extent than phyfiognomy, or metopofcophy. Otto has published an Anthropofcopia, five judicium hominis de homine ex lineamentis exa ternis.

ANTHROPOSOPHY. n.f. [agar; man, and in, wisdom.] The knowledge of the nature of man.

ANTHROPOTHYSIA, the inhuman practice of offering human facrifices. See SACRIFICE. ANTHUMON, in the ancient materia medica, a name given to the epithymum, or dodder, grow ing upon thyme.

ANTHUPNOTICS. See ANTHYPNOTICKS. (1.) ANTHUS, in ornithology, a fynonime of a fpecies of loxia. See Lox1A.

(2.) ANTHUS, in zoology, a name by which Aldrovand and fome other authors have called that species of the Oenanthe, known in England by the name of the whin-chatt.

ANTHYLLIS, KIDNEY-VETCH, or LADY'S FINGER: A genus of the decandria order, belonging to the diadelphia clafs of plants; and in the natural method ranking under the 3id order, Papilionacea. The effential characters are: The calyx is ventricofe, and the legumen is roundish and covered. Linnæus enumerates 9 fpecies; of which the following feem to be moft worthy of attention.

1. ANTHYLLIS BARBA JOVIS, or filver-bufh, has its name from the whitenets of its leaves. This is a fhrub which often grows to the height of 10 or 12 feet, dividing into many lateral bran ches, garnished with winged leaves compofed of an equal number of narrow lobes, which are very white and hairy: the flowers are produced at the extremities of the branches, collected into small heads; thefe are of a bright yellow colour, and appear in June; fometimes they are fucceeded by Gg

fhart

the title antibarbarous for a book against the ufe of an unknown tongue in divine fervice.

ANTIBARI, a town of European Turkey, fituated upon a hill, on the coaft of the Adriatic Sea. It has a harbour at the foot of the hill, but is thinly peopled.

ANTIBES, a fea port, of France, in the department of Var, with a ftrong caftle. The adjacent grounds produce excellent fruit; and the town is fituated 15 miles from Nice, in the Mediterranean. Lon. 7. 5. E. Lat. 43. 35. N.

ANTIBIBLOS, in civil law, an inftrument or fignature whereby the defendant owns he has received the libel, or a copy of it, and notes the day whereon he received it. This is ufually done on the back of the libel.

ANTIBURGHER SECEDERS, a numerous and refpectable body of diffenters from the church of Scotland, who differ from the established church chiefly in matters of church government, and who differ from the Burgher Seceders, with whom they were originally united, chiefly, if not folely refpecting the lawfulness of taking the burgefs oath. For an account of their origin and princi. ples. See SECEDERS.

ANTICACHECTIC. See ANTICHACHETICK, which is the orthography preferred by Dr John fon, though we know not for what reafon, as it is contrary to the original derivation. We would have confidered the firft H, as a typographical error, had not the Doctor uniformly continued it, in different editions of his dictionary.

ANTICADMIA, a fpecies of mineral cadmia, fometimes alfo called pfeudo cadmia. It takes this denomination, not as being oppofite in quality to the cadmia, but because it is ufed as a fubftitute for it.

ANTICARDIUM, in anatomy, [from as, and , the heart,] that hollow part under the breaft, juf against the heart, commonly called the pit of the ftomach: called alfo scorbiculus cordis. ANTICATARRHAL, an epithet given to medicines, prefcribed for catarrhs.

ANTICATEGORIA, in oratory, denotes a recrimination or mutual accufation; where the two parties charge each other with the fame crime. Apollodorus confiders the anticategor. as two feveral caufes or actions.

ANTICAUSOTICS, among phyficians, medicines against hot fevers.

* ANTICHACHECTICK. adj. [from a, a gainft, and zaže, a bad habit.] Things adapted to the cure of a bad conftitution.

ANTICHAMBER, #f. This word is corruptly written for ANTECHAMBER; which fee. ANTICHOLICA, [from a, and xoxos,] medicines against the cholic.

ANTICHORUS, in botany: A genus of the monogynia order, belonging to the octandria clafs; of which the effentiai characters are: The calyx is a four leaved perianthium: The corolla confifts of four expanding petals: The pericarpium is a capfule, above, fabulated, with four cells, and four valves: The feeds are very numerous. There is but one fpecies, &c.

ANTICHORUS DEPRESSUS, a native of Arabia. ANTICHRESIS, in the civil law, a covenant or convention, whereby a perfon borrowing mo

ney of another, engages, or makes over his lands or goods to the creditor, with the ufe and occupation thereof, for the intereft of the money lent. This covenant was allowed of by the Romans; among whom ufury was prohibited: it was afterwards called mortgage, to diftinguish it from a fimple engagement, where the fruits of the ground were not alienated, which was called vif-gage.

F.

ANTICHRIST, among ecclefiaftical writers, denotes a great adversary of Chriftianity, who is to appear upon the earth, towards the end of the world. There have been demonftrations, difputations, and proofs, in great number, both that the pope is, and that he is not Antichrift. Calmet is very full in defcribing the father and mother of Antichrift, his tribe and pedigree, his wars and conquefts, his atchievements against Gog, Magog, &c. Some place his capital at Conftantinople, others at Jerufalem, others at Mofcow, and fome at London; but the generality at Rome, though thefe laft are divided. Grotius and fome others fuppofe Rome Pagan to have been the feat of Antichrift, and Caligula or Nero the perfon: Most of the Lutheran and reformed doctors contend earnestly for Rome Chriftian, under the papal hierarchy. In fact, the point having been maturely debated at the council of Gap, held in 1603, a refolution was taken thereupon, to infert an article in the confeflion of faith, whereby the pope is formally declared to be Antichrift.-Pope Clement VIII. was ftung to the quick with this decifion; and even king Henry IV. of France was not a little mortified, to be thus declared, as he faid, an imp of Antichrift. M. le Clerc holds, that the rebel Jews and their leader Simon, whose hiftory is given by Jofephus, are to be reputed as the true Antichrift. Lightfoot and Vanderhart rather apply this character to the Jewish Sanhedrim. Hippolitus and others held, that the devil, himself was the true Antichrift; that he was to be incarnate, and make his appearance in human fhape, before the confummation of all things.Others, among the ancients, held, that Antichrift was to be born of a virgin, by fome prolific pow. er, imparted to her by the devil. A modern French writer, of the female fex, Madam Bourignon, whom many hold for a faint, has improved on this fentinent; maintaining that Antichrift is to be begotten by the devil, on the body of a witch, by means of the femen of a man, caught in the commiflion of a certain crime, and conveyed, &c. Father Malvenda, a Jefuit, hath published a large work, entitled Antichrifto, in which this fubject is amply difcuffed. It confifts of thirteen books. In the firft, he relates all the opinions of the fathers with regard to Antichrift. In the fecond, he speaks of the times when he fhall appear; and fhows, that all the fathers, who fuppofed Antichrift to be near at hand, judged the world was near its period. In the third, he difcouries of his origin and nation; and fhows that he is to be a Jew, of the tribe of Dan: this he founds on the authority of the fathers; on the paffage in Genefis xlix. 17. Dan fhall be a ferpent by the way, &c.; on that of Jeremy viii. 16. where it is faid, The armies of Dan fhall devour the earth; and on Rev. vii. where St John, enumera. ting all the tribes of Ifrael, makes no mention of Gg 4

that

afferted by Pythagorus and his disciples, as is teftified by Ariftotle, Plutarch, &c. They reafoned from the supposed perfection of the number ten, and concluded there must be juft fo many spheres; and as our fenfes only difcover nine, viz. the feven planets, the sphere of the fixed stars, and our earth, they imagined a tenth oppofite to our's. Some of the fathers, who endeavoured to accommodate the doctrine of the heathen philofophers to thofe of Criftianity, affert that this Pythagorean earth is no other than the heavens of the righteous. (2.) ANTICHTHONES, OF ENTIGENÆ, in geography, are those who inhabit countries diametri, cally oppofite to each other, In which fenfe, an tichthones amount to much the fame with what we more ufually call antipodes. The word is alfo used in ancient writers, to denote the inhabitatnts of contrary hemifpheres. See ANTIPODES and ANTOECI.

that of Dan. In the fourth and fifth books, he treats of the figns of Antichrift. In the fixth, of his reign and wars. In the seventh, of his vices. In the eighth, of his doctrine and miracles. In the ninth, of his perfecutions: and in the reft, of the Jews, the reign of Jefus Chrift, and the death of Antichrift, after he has reigned three years and an half. See alfo Lowman on the Revelation. Hannius and fome others, to fecure Antichrift to the pope, (notwithstanding that this latter feemed excluded, by not being of the tribe of Dan,) have broke in upon the unity of Antichrift, and affert, that there is to be both an eastern and a western Antichrift. How endless are conjectures? Some of the Jews, we are told, actually took Cromwell for the Chrift; while fome others have laboured to prove him Antichrift him felf! Pfaffius affures us, he faw folio book in the Bodleian library, written on purpose to demonftrate this latter poGition. Upon the whole, the Antichrift mentioned by the apostle John, 1 Ep. ii. 18. and more particularly defcribed in the book of Revelation, feems evidently to be the fame with the Man of Sin, &c. characterised by St Paul, in his fecond Epiftle to the Theffalonians, chap. ii. And the entire defcription literally applies to the excefies of papal power. Had the right of private judge ment, fays an excellent writer, been always adoped and maintained, Antichrift could never have been; and when the facred right comes to be univerfally afferted, and men follow the voice of their own reafon and confciences, Antichrist can be no more.

*

(1.) ANTICHRISTIAN. adj. [from a, againft, and dis.] Oppofite to Chriftianity, That defpifed, abject, oppreffed fort of men, the minifters, whom the world would make antichriftian, and fo deprive them of heaven. South.

(2.) ANTICHRISTIANS properly denote the followers or worshippers of Antichrift. The word is more particularly understood of those who fet up or believe in a falfe Chrift or Meffiah.

(1.) * ANTICHRISTIANISM. n. j. from antichriftian.] Oppofition or contrarity to Chriftianity.-Have we not feen many, whofe opinions have fastened upon one another the brand of antichriftianifm? Decay of Piety.

(2.) ANTICHRISTIANISM, a ftate or quality in perfons or principle, which characterizes them as antichriftian, or oppofite to the kingdom of Chrift. M. Jurieu takes the idea of the unity of the church to have been the fource of Antchrifianism. Had not mankind been infatuated with this, they would never have ftood in fuch awe of the anathemas of Rome. It is on this the popes erected their monarchical power.

* ANTICHRISTIANITY. n. f. [from antichriftian.] Contrariety to Chriftianity.

ANTICHRONISM. n. /. [avri, againft, and xgo, time.] Deviation from the right order or account of time.

(1.) ANTICHTHON, from and xv, earth,] in ancient aftronomy, a globe of earth refembling our's, and fuppofed to be moving round the fun, but invifible to us, because on the oppofite fide; that luminary being always exactly interpofed between this other earth and our's. This idea was

* To ANTICIPATE. v. a. Lanticipo, Latin.] 1. To take fomething sooner than another, so as to prevent him that comes after; to take first pos feflion.-God hath taken care to anticipate and prevent every man, to draw him early into his church; to give piety the prepoffeffion, and so engages him in holiness. Hammond. 2. To take up before the time at which any thing might be regularly had.-I find I have Anticipated already, and taken up from Boccace, before I come to him; but I am of the temper of kings, who are for prefent money, no matter how they pay it. Dryden. 3. To foretafte, or take an impreflion of fomething, which is not yet, as if it really was.-The life of the defperate equals the anxiety of death, who but act the life of the damned, and anticipate the defolations of hell. Brown's Vulgar Errours. 4. To prevent any thing by crouding in before it; to preclude.-1 am far from pretending to inftruct the profeflion, or anticipating their directions to fuch as are under their government. Arbuthnot.

(1.) * ANTICIPATION. n.s. [from anticipate.] 1. The act of taking up fomething before its time. —The golden number gives the new moon four days too late, by reafon of the aforesaid anticipution, and our neglect of it Holder. 2. Foretaste. -If we really live under the hope of future happiness, we fall tafte it by way of anticipation and forethought, an image of it will meet our minds often, and stay there, as all pleafing expectations do. Atterbury. 3. Opinion implanted before the reasons of that opinion can be known.The caft and weft, the north and fouth, have the fame anticipation concerning one fupreme difpoftr of things. Stilling feet.

(2.) ANTICIPATION, [from ante, before, and capio, I take,] in logic, a prefumption, preju dice, or preconceived opinion.

(3.) ANTICIPATION, in medicine, is applied to difeaies, wherein fome of these symptoms which regularly belong to fome future period, appear in the beginning.

(4.) ANTICIPATION, in philofophy, denotes the firit idea of a thing, without which we can neither name, think, doubt, or even enquire concerning it. It is alfo denominated prenotion, and in this fenfe, makes the fecond of Epicurus's criterions of

truth.

(5.) ANTICIPATION, in rhetoric, a figure otherwife called prolepfis.

(1.) * ANTIČK. adj. [probably from antiquus, ancient, as things out of ufe appear old] Odd; ridiculously wild; buffoon in gefticulation.What! dares the flave

A work of rich entail, and curious mold, Woven with anticks and wild imagery.

Fairy Queen. (3.) ANTICK, in fculpture and painting, a fantaftical compofure of figures of different natures, fexes, &c. as men, beafts, birds, flowers, fishes, and things merely imaginary. It amounts to much the fame thing with what the Italians call grotescu, and the French grotesque.

* To ANTICK. v. a. [from antick.] To make antick.

Mine own tongue Splits what it fpeaks; the wild difguife hath almoft Antickt us all. Shakespeare. *ANTICKLY. adv. [from antick.] In an antick manner; with odd postures; wild gefticulations, or fanciful appearance.—

Scrambling,out-facing, fashion-mongring boys, That lye, and cog, and flout, deprave, and flander, Go antickly, and fhew an outward hideoufnefs, And speak of half a dozen dangerous words. Shakespeare.

.]

ANTICK-WORK. See ANTICK, N° 3. ANTICLIMAX. n. /. [from avl and A fentence in which the last part expreffes fomething lower than the firft.-A certain figure which was unknown to the ancients, is called by fome an anticlimax. Addison.—This distich is frequently mentioned as an example:

Next comes Dalhouffey, the great god of war, Lieutenant col'nel to the earl of Mar. ANTICNEMION, [from art, and xn, the thin bone,] in anatomy, denotes the fhin; or the fore prominent part of the tibia.

*ANTICONVULSIVE. adj. [from a, againft, and convulfive.] Good against convulfions.-Whatfoever produces an inflammatory difpofition in the blood, produces the asthma, as anticonvulfive medicines. Floger.

(1.) * ANTICOR. 2. S. [from a, against, and cor, the heart.] A preternatural fwelling of a round figure, occafioned by a fanguine and bilious humour, and appearing in a horfe's breast, oppofite to his heart.-An anticor may kill a horfe, unless it be brought to a fuppuration by good remedies. Farrier's Dict.

(2.) ANTICOR, or ANTICOEUR, among horfes, an inflammation in a horfe's throat, is the fame with the quinzy in mankind. See FARRIERY,

xxxvii. 2.

ANTICOSTE, a barren island lying in the mouth of the river St Laurence, in North AmeFica. Lon. 64. 16. W. Lat. 50. 30. N.

ANTICOURTIER. n. f. [from a, againft, and courtier.] One that oppofes the court.

ANTICUM, in architecture, a porch before a door; also that part of a temple, which is called the outer temple, and lies between the body of the temple and the portico. It is fometimes called anta.

ANTICURBRIDGE, a small town of Ireland, in the county of Antrim.

ANTICUS. See SERRATUS, PERONÆUS, and TIBIALIS.

ANTICYRA, in ancient geography, a town in Phocis, on the Corinthian bay, oppofite to Cirrha, lying to the weft on the fame bay. The Phocians feizing the temple of Apollo at Delphi, a war, called the facred, commenced, and lasted ten years; when Philip, father of Alexander the great, avenged the god by deftroying many of the cities of the pillagers. Anticyra was one of the number. It was again taken and subverted by Attilius a Roman general, in the war with the Macedonians, It afterwards became famous for its hellebore. That drug was the root of a plant, the chief produce of the rocky mountains above the city, and of two kinds; the black, which had a purgative quality; and the white, which was an emetic. Sick perfons reforted to Anticyra to take the medicine, which was prepared there by a peculiar and very excellent recipe: Hence the adage, Naviget Anticyram. By the port in the second century was a temple of Neptune, not large, built with felected stones, and the infide white-washed, the ftatue of brass. The agora or market-place was adorned with images of the fame metal; and above it was a well with a spring, sheltered from the fun by a roof fupported by columns. A little higher was a monument formed with such stones as occurred, and defigned, it was faid, for the fon of Iphitus. One of thefe, Schedius, was killed by Hector, while fighting for the body of Patroclus, but his bones were tranfported to Anticyra; where his brother died after his return from Troy. About two ftadia or a quarter of a mile diftant was a high rock, a portion of the mountain, on which a temple of Diana stood, the image bigger than a large woman, and made by Praxiteles. The walls and other edifices at Anticyra were probably erected, like the temple of Neptune, with ftones or pebbles. The fite is now called Afprofpitia, or The White Houfes; and fome traces of the buildings from which it was fo named remain. The port is land-locked, and frequented by veffels for corn. Some paces up from the fea is a foun

tain.

ANTIDACTYLUS, [from avi, and dextuλos, dactyle,] a name given by fome to the anapæft, which is the reverfe of a dactyl, and confifts of two fhort fyllables and one long: e. g. piētās.

ANTIDÆMONICI, [from avri, and dauer, damon,] in ecclefiaftical hiftory, a fect who denied the existence of devils, or evil spirits; alfo all spectres, incantations, witchcrafts, &c.

ANTIDESMA, in botany, a genus of the diœcia order, belonging to the pentandria clafs of plants. The calyx of the male is five-leav'd; there is no corolla; the antheræ are bifid: The female calyx is five-leaved; the corolla is wanting; the ftigmata are five; the berry is cylindric and one feeded.

There