without the corner of their eyes, to make them appear larger.

(5.) ANTIMONY, BUTTER CF, is a white and thick liquor; otherwife called icy oil of antimony; compof d of marine acid united into the reguline part of antimony, whence its property of attract. ing moisture froin the air, and its caufticity. It is a fiery, corrofive, metallic falt, and a poifon ufed internally. Externally it is applied as a cauftic to care gangrenes, cancers, &c.

(6.) ANTIMONY, CALX OF, a violent emetic, and purgative. The native caix of antimony was difcovered by Mr Mongez.

(7) ANTIMONY, CERUSE OF, is the regulus dilled with spirit of nitre, in a fand furnace. It is diaphoretic; and by many, is fet on a footing with the mineral buzuar.

(8) ANTIMONY, CINNABOR OF, is prepared of mercy, fulphur, and antimony, mixed and fubEmed in a luted bolt head, and a naked fire. It is a good diaphoretic and alter five.

(9) ANTIMONY, CLYSSUS OF. See CLYSSUS. (10.) ANTIMONY, CROCUS OF, is the fime with the crocus metallorum, excepting that this laft is more mild and lefs emetic; being made by repeated lotions of the former, in warm water, and then drying it again to a powder. See CROCUS

METALLORUM.

afo called the panacea of antimony, and is faid to. be the bafis of Lockyer's pills. It either proves emetic, cathartic, diuretic, or fudorific, as its force happens to be determined.

(18.) ANTIMONY, LIVER OF. The calx, when futed and cooled, fometimes becomes an opake brown mafs, which is called by this name. This is ftrongly emetic.

(19) ANTIMONY, MAGISTERY OF, is crude antimony digefted with aqua regia 8 or 10 days; to which water is then put, but poured off again ere it fettle. its operation is rather cathartic than emetic, though tometimes only fudorific.

(20.) ANTIMONY, POWDER OF, is a mixture of two grains of emetic tartar, finely pulverifed, with half a dram of any of the teftaceous powders. This is a fubftitute for Lr James's febrifuge powder; and has the fame virtues with the antimonial wine above defcribed.

(21) ANTIMONY PREPARED, is either crude antimony levigated, or that which has undergone fome chemical procefs, whereby its nature and . powers are altered or abated.

(22.) ANTIMONY, REGULUS OF. See REGU

LUS.

(12.) ANTIMONY, DIAPHORETIC, is prepared of antimony, powdered, and mixed with three times the quantity of nitre; and the mixture thrown, at feveral times, into an ignited crucible: upon which a detonation enfues. It is hereby bereaved of its emetic and purgative virtue, and rendered only diaphoretic. If the air have accefs to it, it will again become emetic.

(13.) ANTIMONY, DIAPHORETIC NITRE OF, is aperitive, cooling, diuretic; and good in inflam matory fevers, &c.

(14.) ANTIMONY, ESSENCE OF. An emetic wine made with glafs of antimony; to which is fometimes added a spicy ftomachic. Dr Huxham lays, he never found auy antimonial preparation, better, fafer, and more efficacious than this timple infufion of the glass of antimony in white wine, with a little spice to render it more grateful to the stomach. This medicine given in 20 or 30 drops, operates by gentle fweats, and in larger dofes, purges very mildly. He recommends it in

obftinate rheumatisms.

(15.) ANTIMONY, FLOWER OF, is antimony pulverifed, and fublimed in an aludel. It is a powerful emetic, and is of fingular efficacy in maniac cales; being the Herculean remedy, by which fome have gained much reputation.

(16.) ANTIMONY, GLASS OF, vitrum antimo nii, is crude antimony, ground and calcined by a vehement fire. It is the frongeft emetic of any preparation of antimony. Yet, if diffolved in fpint of nitre, it ceafes to be either emetic or cathartic; even though the menftruum be afterwards drawn from it.

(17.) ANTIMONY, GOLDEN SULPHUR OF, is

is goed in maniacal cares, &c.

(24) ANTIMONY, TINCTURE Oг. See TINC

TURE.

ANTINE, Maur Francois d', a benedictine monk, was born at Gouvieux, in the diocese of Liege, in 1688. He published the first 5 volumes of Du Cange's Gloflary, in 1736; befides which, he was the author of a work, entitled, The Art of Verifying Dates, 4t0, 1750; printed again in folio, 1770. He died in 1746.

ANTINEPHRITICK. adj. [from Tand .] Medicines good against diseases of the reins and kidneys.

ANTINOE. See ENFINE'.

ANTINOEIA, in antiquity, annual facrifices, and quinquennial games, in memory of Antinous the Bithynian, inftituted at the command of Adri, an, to be held at Mantinea in Arcadia. See ANTINOUS, N° 1.

ANTINOMASIA, a figure in rhetoric, where an appellation is ufed for a proper name.

cer

ANTINOMIANS, in ecclefiaftical history, co tain heretics who maintain the law of no ufe or obligation under the gofpel difpenfation, or who hold doctrines that clearly fuperfede, the neceflity of good works and a virtuous life. The Antinomians took their origin from John Agricola about the year 1538; who taught, that the law is no ways neceflary under the gospel; that good works do not promote our falvation, nor ill ones hinder it; that repentance is not to be preached from the decalogue, but only from the gofpel. This fect fprung up in England during the protectorate of Oliver Cromwell, and extended their system of libertinifm much farther than Agricola the difciple of Luther. Some of their preachers exprefsly maintained, that as the elect cannot fall from grace, nor forfeit the Divine favour, the wicked

actions they commit are not really finful, nor are to be confidered as inftances of their violation of the divine law; and confequently they have no occafion either to confefs their fins, or to break them off by repentance. According to them, it is one of the effential and distinctive characters of the elect, that they cannot do any thing which is either difpleafing to God, or prohibited by the Jaw.-Luther, Rutherford, Schluffelburg, Sedgwick, Gataker, Witfius, Bull, Williams, &c. have written refutations; Crifp, Richardfon, Saltmarsh, &c. defences of the Antinomians, and Wigandus, a comparison between ancient and modern Antinomians. The doctrine of Agricola was in itfelf obfcure, and perhaps reprefented worse than it really was by Luther, who wrote with acrimony against him, and firft ftyled him and his followers Antinomians. Agricola ftood on his own defence, and complained that opinions were imputed to him which he did not hold. Nicholas Amf dorf fell under the fame odious name and imputation, and seems to have been treated more unfairly than even Agricola himself, It is not fair to charge upon a man all the opinions that may be inferred from fentiments, that have haftily dropped from him, when he himself difavows fuch inferences.

* ANTINOMY. n. f. [from avi, and vou.] A contradiction between two laws, or two articles of the fame law. Antinomies are almost unavoid, able in fuch variety of opinions and anfwers, Baker.

(1.) ANTINOUS, the catamite of the emperor Adrian, born at Bithynus in Bithynia. His beauty engaged the heart of Adrian, in fuch a manner, that there never was a more boundless and extravagant paffion than he entertained for this youth. After his death, Adrian ordered divine honours to be paid to him! and named a city after him. See ENFINE. Thus, this beaftly emperor, not only "gloried in his shame," as the apoftle expreffes it, but immortalized it, and deified the defpicable object of it! It evidences a dreadful degradation of the human intellect, that any people could be found mean enough, to comply with the imperial mandate, and to worship fo contemptible a wretch !

(2.) ANTINOUS, in aftronomy, a part of the conftellation AQUILA.

ANTIO, a promontory in the pope's territories, in the middle divifion of Italy, fo named from the ancient city of Antium. It has a fortified tower, and a harbour was lately built near it.

(1.) ANTIOCH, a city of Syria, in Afia, built on the river Orontes, by Seleucus Nicator, founder of the Syro-Macedonian empire, who made it his capital. It ftood about 15 or 20 miles from the place where the Orontes empties itself into the Mediterranean; being equally diftant from Conftantinople and Alexandria in Egypt, that is, about 700 miles from each.

(2.) ANTIOCH, ANCIENT ACCOUNTS OF. Se leucus named this city Antioch, after his father; according to fome; or his fon, according to o thers. He built 16 other cities, bearing the fame name; of which, one, fituated in Pifidia, is probably that where the name of Chriflians was firft given to the followers of Jefus Chrift. But that

fituated on the Orontes, by far eclipfed, not only all the others of this name, but all the cities built by Seleucus. Antigonus, not long before, had founded a city in that neighbourhood, which from his own name he had called Antigonia, and defigned it for the capital of his empire; but it was rafed to the ground by Seleucus, who employed the materials in building his metropolis, and allo tranfplanted the inhabitants thither.-Antioch was afterwards known by the name of Tetrapolis, being divided, as it were, into four cities, each of them surrounded by its proper wall, befides a common one, which inclofed them all. The first was the city built by Scleucus Nicator; the fecond by those who flocked thither, on its being made the capital of the Syro Macedonian empire; the third by Seleucus Callinicus; and the fourth by Antiochus Epiphanes. About 4 or 5 miles diftant, ftood a place called Daphne, which was nevertheless reckoned a suburb of Antioch. Here Seleucus planted a grove, and in the middle of it built a temple which he confecrated to Apollo and Diana, making the whole an afylum. To this place the inhabitants of Antioch reforted for their pleasures and diverfions; whereby it became at laft fo infamous, that "to live after the manner of Daphne," was ufed as a proverb to exprefs the most voluptuous and diffolute way of living. Here Lucius Verus, the colleague of M. Aurelius, chose to take up his refidence, inftead of marching against the Parthians'; while his general Caffius forbad by proclamation, any of his foldiers to enter or even go near the place. In short, fa remarkable was Daphne of old, that the metropolis itself was diftinguished by it, and called Antioch near Daphne.

(3.) ANTIOCH, ANCIENT HISTORY OF. Though Antioch continued to be, as Pliny calls it, the queen of the Eaft, for near 1600 years; yet scarce any city, mentioned in hiftory, hath undergone fuch calamities, both from the attacks of its enemies, and its being naturally fubject to earthquakes. The firft difafter mentioned in iftory, which befel the Antiochians, happened about A. A. C. 145. Being at that time very much dif affected to the perfon and government of Demetrius their king, they were continually railing tu mults, infomuch that he found himself at last obliged to folicit affiftance from the Jews; and was furnished by Jonathan, one of the Maccabees, with 3000 men; by which reinforcement, beliering himself fufficiently ftrong to reduce the mu tineers by force, he odered them immediately to deliver up their arms. This unexpected order caused a great uproar in the city. The inhabi tants ran to arms, and invested the king's palace, to the number of 120,000, with a defign to put him to death. All the Jews haftened to his re lief, fell upon the rebels, killed 100,000 of them, and fet fire to the city. On the deftruction of the Syrian empire by the Romans, Antioch fubmitted to them, as well as the other cities of that kingdom, and continued for a long time under their dominion. About the year 115, in the reign of Trajan, it was almoft entirely ruined by one of the moft dreadful earthquakes mentioned in hif tory. Trajan himself happened to be there at that time, being returned from an expedition a

gainft the Parthians; so that the city was then full of troops, and ftrangers came from all quarters, either out of curiofity, or upon bufinefs and embaffies: the calamity was by this means felt almoft in every province of the Roman empire.The earthquake was preceded by violent claps of thunder, unufual winds, and a dreadful noife under ground. The fhock was fo terrible, that great numbers of houses were overturned, and others tolled like a fhip at fea. Those who happened to be in their houses, were, for the most part, buried under their ruins: thofe who were walking in the streets, or in the fquares, were, by the violence of the fhock, dafhed againft each other, and most of them either killed or dange roufly wounded. This earthquake coptmued, with fome fmall intermiflion, for many days and nights; so that vaft numbers perished. The moft violent fhock, according to the acts of St Ignatius, was on a Sunday, December 23. By this Trajan was much hurt, but escaped through a window. Dio Caffius pretends, that he was taken out of the window, by one who exceeded the human fize in tailnefs. The fame hiftorian adds, that mount Lifon, which stood at a fmall diftance from the city, bowed its head, and threatened to fall upon it; that other mountains fell; that new rivers appeared; and others, that had flowed before, forfook their courfe and vanished. When the earthquake ceafed, a woman was heard crying under the ruins; which being immediately removed, he was found with a living child in her arms. Search was made for others, but none were found alive, except one child, which continued fucking its dead mother. Trajan, who was an eye witnefs of this terrible calamity, would doubtless contribute largely towards the re-eftablishment of Antioch in its ancient splendor. Its good fortune, however, did not continue long; for in 155, it was almoft entirely burnt by accidental fire; when it was again restored by Antoninus Pius. In 176, or 177, the inhabitants hav, ing fided with Caffius, the above mentioned Roman general, who had revolted from M, Aurelius, that emperor published a fevere edict against them, deprived them of all their privileges, fuppreffed their public affemblies, and took from them the fhews and fpectacles, to which they were greatly addicted: but his anger being foon appealed, he restored them to their former condition, and even condefcended to vifit their city. In 194, having fided with Niger against Severus, the latter deprived them of all their privileges, and fubjected Antioch, as a mere village, to Laodicea; but, however, pardoned them the next year, at the intreaties of his eldest son, then a child.

(4.) ANTIOCH, MODERN HISTORY OF. When the Roman empire began to decline, Antioch became the bone of contention between them and the eaftern nations; and accordingly, on the breaking out of a Perfian war, it was almost always fure to fuffer. In 242 it was taken and plunder. ed by Sapor; and, though he was defeated by Gordian, it underwent the fame misfortune, in the time of Valerian, about 18 years after; and after the defeat and captivity of Valerian, being taken by the Perfian monarch, a third time, he

not only plundered it, but levelled all the public buildings with the ground. The Perfians, however, being foon driven out, this unfortunate city continued free from any remarkable calamity, till about the time of the divifion of the Roman empire, by Conftantine, in 331. It was then afflicted with fo great a famine, that a bufhel of wheat was fold for 400 pieces of filver. During this diftrefs, Conftantine fent to the bishop 30,000 bushels of corn, befides an incredible quantity of all kinds of provifions, to be diftributed among the ecclefiaftics, widows, orphans, &c. In the year 347, Conftantine II. caufed an harbour to be made at Seleucia, for the conveniency of Antioch.-This was effected at an immenfe expence, the mouth of the Orontes, where the port was made, being full of fands and rocks. When the emperor Julian fet out on his expedition against the Perfians, he made a long stay at Antioch; during which time, many of the Roman provinces were afflicted with a famine, but which raged more violently in Antioch than in any other place. The ecclefiaftical writers of thofe times fay, that this famine followed Julian from place to place; and as he continued longer at Antioch than any other city, it raged more violently there than any where else. To remedy this evil, Julian fixed the price of corn; by which means, the famine was greatly increased, the merchants conveying their corn privately to other places, fo that this metropolis was reduced to a moft deplorable fituation. In 381, in the reign of Theodofius the Great, Antioch was again vifited by a famine, accompanied with a grievous plague, The latter foon ceased; but the famine ftill continuing, the bishop, Libanius, applied to Icarius, count of the Eaft, requesting him, by fome means or other, to relieve the poor, who had flocked from all parts to the metropolis, and were daily perishing in great numbers; but to this Icarius gave no other anfwer, than that they were abhorred, and juftly punished by the gods. This inhu◄◄ man answer raised great difturbances, which, however, were terminated without bloodshed. In 387, Theodofius finding his exchequer quite drained, and being obliged to be at an extraordinary expence in celebrating the fifth year of the reign of his fon Arcadius, and the tenth of his own, an extraordinary tax was laid upon all the people in the empire. Moft of the cities fubmitted willing ly to this; but the people of Antioch, complaining of it as an unreafonable oppreffion, crowded to the houfe of Flavianus their bifhop, as foon as the edict was published, to im plore his protection. -Being unable to find him, they returned to the forum, and would have torn the governor in pieces, had not the officers who attended him kept back, with great difficulty, the enraged multitude, till he made his efcape. Upon this, they broke fome of the emperor's ftatues, and dragged others through the city, uttering the moft injuri ous and abufive expreffions againft him and his whole family. They were, however, difperfed by a body of archers, who, by wounding only two of the rabble, ftruck terror into all the reft. The governor proceeded against the offenders with the utmoft cruelty; expofing fome to wild beasts in the theatre, and burning others

alive

fome time, till the civil diffentions in the empire gave the Turks an opportunity of feizing upon it, as well as the whole kingdom of Syria. From them it was again taken by the Crusader; in 1998. In 1262, it was taken by Bibarus fultan of Egypt, who put a final period to its glory.

*(5.) ANTIOCH, PRESENT STATE OF. Antioch, which is now called ANTHARIAH, is no more than a ruinous town, whofe houfes, built with mud and ftraw, and narrow and miry ftreets, ex-hibit every appearance of mifery and wretchednefs. Thefe houfes are fituated on the fouthern bank of the Orontes, at the extremity of an old decayed bridge: they are covered to the fouth by a mountain, upon the "Ilope of which is a wall built by the crufaders. The distance between the prefent town and this mountain is about 400 yards, which space is occupied by gardens and heaps of rubbith, but prefents nothing interefting. Notwithstanding the unpolifhed manners of its inhabitants, Antioch was better calculated than Aleppo to be the emporium of the Europeans. By clearing the mouth of the Orontes, which is fix leagues lower down, boats might have been towed up that river, though they could not have failed up, as Pococke has afferted; its current is too rapid. The natives, who never knew the name Oroutes, call it, on account of the fwiftness of its ftream, bl-anfi, or the Aff, that is, the rebel. Its breadth, at Antioch, is about 40 paces. Seven leagues above that town, it palles by a lake abounding in fifh, and especially in eels. A great quantity of thefe are falted every year, but not futticient for the numerous fafts of the Greek Chriftians. We no longer hear at Antioch, either of the Grove, or Daphne, or of the voluptuous scenes of which it was the theatre. The plain of Antioch, though the foil of it is excellent, is uncultivated, and abandoned to the Turkomans; but the hills on this fide of the Orontes, oppofite Serkin, abound in plantations of figs and olives, vines, and mulberry trees, which, (a thing uncommon in Turkey,) are planted in quincunx, and exhibit a landfcape worthy our fineft provinces. Seleucus Nicator, when he founded Antioch, built at the mouth of the Orontes, on the northern bank, a large and well fortified city, which bore his name, but of which at prefent not a fingle habitation remains: nothing is to be feen but heaps of rubbifh, and works in the adjacent rock, which prove that this was once a place of confiderable importance. In the fea alfo may be perceived the traces of two piers, which are indications of an ancient port, now choaked up. The inhabitant. of the country go thither to fish, and call the name of the place Souaidia. Antioch is fituated miles S. of Scanderoon, 40 SW. of Aleppo, and 15 E. of the Mediterranean. Lon. 36. 45. E. Lat. 35. 17. N.

alive. He did not fpare even the children, who had infulted the emperor's ftatues; and caufed feveral perfons to be executed, who had only been Spectators of the disorder. In the mean time, a. report was fpread, that a body of troops was at hand, with orders to plunder the city, and put all to the fword, without diftinction of fex or age; upon which the citizens abandoned their dwellings in the utmost terror and confufion, retiring to the neighbouring mountains with their wives and families. As the report proved groundless, some of them returned; but the greater part, dreading the cruelty of the governor, and the difpleasure of the emperor, continued in their retreats. To thofe who returned, St Chrysostom preached fome homilies, which have reached our times, and are greatly admired; and which are faid by St Chryfoftom himself, as well as fome cotemporary writers, to have had a confiderable effect in reforming the lives of this licentious and diffolute people. On hearing the news of this tumult, Theodofius was fo much enraged, that he commanded the city to be destroyed, and its inhabitants to be put to the fword without diftinction; but this order was revoked before it could be put in execution, and he contented himself with a punishment fimilar to that inflicted by Severus above mentioned. (§ 3.) He appointed judges to punish the offenders, who proceeded with fuch feverity, and condemned fuch numbers, that the city was thrown into the utmoft conternation. On this occafion, St Chryfoftom and the hermits, who were very numerous in the neighbourhood, exerted all their eloquence in behalf of the unhappy people, and obtained a refpite for thofe who had been condemned. They next proceeded to draw up a memorial to the emperor in favour of the citizens in general; and being joined by Flavianus, at laft obtained a general pardon, and had the city restored to all its former privileges. In 458, Antioch was almost entirely ruined by an earthquake, which happened on the 14th of September; fcarce a fingle houfe being left ftanding in the most beautiful quarter of the city. A fimilar misfortune happened in 525, during the reign of the emperor Justin; and 15 years after, being taken by Cofrhoes king of Perfia, that haughty tyrant gave it up to his foldiers, who put all they met to the Tword: The king himself feized on all the gold and filver veffels belonging to the great church; and caufed all the valuable statues, pictures, &c. to be taken down and conveyed to Perfia, while his foldiers carried off every thing elfe. The city being thus completely plundered, Cofrhoes ordered his men to fet fire to it; which was according ly done fo effectually, that none of the build ings even without the walls efcaped. Such of the inhabitants as efcaped flaughter were carried into Perfia, and fold as flaves. Notwithstanding fuch great and repeated calamitics, the city of Antioch foon recovered its ancient fplendor; but in a fhort time underwent its ufual fate, being almoft entirely reduced by an earthquake in 587, by which 30,000 perfons loft their lives. In 634, it fell into the hands of the Saracens, who kept poffeflion of it till the year 858, when it was furprised by one Burtzas, and again annexed to the Roman empire. The Romans continued mafters of it for

(II.) ANTIOCH, the capital of Pifidia, where Paul and Barnabas, permitted by the ruler of the Jewish fynagogue, preached the gospel, till the Jews raifed a perfecution against them. See Acts xxiii. 14-50.

ANTIOCHEA See ANTIOCHIA. ANTIOCHETTA, a town of 1 urkey, in Af2, in Caramania, with a bifhop's fee, over against the ifland of Cyprus. Lon. 32. 15. E. Lat. 36. 42. N. ANTIO