ARCHITYPE. See ARCHETYPE. ARCHIVAULT, in architecture, the inner contour of a natch, or a band adorned with mouldings, running over the faces of the arch ftones, and bearing upon the impofts. It has only a fingle face in the Tufcan order, two faces crowned in the Doric and Ionic, and the fame mouldings as the architrave in the Corinthian and Compofite. See Plate XIX.

(1.) ARCHIVES. n. . without a fingular, [archiva, Lat. The places where records or ancient writings are kept. It is perhaps fometimes ufed for the writings themselves.-Though we think our words vanish with the breath that utters them, yet they become records in God's court, and are laid up in his archives, as witnelles either for or against us. Government of the Tongue.

(2.) ARCHIVES, SITUATION OF. The archives of ancient Rome were in the temple of Saturn; the archives of the court of chancery are in the rolls office.

ARCHIVIST, a keeper of archives. Under ARCHIVISTA, the emperors, the archivift was an officer of great dignity, held equal to the proconfuls, vested with the quality of a count, tyled clariffimus, and exempted from all public offices and taxes. Among the ancient Greeks and Perfians, the truft was committed to none but men of the first rank; among the Franks, the clergy being the only men of letters, kept the office among themfelves.-Since the erection of the electoral college, the Archbishop of Mentz has had the direction of the archives of the empire.

ARCHIVOLT. See ARCHIVAULT. ARCHI-ZUPANUS, [from «gxoi, and Sexavos, governor,] a title given to the prince or defpot of Servia. In an epiftle of pope Innocent III. he is called Magnus Jupanus.

ARCH-MARSHAL, ARCHIMARISCALLUS, the grand marthal of the empire: a dignity belonging to the elector of Saxony, who, in that quality, goes immediately before the emperor, on public folemnities, bearing a naked fword.

ARCH-MINISTER, [from axes, and minifter,] the prime minifter of a prince, or ftate, Charles the Bald having declared Bofon his viceroy in Italy under the title of duke, made him alfo his firft minifter under that of an arch-minifter.

ARCH-MONASTERY, [archimonasterium,] an appellation fometimes given to the greater monafteries and abbies.

ARCH-NOTARY, [archinotarius,] the primicerius, or chief of the notaries. This office is fuppofed by fome to have differed from the archchancellor, though wherein the difference confifted does not appear.

(1.) ARCHONS, in Grecian antiquity, were magiftrates of Athens, appointed after the death of Codrus, and the abolition of royalty. See ArTICA. They were chofen from the most illuftrious families till the time of Ariftides, who got a law palled, by which it was enacted, that in eJecting thefe magiftrates, lefs regard should be paid to birth than to merit. The tribunal of the archons was compofed of nine officers. The firft was pro.perly archon; by whofe name the year of his adminiftration was diftinguished. The title of the cond was king; that of the third, polemarchus:

to these were added fix thefmotheta. Thefe magiftrates, elected by the fcrutiny of beans, were obliged to prove, before their refpective tribes, 1. That they had fprung, both by father and mother for three defcents, from citizens of Athens; 2. That they were attached to the worship of Apollo, the tutelar god of their country; 3. That they had in their houfe an altar confecrated to Apollo; 4. That they had been refpectfully obedient to their parents; an important and facred part of their character, from which it was expect ed, they would be faithful fervants to their country; 5. That they had ferved in a military capa city the number of years which the republic re quired of every citizen: and this qualification gave the ftate experienced officers; for they were not allowed to quit the army till they were 40 years old. Their fortune too, of which they were to inform thofe who examined them, was a warrant for their fidelity. After the commiflioners had made a favourable report of them, they were to fwear that they would maintain the laws; which obligation, if they neglected, they engaged to fend to Delphi a ftatue of the weight of their bodies. According to a law of Solon, if an archon got drunk, he was condemned to pay a heavy fine, and fometimes even punished with death. Such magiftrates as the Athenian archons were well intitled to refpe&t. Hence it was eternal infamy to infult them; and Demofthenes obferved, that to treat the thefmothete with disrespect, was to show difrefpect to the republic. Another qualification indifpenfably required of the fecond officer of this tribunal, who was called the king, was, that he had married the daughter of an Athenian citizen, and that he had efpoufed her a virgin. This was exacted of him, fays Demofthenes, because part of his duty was to facrifice to the gods jointly with his wife, who, inftead of appeafing, would have irritated them, if the had not poffeffed both thof honours. The enquiry into the private title of the nine archons was very fevere; and this attention was the more neceffary, as they had a right to take a feat in the Areopagus, after they had quit ted their office, and given an account of their adminiftration. When any obfcurity occurred in the laws relative to religion and the worship of the gods, the interpretation was fubmitted to the tribunal of the archons. Aristotle observed, that Solon, (whofe aim was to make his countrymen bappy, and who found their government in his time ariftocratical; by the election of the nine archons, who were annual magiftrates,) tempered their power by eftablishing the privilege of appealing from them to the people, called by lot to give their fufirage, after having taken the oath of the Heliata, in a place near the Panathenæum, where Hifius had formerly calmed a fedition of the peo ple, and bound them to peace by an oath. The archons were the principal officers, not only a civil, but in facred matters, and efpecially in the myfteries of Bacchus. The archons, however, who were furnamed eponymi, were chiefly employed in civil affairs; yet they prefided at the great feafts, and held the first rank there. Hence they are fometimes fstyled pricfts.

(2.) ARCHONS, in modern hiftory, divers off. cers, both civil and religious, under the Greek emperors.

ror Ferdinand II. who took it away from Frederic V. elector Palatine, after the battle of Prague, where he was defeated in maintaining his election to the crown of Bohemia. The dignity of archtreafurer was afterwards contefted, but was at last settled upon the elector of Hanover; who claimed it in virtue of his defcent from Frederic elector Palatine. Accordingly, his majefty the king of Great Britain bears the title; which is thus contracted upon his coin; S. R. I. A. T. ET E. i. t. Sacri Romani Imperii Archi-Thefaurus et Elector; or arch-treasurer and elector of the holy Roman empire.

emperors. Thus bishops were fometimes called archontes; as well as the lords of the emperor's court. We alfo read of the archon of the antimenfia, archon of archons, grand archon, archon of churches, archon of the gofpel, archon of the walls, &c. ARCHONTICI, in church history, a branch ARCHONTICS, of Valentinians, who maintained that the world was not created by God, but by angels called Archontes, or arch-angels. They alfo denied the refurrection, and faid that the devil begat Cain and Abel upon Eve, &c. ARCHONTIUM, [agxor] denotes a dignity 1of the Greek church. See ARCHONS, N° 2.

ARCH-PHILOSOPHER. n. f. [from arch and philofopher.] Chief philofopher.-It is no improbable opinion, therefore, which the arch-philofopher was of, that the chiefeft perfon in every household was always as it were a king. Hooker, b.i. ARCH-PIRATE, the head of a set of pirates.

Bailey.

* ARCH-PRELATE. n. f. [from arch and prelate.] Chief prelate.- May we not wonder, that a man of St Bafil's authority and quality, an archprelate in the houfe of God, fhould have his name far and wide called in queftion. Hooker, b, v. § 12. ARCH-PRESBYTER. n. /. [from arch and prefbyter.] Chief prefbyter.-As fimple deacons are in fubjection to prefbyters, according to the canon law; fo are also prefbyters and arch-prefbyters in fubjection to these arch-deacons. Ayliffe.

(1.) * ARCH-PRIEST. n. f. [from arch and prieft.] Chief prieft.-The word decanus was extended to an ecclefiaftical dignity, which included the arch-priests. Ayliffe's Parergon.

(2.) ARCH-PRIEST, or ARCH-PRESBYTER, was anciently the first person after the bishop; he was feated in the church next after the bifhop; and even acted as his vicar in his abfence, as to all fpiritual concerns. In the 6th century, there were found feveral arch-priefts in the fame diocefe; from which time, fome will have them to be called deans. In the ninth century they diftinguished two kinds of cures or parifles; the smaller governed by fimple priests; and the baptifmal churches by arch-priefts; who, befide the immediate concern of the cure, had the infpection of the other inferior priests, and gave an account of them to the bishop, who governed the chief, or cathedral church, in perfon. There are arch-prefbyters ftill fubfifting in the Greek church, vetted with most of the functions and privileges of chorepifcopi, or rural deans.

ARCH-PRIOR was a name fometimes given to the master of the order of Templars.

ARCH-STONE. See KEY-STONE, and Vous

SOIR.

ARCHWISE. adv. [from arch and wife.] In the form of an arch.-The court of arches, fo called ab arcuata ecclefia, or from Bow Church, by reafon of the steeple or clochier thereof, raised at the top with ftone pillars, in fafhion of a bow bent arebwife. Ayliffe's Parergon.

ARCHYTAS of Tarentum, a philofopher of the Pythagorean fect, and famous for being the master of Plato, Eudoxas, and Philolaus, lived about A. A. C. 408. He was an excellent mathematician, particularly in that part of the science which regards mechanics: he is faid to have made a wooden pigeon, that could fly, and to be the first that brought down mathematics to common uses. Ariftotle was indebted to Archytas for his general heads of arrangement, entitled his Ten Categories, and probably for that principal idea in his Ethics, that virtue confifts in avoiding exceffes; for he taught that every extreme is incompatible with virtue; and he examplified this doctrine in his life. He afierted, that God was the beginning, the fupporter, and the end, of all things. There are two epiftles preferved in Diogenes Laertius, one from Archytas to Plato, and another from Plato to Ar◄ chytas. He acquired great reputation in his legiflative capacity. He likewife commanded the army 7 times, and was never defeated; but was at laft caft away in the Adriatic fea, and thrown upon the coaft of Apulia.

ARCIGOVINA, a duchy of Dalmatia.

ARCILEUTO, ARCHILUTE, a long and large lute, having its bafs ftrings lengthened after the manner of the theorbo, and each row doubled, either with a little octave or an unifon. It is used by the Italians for playing a thorough bafs.

ARCION, in botany, a name given by fome of the ancient writers on medicine, to the plant we call tuffilago, or colt's foot.

ARCIS-SUR-AUBE, a fmall town of France, feated on the river, and in the department of Aube. Lon. 4. 12. E. Lat. 48. 32. N.

*ARCITENENT. adj. [arcitenens, Lat.] Bow bearing. Dic.

ARCIVE AVES, in antiquity, birds which gave bad omens, either by their flight, noife, or manner of eating. They were called arciva, fometimes alfo arcule, quia arcebant ne quid fieret, prevented or forbad things being done.

ARCK. See ARC, N° 3.

ARCO, a strong town and caftle in the Trentin, belonging to the houfe of Auftria. It was taken by the French in 1703, and abandoned foon after. It ftands on the river Sarca, near the northern extremity of the lake Garda, 16 miles 5W. of Trent. Lon. 11. 12. E. Lat. 46. o. N.

(1.) ARCOLE,

(1.) ARCOLE, a village of Pullid in Shropfhire, 3 miles SW. of Hinftock.

(2.) ARCOLE, or ARKUL, a village 4 miles from Shrewsbury, called alfo HIGH ERCAL.

ARCONA, a strong town situated on the island of Rugen in the Baltic. It stood on a high promontory, with the east, north, and fouth fides defended by fteep and lofty precipices, and the weft by a wall fifty feet high, proportionably thick, and fecured by a deep and broad ditch.-It was, Lowever, taken and ruined in 1168, by Valdemar king of Denmark. One of the conditions impofed by the conqueror was, that the inhabitants fhould deftroy a temple they had erected to St Vitus, and deliver up the vast treasure belonging to this tutelary faint. Another was, that they fhould pay 40 filver yokes for oxen, by way of tribute, and enter as foldiers in the Danish fervice, when called upon.

ARCOP, a village in Herefordshire:

ARCOS, a strong city of Andalusia, in Spain, feated on a high craggy rock, at the bottom of which runs the Gaudeleto; 28 miles NE. of Cadiz. Its ftrength lies not only in its fituation, but in the works erected for its defence, and it is inacceffible on every fide but one. The governor refides in an old caftle, from whence there is a delightful profpect, which extends very far into the neighbouring country. Lon. 5. 46. W. Lat. 36. 52. N.

ARCOT, a lare city of Indoftan, 73 miles from Madras, and 217 from Seringapatam. It is the capital of the Carnatic, and is governed by a nabob. Lon. 79. o. E. Lat. 12. 30. N.

ARCOY, a town of France, in the department of Yonne, in which there is a magazine of falt. ARCTAPELIO TES, in cofmography, the wind which blows at the 45° from N. to E. It is the fame with what we call the NE. wind.

ARCTATIO, or ARCTITUDO, a ftraitnefs of the intestines, conftipated from inflammation: also a preternatural straitnefs of the muliebre puden

dum or uterus.

* ARCTATION. n. f. [from ardo, to straiten]. Straitening; confinement to a narrow compafs.

(1.) ARCTIC, in aftronomy, an epithet given to the north pole, or the pole raised above our horizon. It is called the artic pole, on occafion of the conftellation of the little bear, in Greek called as; the last star in the tail whereof nearly points out the north pole.

(2.) * ARCTICK. n. /. [from 'Aẹz7, the northern conftellation.] Northern; lying under the Arctos, or bear. See ARTICK.

-

Ever during fnows, perpetual fhades Of darknefs would conceal their livid blood, Did not the arctick tract spontaneous yield A cheering purple berry big with wine. Philips. (1.) ARCTIC CIRCLE is a leffer circle of the fphere, parallel to the equator, and 23° 30′ diftant from the north pole; from whence its name. This, and its oppofite, the antarelic, are called the two polar circles; and may be conceived to be defcribed by the motion of the poles of the ecliptic, round the poles of the equator, or of the world.

They are all troublefome weeds; fo

2. ARCTIUM PERSONATA, and 3. ARCTIUM TOMENTOSUM. require no direction for their culture. The tender ftems of the lappa, or common burdock, how. ever, deprived of the bark, may be boiled and eat like afparagus. When raw, they are good with oil and vinegar. Boys catch bats, by throwing the prickly heads of this fpecies into the air. Cows and goats eat this herb; theep and horse refuse it; fwine are not fond of it. The feeds, which bare a bitterifh fubacrid taste, are recommended as ve ry powerful diuretics, given either in the form of emulfion, or in powder, to the quantity of a dram. The roots, which tafte fweetith, with a flight aufterity and bitterifhnefs, are efteemed aperient, diuretic, and fudorific; and faid to act without irritation, fo as to be fafely ventured upon in acute diforders

ARCTOMYS PALESTINORUM, in zoology, the name of an animal of the rat kind, but very large, being of a middle fize between the rat and the rabbit: it lives in caves, and feeds on vegeta. bles, and is a fierce and bold creature. It uses its fore feet as hands, and has a cuftom of fitting ea its buttocks, and in this posture looks very like a bear.

ARCTOPHYLAX, [from ros, bear, and 4a, I guard,] in aftronomy, a confiellation, otherwife called Bootes.

ARCTOPUS, in botany, a genus of the polygamia dioecia clafs; and in the natural method ranking under the 45th order, Umbellatæ. The umbella of the male is compound; the invoin crum confifts of five leaves; the corolla has five petals; the itamina are five; and two piftilli: The umbella of the hermaphrodite is fimple; the involucrum is divided into 4 parts, is fpinous, larg, and contains many male flowers in the difk. There is but one fpecies of arctopus, viz.

ARCTOPUS ECHINATUS, a native of Ethiopia.
ARCTOTHECA ANEMOSPERMOS. See next

article.

ARCTOTIS, in botany: A genus of the polygamia neceffaria order, belonging to the fyngenefia clafs of plants; and in the natural method ranking under the 49th order, Compofitæ-difcom des. The receptacle is briftly; the corona of the pappus is pentaphyllous; and the calyx is imbricated with feales loofe at the top. It is conimonly called an mofpermas, from the refemblance of its feeds to thofe of the anemone. There are 11 fpecies, natives of Ethiopia, or the Cape of Good Hope. Of thefe,

1. ARCTOTIS ANGUSTIFOLIA, with spear-thaped leaves; and,

2. ARCTOTIS ASPERA, with wing-thaped woolly leaves, are molt remarkable for their beauty,

teral branches, the former must be bent to the ground, and there faftened. The fmali branches must be covered 3 inches deep upon the joints, and live a large bafon of earth made round them to hold the water. About the middle of September they may be opened, and if they have taken root, may be immediately removed into the nurfory; but if they have not fufficiently extended their roots, they must be fuffered to remain till the spring, and then transplanted.

(3.) ARCUATION, [from arcus, a bow,] is uf d in furgery, for an incurvation of the bones; fuch as we fee in the cafe of rickets, &c.

* ARCUATURE. n. f. [arcuatura. low Latin.] The bending or curvature of an arch. Dia. ARCUBALISTA, in the military art, a kind of balifta, probably made after the fashion of a bow. It is mentioned by Vegetius; but the defeription of it omitted by him, as too well known then, though now hard to be gueffed at.

having rays of a fine yellow or deep gold colour. They flower in May and June. All the fpecies of actotis may be propagated by cutting; which should be frequently renewed, as the old plants are fubject to decay in winter. They may be planted in any of the fummer months, in a bed of light frem earth; obferving to fhade them from the fun until they have taken root. They thould be expofed to the open air until the latter end of October, or longer, if the weather is favourable, when they must be removed into the green houfe. ARCTURUM INFRA, a fmall ftar of the 7th or 8th magnitude, to the fouth of arcturus, obferved by Mr Flamstead, and fo named by him Its place is not determined in the British Catalogue. ARCTURUS, in aftronomy, a fixed ftar, of the first magnitude, in the conftellation of Arctophylax, or Bootes. The word is formed of axrs, bear, and g, tail; q. d. bear's tail, as being very near it. This ftar was known to the ancients, and is mentioned by Job as well as by Virgil Mr Horniby concludes, that arcturus is the nearest star to our fyftem, visible in the northern hemifphere, because the variation of its place, in confequence of a proper motion of its own, is more remarkable than that of any other of the ftars; and by comparing a variety of obfervations refpecting both the quantity and direction of the motion of this ftar, he infers that the obliquity of the ecliptic decreases at the rate of 58" in rco years; a quantity which nearly correfponds to the mean of the computation framed by Mr Euler and M. de la Lande, upon the principles of attraction. ARCTUS, [20x745.] in aftronomy, a name given by the Greeks to two conftellations of the northern hemisphere; by the Latins called urfa mejor and minor, and by us the Greater and Leffer Bear.

ARCUALIA OSSA, in anatomy, a name af d by fome for the offa fyncipitis, by others for the affa temporam.

ARCUALIS SUTURA, among furgeons, denotes the coronal future.

ARCUARIUS, an archer.

ARCUATE. adj. [arcuatus, Lat.] Bent in the form of an arch.-The caufe of the confution in founds, and the inconfution of fpecies vifible, is, for that the fight worketh in right lines; but founds that move in oblique and arcuate lines, muft needs encounter and disturb the one the other. Bacon's Nat. Hift.

ARCUATILE. adj. [from arcuate.] Bent; inlected. Dia.

2.

(1.) * ARCUATION. n. f. [from arcuate.] I. The act of bending any thing; incurvation. The ftate of being bent; curvity or crookednefs. 3. In gardening. The method of raifing by layrs fuch trees as cannot be raised from feed, or that bear no feed, as the elm, lime, alder, willow; and is fo called from bending down to the ground he branches which fpring from the offsets or ftools fter they are planted. Chambers.

(2.) ARCUATION, METHOD OF PERFORMING. trong mother plants or stools must be planted in clear border, and in a ftraight line, about fix ret afunder. When thefe have fhot five or fix main branches from the root, and as many collaVOL. II. Part II.

ARCUBALISTARII, or MANUBALISTARII, archers who fought with the Arcubalisia.

* ARCUBALISTER. n. f. {from arcus, a bow, and balista, an engine.] A crofs-bow man.- King John was efpied by a very good arcubalijter, who faid, that he would foon difpatch the cruel tyrant. God forbid, vile varlet, quoth the carl, that we fhould procure the death of the holy one of God. Camden's Remains.

ARCUCCIO, or ARCUTIO, a machine made of a board covered with pieces of hoops, like the tilt of a waggon; ufed in Italy to prevent children from being overlaid and finothered by nurfes or others. Every nurfe in Florence is cbliged to lay her child in an arcutio, under pain of excommdnication.

ARCUDI, Alexander Thomas d', a Dominican of Venice, who gained confiderable fame by his writings. They were moftly biographical, of which the principal is his Gallatina Letterata. The hif tory of Athanafius was his laft work. He died about 1720.

ARCUDIUS, Peter, a Greek prieft, bor in the ifle of Corfu. He was fent by Clement VIII. to Ruffia, to fettle fome religious differences and he wrote feveral zealous pieces in defence of the Catholic religion against the Greek and Proteftant churches. He died about 1621.

ARCULUS, in heathen mythology, the patron of honefty.

(1.) *ARD. [Saxon.] Signifies natural difpofition; as, Goddard is a divine temper; Reinard, a fincere temper; Giffard, a bountiful and liberal difpofition; Bernard, filial affection.. Cibjon.

(2.) ARD. Mr Bailey obferves that this Saxon, or Teutonic word, makes a termination of feveral common Englith words, where it fignifics quality: fuch as drunkard, dotard, &c.

(3.) ARD, the youngest fon of Benjamin. ARDA, an infect of ARABIA. See § 11. ARDAGH, two fmall towns of Ireland, viz. 1. in the county of Limerick, near Rathkeale: 2. in the county of Longford.

ARDAMA, or ) [from aga, to water in antiARDAMON, Squity, a vefiel of water placed at the door of a perfon deceated, till the time of burial, as a token that the family was in mourning,

LII

and