when a man perished, his widow and orphans were put to death; not from the desire of shedding blood, but because the survivors had no means of supporting them. In Greenland, when the mother of an infant at the breast died, the child was buried along with her, if the father and relations could not find a nurse. At the present day, it seems an invariable practice of the savages of New Holland to inter the sucking infant in the same grave with its departed mother; nay, the father is the first to heap the earth over the bodies of both. No concern is testified by the relatives for its fate. They seem satisfied that this is what ought to be done; for their own helpless condition deprives them of the means of providing for a being still more helpless than themselves. The sources of infanticide may, in general, be traced to necessity, superstition, the love of pleasure, and shame. In most countries, it is the female offspring which is doomed to destruction, while the males are spared: thus, if the twins of the New Hollander be of a different sex, it is the daughter alone that perishes. Dobrizhoffer relates, that he has known mothers among the Abiponians, a South American tribe, who destroyed the whole offspring as soon as they were born; but others more commonly spared the males than the females. The ancient Arabians, especially those of the tribes Koreish and Kendah, were accustomed to bury their daughters, from the apprehension of inability to provide for them, as also, it is said, from the grief which would be felt on their becoming captives, or from their immoral conduct. By the injunctions of Mohammed, the practice is supposed to have been abolished in Arabia. Probably it never was universal there. As the British dominions extended to the north-west of the Indian peninsula, a certain race, called Jarejahs, was found in the province of Guzerat, and the district of Cutch, where civilization had made considerable advances, and where the nature of the country removed all apprehensions of want. This race destroyed all their daughters at the moment of their birth. The British resident, lieutenant-colonel Walker, at length succeeded in abolishing a custom so revolting to humanity. Other instances may be given of that infanticide which is not restricted to females. Krascheninikow says, that there are some of the Kamtschadale women so unnatural as to destroy their children when born, or throw them alive to the dogs. The mis sionaries affirm that the Bosjesmans, or Bushmen, an African tribe, whose history is little known, "take no great care of their children; that they kill them without remorse on various occasions, as when they are ill shaped, or when they are in want of food." It is generally agreed, that infanticide is universal in China, being either immediately committed by the hands of the parents, or resulting from exposure to the influence of the elements. The exposure of children was a privilege commonly sanctioned among the ancients: it was so prevalent, that Ælian celebrates the humanity of the Thebans, who decreed capital punishment against it: nevertheless, where the parents were in poverty, they might offer the child for a price to the magistrates, who, having brought it up, were entitled to sell it for a slave. Almost all the children exposed in China are females; and the number, though it be difficult to approximate the truth, is certainly very great. Mr. Barrow computes, from the most authentic data which may be deduced from the statement of the missionaries, that it is not less than 9000 in Pekin, the capital, and as many in the provinces. A more powerful motive for infanticide than all the rest, is that unbounded ascendancy which superstition sometimes gains over the human mind. The practice of the moderns, however, is not so explicit in this respect as what we may collect from antiquity. It is said that the Kamtschadales destroy their children if born during storms, though the necessity of doing so may be averted by conjurations. The indigenous inhabitants of Madagascar and Ceylon are likewise accused of infanticide, should the epoch of the birth of a child be declared unfortunate by their priests and astrologers. Certain periods of time, as the months of March and April, the last week of every month, together with every Thursday and Friday, are judged ominous. The child born at these times will either be animated by evil propensities, or occasion numberless disasters, from which exemption is purchased by the sacrifice of its life. Mankind have been prone to imbrue their hands in each other's blood, to propitiate or appease their sanguinary deities; but of all offerings, children were deemed the most acceptable, being a sacrifice of what was the most precious to parents. The Moabites offered up their children for propitiation in desperate enterprises. Thus," when the king of Moab saw that the battle was too sore for him, he took with him 700 men that drew swords, to break through even unto the by heat, pain, redness, attended with more king of Edom; but they could not. Then or less of tumefaction and fever. Inflamhe took his eldest son, that should have mation is divided into two species, viz. reigned in his stead, and offered bim for phlegmonous and erysipelatous. Besides a burnt-offering upon the wall.” (2 Kings this division, inflammation is either acute iii, 27.). Again, it is said that Balak, king or chronic, local or general, simple or of Moab, consulting Balaam, the son of complicated with other diseases. 1. PhlegBeor of Mesopotamia, and calling on him monous inflammation is known by its to come and curse his enemies, exclaimed, bright red color, tension, heat, and a cir“Wherewith shall I come before the Lord, cumscribed,. throbbing, painful tumefacand bow myself before the high God? tion of the part, tending to suppuration. Shall I come before him with burnt-offer- Phlegmon is generally used to denote an ings, with calves of a year old ? Will the inflammatory tumor, situated in the skin Lord be pleased with thousands of rams, or cellular membrane. When the same or with ten thousand rivers of oil ? Shall disease affects the viscera, it is usually I give my first-born for my transgressions, called phlegmonous inflammation. 2. the fruit of my body for the sin of my Erysipelatous inflammation is considered soul?" (Micah vi, 7.) We read that Ha- as an inflammation of a dull red color, milcar, on receiving similar intelligence, vanishing upon pressure, spreading uneattended with alarming circumstances, im- qually, with a burning pain, the tumor mediately seized on a boy, and offered scarcely perceptible, ending in vesicles, him for a sacrifice to the deity Kronus; or desquamation. This species of inwhile, for an opposite reason, after Han- flammation admits of a division into nibal had gained the battles of Ticinus erythema, when there is merely an affecand Trebia, it was proposed in the senatetion of the skin, with very little of the to sacrifice his infant son. On the occasion whole system; and erysipelas, when there of an enemy being at the gates of Car- is general affection of the system. Phlegthage, Diodorus relates, that two hundred monous inflammation terminates in resochildren of the most distinguished citi- lution, suppuration, gangrene, and scirzens were offered up to the sanguinary rhus, or induration. Resolution is known deities to avert the danger. We read al- to be about to take place when the sympso, though with more uncertainty of the toms gradually abate ; suppuration, when fact, that the Grecian soothsayers recom- the inflammation does not readily yield to mended the sacrifice of Iphigenia, the proper remedies, the throbbing increases, daughter of Agamemnon, to Diana. In the tumor points externally, and rigors descending to a more modern period of come on. Gangrene is about to take place history, Hacon, king of Norway, offered when the pain abates, the pulse sinks, and his son to Odin to obtain a victory over cold perspirations come on. Scirrhus, or his enemy Harold ; and Harold, the son induration, is known by the inflammation of Gunild, sacrificed two of his children continuing a longer time than usual ; the to his idols , to obtain a tempest for the tumefaction continues, and a considerable dispersion of a hostile fleet.' The mod- hardness remains. This kind of tumor ern Peruvians are said to have sacrificed gives little or no pain, and, when it takes their first-born to redeem their own lives place, it is usually the sequel of inflamwhen in a state of sickness, as Aune, king mation affecting glandular parts. It someof Sweden, in older times, sought to pur- times, however, is accompanied with lanchase a prolongation of his with the blood cinating pains, ulcerates, and becomes of nine sons. It was with them as with cancerous. Erythematous inflammation the Israelites_“ Yea, they sacrificed their terminates in resolution, suppuration, or sons and their daughters unto devils, and gangrene. The symptoms of inflammashed innocent blood, even the blood of tion are accounted for in the following their sons and daughters, whom they sac- way :-The redness arises from the dirificed unto the idols of 'Canaan.” (Psalm latation of the small vessels, which become cvi, 37.) Infanticide may, therefore, be sufficiently large to admit the red partitraced to a feeling of shame on the part cles in large quantities; it appears also to of the parent, which she has not fortitude occur, in some cases, from the generation to bear; to necessitous circumstances; to of new vessels . The swelling is caused the pursuit of pleasure ; and to the influ- by the dilatation of the vessels, the plethoence of superstition. We cannot affirm, ric state of the arteries and veins, the exhowever, that such are exclusively its udation of coagulable lymph into the celsources; but it is not probable that many lular membrane, and the interruption of others will be disclosed. absorption. In regard to the augmentaINFLAMMATION ; a disease characterized tion of heat, as the thermometer denotes very little increase of temperature, it ap- part of that contest, the flag-staff was pears to be accounted for from the in- severed by a cannon ball, and the flag creased sensibility of the nerves, which fell to the bottom of the ditch, on the outconvey false impressions to the sensorium. side of the works. This accident was The pain is occasioned by a deviation considered, by the anxious inhabitants of from the natural state of the parts, and the Charleston, as putting an end to the conunusual condition into which the nerves test by striking the American flag to the are thrown. The throbbing depends on enemy. The moment Jasper saw that the action of the arteries. Blood taken the flag had fallen, he jumped from one from a person laboring under active in- of the embrasures, tied the colors to a flammation, exhibits a yellowish-white spunge-staff, and replanted them on the crust on the surface: this is denominated parapet, where he supported them until the buffy, coriaceous, or inflammatory coat. another flag-staff was procured. The This consists of a layer of coagulable subsequent activity and enterprise of this lymph, almost destitute of red particles. patriot induced colonel Moultrie to give Blood, in this state, is always termed sizy. him a sort of roving commission, to go The occasional and exciting causes of and come at pleasure. He was privileged inflammation are very numerous: they, to select such men from the regiment as however, may generally be classed under he should choose to accompany him in external violence, produced either by me- his enterprises. His parties consisted, chanical or chemical irritation, changes generally, of five or six; and he often of temperature, and stimulating foods. returned with prisoners before Moultrie Fever often seems to be a remote cause; was apprized of his absence. Jasthe inflammation thus produced is gener- per was distinguished for his humane ally considered as critical. Spontaneous treatment of the enemies who fell into his inflammation sometimes occurs when no power. By his sagacity and enterprise, perceptible cause can be assigned for its he often succeeded in the capture of those production. Scrofula and syphilis may who were lying in ambush for him. He be considered as exciting causes of in- entered the British lines, and remained flammation. The proximate cause has several days in Savannah in disguise, and, been the subject of much dispute. At after informing himself of their strength the present period, it is generally consid- and intentions, returned to the American ered to be a morbid dilatation, and in- camp. A remarkable instance of his creased action of such arteries as lead bravery and humanity is recorded by the and are distributed to the inflamed part. biographer of general Marion. A Mr. Inflammation of the Eyes. (See Ophthal- Jones, an American by birth, was capmia.) tured by the British, and confined in Inflammation of the Intestines. (See irons, for deserting the royal cause after Enteritis.) he had taken the oath of allegiance. The INFLECTION OF Light. (See Optics.) distress of his wife, at the prospect of the INFUSORY ANIMALS. (See Microscop- fate which awaited him, made such an ical Animals.) impression on Jasper, and a companion ISERINE. (See Titanium.) of his, sergeant Newton, that they deterISKIUDAR. (See Scutari.) mined to make an effort for his rescue. IstachAR. (See Estachar.) The departure of Jones, and several othIulus. (See Ascanius.) ers, all in irons, to Savannah for trial, unIvory BLACK. (See Carbon.) der a guard, consisting of a sergeant, corporal, and eight men, was ordered. With in two miles of Savannah, about thirty yards from the main road, is a spring of J. fine water, surrounded by a deep and thick underwood, where travellers often JASPER, sergeant; a revolutionary sol- halt to refresh themselves. Jasper and his dier, whose merits have given him a dis- companion considered this spot as the tinction seldom attained by individuals of most favorable for their enterprise. They his rank in life. At the commencement accordingly passed the guard, and conof the revolutionary war, he enlisted in cealed themselves near the spring. When the second South Carolina regiment of the enemy came up, they halted, and infantry, commanded by colonel Moul- only two of the guard remained with the trie. He distinguished himself, in a par- prisoners; while the others leaned their ticular manner, at the attack which was guns against trees in a careless inanner, made upon fort Moultrie, on Sullivan's and went to the spring. Jasper and Newisland, June 28, 1776. In the warmest ton sprung from their place of conceal ment, seized two of the muskets, and shot tise until November or December, 1780. the sentinels. The possession of all the He was then arrested by order of the arms placed the enemy in their power, British commander, and carried to St. and compelled them to surrender. The Augustine, in violation of the articles of irons were taken off, and arms put into capitulation entered into at the surrender the hands of those who had been prison- of Charleston, in the previous May. On ers; and the whole party arrived at Purys- the following July, he was released on a burg the next morning, and joined the general exchange of prisoners, effected by American camp. Subsequent to the gal- general Greene, and soon afterwards saillant defence at Sullivan's island, colonel ed to Philadelphia. Here, again, he prosMoultrie's regiment was presented with a ecuted his profession, and soon obtained stand of colors by Mrs. Elliot. During considerable practice. In the course of a the assault against Savannah, two officers few months, he was appointed a delegate had been killed, and one wounded, en- to congress, by the legislature of Georgia, deavoring to plant these colors upon the and continued in that capacity until Deenemy's parapet. Just before the retreat cember, 1782, when he returned to Sawas ordered, Jasper attempted to replace vannah, on its evacuation by the British. them upon the works, and, while he was He had been previously elected a member in the act, received a mortal wound, and of the general assembly of the state, and, fell into the ditch. When the retreat was at their meeting, in January, 1783, was ordered, he succeeded in bringing them chosen their speaker. During the session, off. Commemorative of the gallant deeds which was one of considerable commoof this brave man, his name has been tion, he was wounded in the head by a given to one of the counties of Georgia. broadsword, whilst advising the leaders JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE. (See Arti- of a mob to disperse, who were attacking choke.) the house of one of the members. After JETSAM. (See Flotsam.) the adjournment of the legislature, doctor Jones, Noble Wimberley, distinguished Jones went to Charleston, where he was in the medical and political annals of induced to resume his medical practice, Georgia, was born near London, about by the solicitations of many of his former the year 1723 or 1724. His father, who patients. In 1788, he again returned to was a physician, accompanied general Savannah, where he resided during the Oglethorpe to the colony of Georgia, in rest of his life, actively engaged in the la1733; and, as no means of instruction bors of his profession. In 1798, he was could be procured there at that time, he chosen president of the convention at educated his son himself, and, in 1748, Louisville, which amended the constituassociated him in his professional occupa- tion of the state. He died on the 9th of tions—a connexion which lasted until January, 1805. 1756. At the commencement of the dis- Jousts. (See Tournament.) sensions between Great Britain and the colonies, doctor N. W. Jones took an early and conspicuous stand in favor of K. the latter, and held a correspondence with doctor Franklin, then the agent of Georgia in England, on the subject of KAIMES, LORD. (See Home, Henry.) their grievances. He was among the first KANTSCHU. (See Cossacks.) of those who associated for the purpose KATY-DID. (See Locust.) of sending delegates to a general con- KESWICK, LAKE OF. (See Derwent gress at Philadelphia, and would have Water.) gone himself as one, had it not been for KILLDEER. (See Plover.) the entreaties of his father, then the treas- KiloGRAMME. (See Gramme.) urer of the province, and a member of the Kimoli. (See Argentiera.) council, who was far advanced in years. KING-BIRD. (See Fly-Catcher.) He was, however, chosen speaker of the King's Evil; the name formerly givprovincial legislature; and at every new en to the scrofula, in consequence of its election, consequent upon the frequent being supposed that the kings of England dissolutions by the governor of the house and France possessed the power of curof commons, he was returned, and elect- ing that disease by the touch. (See Scrofed to that office. When Savannah fell ula, in the body of the work.) The under the power of the British, in De- English and French have each contended cember, 1778, doctor Jones removed to that this power was first exercised by Charleston, where he continued to prac- their respective monarchs; the French asserting that St. Louis was first endowed with it, and the English that it was possessed by Edward the Confessor. In the reign of Charles II, the practice of touching for the cure of the scrofula seems to have reached its greatest height in England; and such were the crowds that flocked to him, that he is said to have touched more than six thousand persons in one year after his restoration. The demands upon the king's time were so great, that he found it necessary to have the patients examined by his surgeons, for the purpose of determining if those who presented themselves were really sufferers. Those who were decided to be proper objects of compassion, received tickets of admission to the royal presence, and were touched by the king on one of the days of healing, either at Whitehall or Windsor. KINGSTON. (See Hull.) L. a LA PLATA. (See Chuquisaca.) LACE MADE BY CATERPILLARS; most extraordinary and ingenious species of manufacture, which has been contrived by an officer of engineers residing in the city of Munich. It consists of lace and veils, with open patterns in them, made entirely by caterpillars. The following is the mode of proceeding adopted :-Having made a paste of the leaves of the plant, on which the species of caterpillar he employs feeds, he spreads it thinly over a stone, or other flat substance, of the required size. He then, with a camel-hair pencil, dipped in olive-oil, draws the pattern he wishes the insects to leave open. This stone is then placed in an inclined position; and a considerable number of the caterpillars are placed at the bottom. A peculiar species is chosen, which spins a strong web; and the animals commence at the bottom, eating and spinning their way up to the top, carefully avoiding every part touched by the oil, but devouring every other part of the paste. The extreme lightness of these veils, combined with some strength, is truly surprising. One of them, measuring twenty-six and a half inches by seventeen inches, weighed only 1.51 grains a degree of lightness which will appear more strongly by con trast with other fabrics. One square yard of the substance of which these veils are made, weighs four grains and one third; whilst one square yard of silk gauze weighs one hundred and thirty-seven grains, and one square yard of the finest patent net weighs two hundred and sixty-two grains and a half. LACHSA. (See Arabia.) LADING, BILL OF. (See Bill of Lading.) LALLY-TOLLENDAL, the marquis of, died at Paris, in March, 1830. LAMARQUE, general, died at Paris, in May, 1832. Some account of his recent course will be found in the article France, in this Appendix. LANCASTRIAN SCHOOLS. (See Mutual Instruction.) LANFRANC is accidentally placed before Land. LANGENSCHWALBACH. genbad.) (See Schlan LATIN LANGUAGE. (See Roman Language and Literature.) LAUDANUM. (See Opium.) LAURA; a sort of hermitage. (See Anachorets.) LAWYERS. (See Advocates, Attorney, and Barrister.) LEAP YEAR. (See Epoch, and Year.) LEE, Samuel, is a remarkable instance of what may be accomplished by the steady direction of talent to one object. The only education he received was that of a village school, where nothing more than reading, writing and arithmetic was taught. He quitted this school at twelve years of age, to learn the trade of a carpenter and builder; and it was not till years after this, that he conceived the idea of learning foreign languages. He taught himself to read and write in Latin, in Greek, and in Hebrew. He also taught himself the Chaldee, the Syriac, and the Samaritan languages, unaided by any instructer, or by any literary companion, and uninfluenced by the hope either of profit or of praise. Mr. Lee's earnings were, at this time, barely sufficient to the poorest maintenance; yet he spared from this pittance enough to purchase such grammars as could be met with upon the common book-stalls; and, when he had read through a volume, procured in a similar manner, he was forced to pay it away again as part of the price of the next book he wished to purchase. He had to pass from bodily fatigue to mental exertion; for he omitted none of the hours appropriated to manual labor: he retired regularly to rest at ten o'clock at night: he suffered, dur |