OUTLINES OF GEOGRAPHY.

A. THE BRITISH EMPIRE.

England, Wales and Scotland form the kingdom of Great Britain, and with the kingdom of Ireland, India, and Colonies in all parts of the world make up the British Empire. Population of England and Wales

about 20,000,000

Rough total of Queen Victoria's subjects 215,000,000 England, Wales and Scotland form an island, surrounded on the North by the North Sea; on the West by the Atlantic, the Irish Sea, and S. George's Channel; on the South by the English Channel; on the East by the German Ocean, or North Sea.

I.-ENGLAND AND WALES.

England is separated from Scotland by the River Tweed, the Cheviot Hills and the Solway Frith. Its greatest length from the Land's End to Berwick on Tweed is 370 miles; and its greatest breadth from Lowestoft Ness to S. David's Head is 260 miles. England is divided into 40 counties or shires, and Wales into 12, 52 in all. These may be grouped as follows:

a. CATHEDRAL CITIES are those from which the Bishop of the Diocese takes his title, and where there is a Cathedral. The term City belongs only to such places, and to Westminster.

England is divided for Ecclesiastical or Church purposes into two Provinces, viz., Canterbury and York. The Bishops of Canterbury and York are called Archbishops, and their Cathedral Church is the Metropolitan Church of their Province. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the highest spiritual ruler in the Church of England, and is called Primate of All England. The Archbishop of York is called Primate of England. 1.- Province of Canterbury. Canterbury in Kent, on the Stour; London; Winchester in Hants, on the Itchen; Rochester in Kent, on the Medway; Chichester in the S. W. of Sussex; Salisbury in Wilts, on the Avon; Exeter in Devon, on the Exe; Bath and Wells in Somersetshire; Gloucester and Bristol in Gloucestershire and Somersetshire; Oxford on the Isis; Hereford on the Wye; Worcester on the Severn; Lichfield in Staffordshire; Peterborough in Northamptonshire on the Nen; Ely in Cambridgeshire; Norwich in Norfolk on the Yare; Lincoln on the Witham; S. Asaph in Flintshire on the Clwyd; Bangor in Caernarvonshire on the Menai Strait; Llandaff in Glamorganshire on the Taafe; S. David's in Pembrokeshire near the W. Coast.

2.

·Province of York. York on the Ouse; Durham on the Wear; Carlisle on the Eden; Ripon in Yorkshire on the Ure; Manchester in Lancashire on the Irwell; Chester on the Dee.

The Bishop of the Isle of Man, styled the Bishop of Sodor and Man, belongs to the Province of York.

b. SEA PORT TOWNS. London; Liverpool in Lancashire on the Mersey; Birkenhead in Cheshire opposite to Liverpool; Bristol on the Avon; Falmouth on the coast of Cornwall, Southampton in Hants on Southampton Water, formed by the Itchen and Test; Dover in Kent on the straits of Dover; Yarmouth in Norfolk on the Yare; Kingston on Hull in Yorkshire on the Humber at the mouth of the Hull; Sunderland

in Durham on the Wear; Hartlepool in Durham on the Tees; Newcastle on the Tyne. Plymouth and Devonport in Devon, Portsmouth in Hants, Chatham, Sheerness, Woolwich and Deptford in Kent, and Pembroke on Milford Haven are the great arsenals and stations for the Royal Navy.

c. MANUFACTURING TOWNS. Manchester in Lancashire on the Irwell with the neighbouring towns in Cheshire and Lancashire noted for cotton; Leeds on the Aire, Bradford, and Halifax on the Calder for woollen and worsted goods, all in Yorkshire; Sheffield in Yorkshire on the Don for cutlery; Birmingham in Warwickshire, Wolverhampton, Walsall, Bilston and Wednesbury in S. Staffordshire, and Merthyr Tydvil in Glamorganshire for hardware and iron; Stoke upon Trent with the neighbouring towns in N. Staffordshire called the Potteries, for pottery; Worcester for china; Kidderminster in Worcestershire for carpets; Coventry in Warwickshire for watches; Norwich for crape; Nottingham on the Trent for hosiery and lace; Leicester on the Soar for hosiery; Burton on Trent in Staffordshire for ale.

d. WATERING PLACES AND PLEASURE TOWNS. Brighton, Hastings, Worthing, and Eastbourne on the coast of Sussex; Ramsgate and Margate on the coast of Kent; Lowestoft on the coast of Norfolk; Scarborough on the coast of Yorkshire; Rhyl on the coast of Flintshire; Aberystwith on the coast of Cardiganshire; Penzance on the coast of Cornwall; Torquay on the coast of Devon; Weymouth on the coast of Dorset; Cowes, Ryde, Sandown and Ventnor in the Isle of Wight; Bath in Somerset; Cheltenham in Gloucestershire; Malvern in Worcestershire; Leamington in Warwickshire; Buxton and Matlock in Derbyshire; Harrogate in Yorkshire; Tunbridge Wells in Kent. Epsom in Surrey, Doncaster in Yorkshire, and Newmarket in Cambridgeshire are noted for their races.

e. AGRICULTURAL DISTRICTS. Howden in Yorkshire, Horncastle in Lincolnshire, Rugeley in Staffordshire noted for their