The Teaching of Geography

A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK FOR THE

USE OF TEACHERS

BY

SIR ARCHIBALD GEIKIE, F.R.S.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I. Introductory; II. General Principles; III. General Principles (Continued); IV. Appliances in Geographical Teaching; V. The Elementary Stage of Geographical Teaching; VI.-Elementary Ideas of Time; VII. The Surroundings of School, Out-of-Door Teaching; VIII. Physical Geography of the School Locality; IX. Physical Geography of the School Locality (Continued); X. Political Geography of the School Locality; XI. Relation of the School Locality to the rest of the Country, and of the Country to the rest of the Earth; XII. More Advanced Geographical Teaching, General Observations; XIII. Mathematical Geography; XIV. The Physical Geography_of_a Region; XV. The Political and Historical Geography of a Country; XVI. Special Geographical Work of the Higher Forms.

The aim of this volume is to advocate the claims of Geography as an educational discipline of a high order, and to show how these claims may be practically recognised by teachers.

PRESS OPINIONS

Times-"The book is written with Mr. Geikie's well-known fluency and eloquence, and will be read with profit and pleasure by any one. Nothing, in our estimation, could be more satisfactory, or calculated to lead to more profitable results, than the suggestions contained in the introductory chapters of the subject. Mr. Geikie's

volume, as a whole, lifts Geography into a new atmosphere. If his suggestions are faithfully followed in all our schools, the result could not but be of the highest benefit to education all round. . . . It ought to be welcomed with open arms by all friends of real education."

Journal of Education-"This simple and unpretentious handbook for teachers serves as a fitting introduction to a new geographical series projected and edited by the same author. Such a series, the scope of which is indirectly indicated in this volume, is greatly needed-something less arid and formal than the tabular statements of the old-fashioned geographies, and more methodical and systematic than the modern Geographical Readers. And no fitter editor for such a series could have been chosen. Not only has Dr. Geikie a wide and profound knowledge of his subject, but he has grasped the first principles of pedagogics,-that knowledge profiteth little or nothing unless it is gained in the right way, by observation and induction, and so becomes a living germ of future growth, not a store of raw material. This principle is the keynote of the handbook, and its various applications are admirably worked out, especially in the earlier stages.'

"

AN ELEMENTARY CLASS-BOOK

OF GENERAL GEOGRAPHY

BY

H. R. MILL, D.Sc., F.R.S.E.

LIBRARIAN OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY

London

MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED

NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1. Geography in General; 2. Physical Geography; 3. Distribution of Living Creatures; 4. The Continent of Eurasia; 5 The British Islands; 6. North-Western Europe; 7. South-Western Europe; 8. Central Europe; 9. Southern Europe and Western Asia; 10. Eastern Europe and Northern Asia; 11. Southern Asia; 12. Eastern Asia; 13. The Commonwealth of Australia; 14. The States of Australia; 15. Islands of the Pacific Ocean; 16. The Continent of North America; 17. Arctic America; 18. The Dominion of Canada; 19. Southern North America; 20. Central America and West Indies; 21. The Continent of South America; 22. Western Countries of South America; 23. Eastern Countries of South America; 24. Northern Countries of South America; 25. The Continent of Africa; 26. Countries of Northern Africa; 27. Countries of Central Africa; 28. Countries of Southern Africa; 29. The Antartic Regions.

PRESS OPINIONS

Journal of Education-"We can recommend it to teachers as a valuable help.” Guardian-"The descriptive portions of the work are excellently written and arranged, and give a better idea of the configuration of the continents, and of the history, political divisions, industries, customs, and habits of the peoples who inhabit them, than any other school text-book which has come beneath our notice."

School Guardian-"A painstaking piece of work, and the pupil who simply reads it through two or three times will have a truer and more real idea of the earth he lives on than if he had crammed himself up for half-a-dozen examinations. We cordially commend his book to the notice of teachers generally."

Educational News-" To those whose aim is to acquire intelligent ideas of the people, the governments, the natural products, the industries of different countries, the book will prove as interesting as it is instructive."

176

SOUTHERN ASIA

СНАР.

273. Krakatoa.-In Sunda Strait, between Sumatra and Java, Krakatoa, an islet consisting of one volcano, was shattered by the greatest volcanic explosion ever known in August 1883, and the dust of it was blown through the air all round the world, giving rise everywhere to sunsets of great beauty for several months.

AND ACTIVE VOLCANO.

274. JAVA, crowded with volcanoes, which rise above the most gorgeous tropical forests, alive with brilliant birds and insects, is the wealthiest of the Dutch East Indies. An old crater, named the Guevo Upas or Poison Vale, in one of the forests, exhales carbonic acid gas, and the margin is said to be strewn with skeletons of beasts and men that went too near the deadly hollow, Most of the hot low-lying land is laid out

Geography of the British Colonies

BY

G. M. DAWSON, LL.D.

AND

A. SUTHERLAND, M.A.

London

MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED

NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

CONTENTS

I. British North America.-Physical Geography and General Characteristics. II. Dominion of Canada and Newfoundland. --Newfoundland; Dominion of Canada (a) Acadian Provinces, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island; (b) St. Lawrence Provinces. -Quebec; Ontario; Manitoba; NorthWest Territory; North-East Territory; British Columba. III. The West Indian Colonies.-The Bahamas; Jamaica; Leeward Islands; The Windward Islands; Barbados; Trinidad. IV. Central American Colony.-British Honduras. V. South American Colony.-British Guiana. VI. Atlantic Islands.-Bermuda ; Falkland Islands; St. Helena, Ascension, Tristan d'Acunha. VII. Mediterranean Possessions. VIII. The South African Colonies. -Cape Colony; Natal. IX. British West Africa. X. British East Africa. XI. Possessions in the Red and Arabian Seas and Indian Ocean. XII. Possessions in the South-East of Asia. XIII. Australia.-New South Wales; Victoria; South Australia; Queensland ; Western Australia; Tasmania. XIV. New Zealand. XV. Pacific Islands.

PRESS OPINIONS

Nature-"The facts are presented simply and clearly, and every page contains statements which an intelligent teacher would have no difficulty in using as texts for pleasant and profitable instruction."

Scottish Geographical Magazine-"A descriptive work based on science, and arranged according to scientific principles, and it is all the more likely to be educative because it is extremely interesting. The book is very fully and carefully illustrated with pictures of characteristic scenes."

Schoolmaster-"For those who are sufficiently advanced, there are few works on the colonies which could be so advantageously studied." Athenæum "Strikes us as being excellent.

of Australia, on the whole, are nearly perfect."

...

The descriptions of Canada and

188

GEOGRAPHY OF THE BRITISH COLONIES

VII

25,000, of whom nearly 6000 are soldiers forming the garrison. It is a coaling station, and a port of call for vessels bound to or from the various ports of the Mediterranean.

Farther east, in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, two islands lie side by side, of which the larger, Malta, is of great importance to British navigation. This island is 17 miles long and 9 miles broad. On the south its cliffs rise boldly from the sea, and are almost inaccessible; but on the north the shores are broken into several

harbours, of which the best resembles a large artificial dock. On this inlet lies the chief town and seaport, called Valetta. Landing at this place the visitor finds himself in front of flights of stairs, which he must climb, for the whole island is high. In the town itself the streets at first are really stairs, but the upper and busy part is a city of stately but much-decayed splendour. The narrow streets are bordered with lofty mansions, the projecting balconies of which are wrought with so much taste and beauty as to suggest, what is really true, that this city was once the abode of merchant-princes. Fine churches, spacious convents, and marble-fronted