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A History of Greece

TO THE DEATH OF

ALEXANDER THE GREAT

BY

J. B. BURY, M.A.

HON. LITT.D. DURHAM; HON. LL.D. EDINBURGH; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, ST. PETERSBURG; FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE; AND REGIUS PROFESSOR OF GREEK IN THE

UNIVERSITY OF DUBLIN

WITH MAPS AND PLANS

London

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IN determining the form and character of this book, I have been prompted by two convictions. One is that while, in writing a history based on the original authorities and from one's own personal point of view, it is natural and certainly easier to allow it to range into several volumes, its compression into a single volume often produces a more useful book. In the case of a new history of Greece, it seemed worth while to undertake the more laborious task. The other opinion which I venture to hold is this. So far as history is concerned, those books which are capable of enlisting the interest of mature readers seem to me to be best also for informing younger students. Therefore, while my aim is to help education, this book has in view a wider circle than those merely who are going through a course of school or university discipline.

It was a necessary consequence of the limitations of space which I imposed upon myself, that literature and art, philosophy and religion, should be touched upon only when they directly illustrate, or come into some specially intimate connexion with, the political history. It will be found that I have sometimes interpreted this rule liberally; but it is a rule which could be the more readily adopted as so many excellent works dealing with art, literature, and philosophy are now easily accessible. The interspersion, in a short political history, of a few unconnected chapters dealing, as they must deal, inadequately with art and literature seems useless and inartistic.

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTORY.-Greece and the Aegean.

CHAPTER 1. The Beginnings of Greece and the Heroic Age; 2. The Expansion of Greece; 3. Growth of Sparta; 4. The Union of Attica and the Foundation of the Athenian Democracy; 5. Growth of Athens; 6. The Advance of Persia to the Aegean; 7. The Perils of Greece. The Persian and Punic Invasions; 8. The Foundation of the Athenian Empire; 9. The Athenian Empire under the Guidance of Pericles; 10. The War of Athens with the Peloponnesians (431-421 B.C.); 11. The Decline and Downfall of the Athenian Empire; 12. The Spartan Supremacy and the Persian War; 13. The Revival of Athens and her Second League; 14. The Hegemony of Thebes; 15. The Syracusan Empire and the Struggle with Carthage; 16. Rise of Macedonia; 17. The Conquest of Persia; 18. The Conquest of the Far East. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE; Notes and REFERENCES; INDEX.

VI

THE ADVANCE OF PERSIA TO THE AEGEAN

235

520 B.C.,

and a usurper had arisen, pretending to be the dead Smerdis, to whom he bore a remarkable likeness. Cambyses went in haste to crush the false Smerdis. But, as he passed through Syria, he "found death by his own hand," as is related in a great writing on the rock of Behistun. The next heir to the Persian throne was a Accession certain Hystaspes, who was satrap of Parthia and had a son named of Dari Darius. But Hystaspes made no attempt to secure his right, and Daraj hus), 521 the false Smerdis established himself so firmly that, as Darius wrote B.C. afterwards in that famous inscription of the rock, "No Persian nor Mede dared to oppose him." But Darius had different thoughts from his father; and conspiring with six nobles he killed the usurper and became king himself. In the first years of his reign his force and ability were proved in the task of quelling rebellions which broke out in almost all parts of the wide realm which Cyrus had put together. Elam, Babylonia, Media, Armenia revolted; a new false (Babylon Smerdis arose; Babylon had to be twice besieged. Having taken, established his power firmly and crushed all resistance, Darius (1) Feb recorded for future ages the hardly won successes of his first years, (2) 519 in an inscription on the lofty rock of Behistun on the upper course of B.C.) the river Choaspes. The writing is in the Persian, the Susic, and Inscription the Babylonian languages. of Bagistan By wedding Atossa, the daughter of Cyrus and widow of her Atossa. brother Cambyses, Darius linked himself closely to the family of his predecessors. He proceeded to reorganise the administration of his dominion. He extended the system of satrapies or governments, and the whole realm was divided into twenty such satrapies. West Western of the Halys, the old kingdom of Lydia consisted of three provinces, satrapies: I. (a) but subject to two satraps: the Ionian and the Lydian under one Ionian, governor who resided at Sardis; the Phrygian which included the (6) Lydian, Greek cities of the Propontis under a governor whose seat was at 2. Phry Dascylion. These satraps did not interfere in the local affairs of gian. the Greek cities, which were ruled by despots; and the despots might Tyrants do much as they pleased, so long as they paid tribute duly and under furnished military contingents when required. The despots liked the rule. Persian rule which secured their power, and this explains the noteworthy fact that the Greeks of Asia Minor made no attempt to shake off the Persian yoke during the troubles which ushered in the reign of Darius. It is possible too that their condition under the rule of Cambyses was better than under Darius; for Darius is said to have instituted a fixed yearly tribute instead of irregular contributions. Commerce, however, was furthered by this king's monetary reforms, and by his improvement of the road-system in Persia. He adopted the bimetallic coinage which Croesus had introduced in Lydia; and the chief piece of gold money was always known in Greece by his

Persian

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PREFACE

THE great value of a course of instruction in Geometrical Drawing in all schools, is now fully recognized in this country. It has a double educational value: first on account of the facilities it offers for acquiring a practical knowledge of geometrical constructions, and second on account of the training it gives in habits of neatness and exactness: points of the highest importance, which are too frequently overlooked in early training.

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