Their state among Savage and Bar- barous nations; in Civilized coun- tries thinly settled T1242-nations of Asia and Africa 1243-effects of the division of labour 1244-Instruments, where most perfect 1245-working of metals; its importance; where un- derstood 1246-Manufacture of me- tals in mining countries 1247-in Eu- rope; in England 1248-in Germany 1249-in Turkey 1250-manufacture of plate and jewelry 1251-Art of most perfect 1252-Best woollen cloths, where manufactured; cloths of the United States 1253-Carpets; Cael's hair and Cashmere stuffs 125-Cotton cloths; where best; cotton manufactures of Great Bri- the U. States 1256-Linens ; where best made; where else obtained 1257 terranean 1264-Commerce of manu- facturing and forested countries 1265 -of grazing countries 1266-of cold and maritime countries; fish; furs 1267-of agricultural countri es1268 -of manufacturing nations 1269- Internal commerce on the Eastern Continent; in America 1270-Na- tions passive in commerce; Savages 1271-Half-Civilized nations of Asia 1272-Nations engaged in active commerce; carrying trade; Table of Imports of the United States 1273- Questions on the Table. How much of our imports is carried out of the country again? What are the two principal articles of import, and how large a portion do they make of the whole? What next to these? Three next? What others amount to more than two millions of dollars? What others above one million? What arti- cles do we export again above a million in amount? What above $200,000 ? Whence do most of our manufactured imports come? Whence the products of warm climates? Mention the chief articles exported in exchange for these? Circuitous voyages; fisheries 1274 Origin of Commerce T 1261-Pre-Commerce by land 1275-Slave COMMERCE-page 249. Power of nations in rugged coun- tries ¶ 1277-countries thinly settled 1278-countries thickly settled 1279 Influence of knowledge on power; of wealth; origin of wealth; illus- trations 1280--States of the first rank in Europe 1281-of the second rank 1282--of the third rank 1283- of the fourth rank 1284--In Asia; Russia; Chinese Empire; Persia and Turkey; Hindoostan ; Farther India 1285-Asiatic Isles and Polynesia 1286--in Africa; Barbary States; 66 NOTICE TO THE READER. For the convenience of those persons who have the first edition of this ELEMENTS OF Universal Geography. INTRODUCTION. 1. GEOGRAPHY* is a description of the Earth and its inhabitants, and may be divided into Physical, Civil, and Statistical Geography. 2. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY is a description of the structure and natural history of the Earth, including its natural divisions, climates, and productions. 3. CIVIL GEOGRAPHY is a description of the inhabitants of the Earth, including an account of their religion, government, knowledge, and arts. 4. STATISTICAL GEOGRAPHY is a description of states and empires, with their extent, population, and resources. 5. The Earth appears to us* like a flat surface, bounded by the horizon. But in traversing the ocean, or an extensive plain, the highest part of a ship, or other object, although it be the smallest, is seen first, which could not be if the Earth were a flat surface. The boundary we imagined recedes before us, as it is in fact only the boundary of our view; and if we pursue one course steadily for 24,000 miles, we shall come again to the spot from which we set out. In this way it has been discovered that the Earth is a vast globe. 6. It is not, however, exactly spherical, but somewhat flattened at the poles. The diameter from north to south is about thirty miles less than from east to west. 7. On every side of the Earth we find a multitude of stars above us, most of which are called fixed stars, because they do not change their situation from age to age. About 1000 are *The principal subject of each paragraph is pointed out by the words in capital or italic letters, from which questions may be formed; as, What is GEOGRAPHY? How does the Earth appear to us? |