The nations which composed this Empire, and the order of time in which they were conquered, may be seen from the engraving prefixed to this work. The formation of the Roman Empire being illustrated by the river Amazon. The following questions are to be answered from it.

What nations were subdued by the Romans, during the fifth Epocha mentioned in the chronology, that is, from the founding of Rome, 753 B. C. to 356 B. C.? Mention them in the order of time in which they were conquered, which is the same order as the streams, by which they are set down, fall into the Amazon, going from the source towards its mouth.

What countries were subdued by the Romans during the sixth Epocha, that is, from 356 B. C. to the Christian era? Mention them as before, in the order of time in which they were subdued. What countries were subdued by the Romans from the Christian era to A. D. 107, at which time (Trajan being emperor) the Roman Empire was at its greatest extent? What were the two most important of these conquests? Which two of the branches of the Amazon are the most important as to the length and number of tributary streams? (The names of the countries set down on them constitute the answer as to these conquests.) What countries were included in the Carthaginian empire at the time of its junction with the Roman? What with Greece? Let the student find the names of the tributary streams, which fall into the Madeira and Negro, which rivers represent Carthage and Greece on the engraving.

4th. Cities, rivers, &c. as well as Countries, changed their names, and at different periods of time contemplated by the ancient maps, were known by different appellations.

Alexandria near the Euphrates below Babylon, under its Arabian princes was Hira, and in history is known by the general name of Alamundari.

5th. Places are frequently known by different names at the same time.

Jerusalem was called Hierosolyma and Cadytis.

Heroopolis in Lower Egypt was the Pithom of Scripture, the Patumus of Herodotus, and the Auris of Josephus. Antiochia in Syria was also called Theopolis.

EXAMPLES OF RIVERS.

Vardanius or Hypanis of Asia.

Xanthus or Scamander.

Phasis
Lycus

or Araxes of Armenia.

or Zabus, Zabatus, or Zerbis of Assyria. 6th. The same name is frequently applied to several different places.

EXAMPLES OF COUNTRIES.

IONIA was a name given to the country which bordered on the Corinthian gulf, and also to a country of Asia Minor which lay on the Ægæan sea.

HESPERIA is the ancient name of Spain and also of Italy. DORIS was a northern state of Græcia Propria, and also a country in the southern part of Caria.

ARCADIA was a name given to Hepta-nomis, the central division of Egypt, and to the central state of Peloponnesus.

SCOTIA was an ancient name of Scotland and Ireland.

IBERIA was an ancient appellation of Spain, and of a country cast of Colchis.

SINE, a country east of Scrica and another of the same name east of India.

EXAMPLES OF CITIES.

Cities frequently received the names of their founder, or of their conqueror.

Alexander the Great was famous both for conquering cities and for founding them, and his whole route on his great expedition is left strewed with those of the name of Alexandria. It is said that he founded twenty, which were called Alexandria, besides a number whose names were changed to this after he conquered them. The principal of these are enumerated below.

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Antiochus and Seleucus were family names of the kings of Syria, and hence there are many cities in and about that coun try, which had the name of Antiochia and Seleucia.

The following is a list of the names applied to a number of cities, with the countries in which they are found.

1st ALEXANDRIA in the western part of Troas, 2d on the Euphrates in Babylonia, 3d on the northern part of Syria Propria, 4th in the southern of Asia, 5th in the northern part of Hyrcania, 6th on the Oxus in Sogdiana, 7th on the Jaxartes, 3th in India on the head waters of the Indus, 9th near Candahar, 10th on the eastern bank of the Indus, 11th in the interior of Persia, which is supposed to have occupied the site of Venhend, 12th at the mouth of the Tigris in Susiana.

1st ANTIOCHIA in the northern part of Syria Propria, 2d in the northern part of Caria, 3d in the northern part of Pisidia, 4th in the southern part of Cilicia, 5th in the northern part of Bactriana, 6th on the Euphrates in Assyria, 7th on the Tigris in Susiana.

1st SELEUCIA in Syria Propria, 2d in the Holy Land, 3d in Pisidia, 4th in Cilicia, 5th in Babylonia.

TROJA OF TROY in Troas, and in Egypt.

AUGUSTA in Gaul, on the Sequana, 2d on the Garumna,
LATOPOLIS in Upper Egypt, and in Lower Egypt.
THEBES in Bootia, in Upper Egypt, and in Troas.

ATHENÆ OF ATHENS, in Attica and in Pontus.

ARGOS in Argolis and in Acarnania, both on rivers named Inachus.

PANORMUS in Epirus, Attica, Achaia, Mysia, Sicily, and Crete.

PELLA in Macedonia, Palestine.

LARISSA in Thessaly, Troas, Syria, Assyria.

LAODICEA in the western part of Phrygia.

LAODICEA COMBUSTA in the eastern part.

LAODICEA LIBANI and Laodicea in Phoenicia.

NICEA in Gaul, Macedonia, Locris, Bithynia, India.

ORCHOMENE in Arcadia, Boeotia.

APAMEA in Babylonia, Syria, Phrygia.

HERACLEA SINTICA, in Macedonia.

HERACLEA in Gaul, Asia Minor, Italy, Thessaly.

EPIDAURUS in Illyricum, Argos, Lycaonia.

EXAMPLES OF RIVERS.

INACHUS in Argolis, Epirus.

PENEUS in Elis of Peloponnesus, Thessaly.

CEPHISSUS, two in Boeotia, one falls into Lake Copais, the

other into the Ægæan Sea.

HEBRUS in Macedonia, Asia Minor.

Lycus in Pannonia, Assyria, Bithynia, Caria, Phrygia, Pontus, Armenia, Syria, European Sarmatia.

ACHERON in Epirus, Egypt, Lucania.

INDUS in India, Caria.

EXAMPLES OF MOUNTAINS.

OLYMPUS in Thessaly, Bithynia, Galatia, Cyprus.
IDA in Troas, Creta.

BARBAROUS NATIONS.

ABOUT the commencement of the Christian Era, a number of barbarous nations inhabited Europe. Some account of those tribes which were most restless, powerful, and warlike, is necessary to prepare us for the study of ancient history. The scholar might naturally be surprised, to find history describing these tribes in different places from those assigned them on his map. But he should be led to consider, that they were mostly in a wandering state, and that the place on the map where the name of the tribe is found, is frequently not the representation of their permanent residence, but sometimes of the situation in which they were first known, and sometimes merely that where they sojourned for a time.

Of the tribes which were unsettled and roving in their habits, those which figure most in ancient history, from being most powerful and warlike, were the GоTHS, HUNS, and VANDALS,

The GоTHS are said to have migrated from Scythia to Scandinavia at an early period. Leaving this country, they established themselves in Sarmatia, on the southeastern shore of the Sinus Codanus. They then penetrated into the interior of the same country, where they divided into two tribes, the OSTROGOTHS and VISIGOTHS. Of these the Visigoths were the most powerful. The Visigoths overran Dacia, Thrace, Mosia, Macedonia, Illyricum, Italy, and the Roman provinces between Italy and the Danube, became masters of Rome, and settled in Gaul. When expelled from this country they went to Spain, where in the eighth century they were overthrown by the Moors, and were incorporated with that nation.

The HUNS, after leaving Scythia, deprived the Goths of their possessions in Sarmatia, traversed the northern part of Greece, established themselves in Germany, and overrun the northern part of Gaul and Italy. Their empire in the eighth century

E

was destroyed by the Franks, and they mingled with the surrounding nations.

The VANDALS were originally from Scandinavia. They first settled in those parts of Sarmatia which lay on the southern shore of the Codanus. After they had made several encroachments on the Roman territories, they united with the Alans and Suevi, and leaving Germany they passed through Gaul together, but on entering Spain the Vandals separated from the Alans and Suevi, and settled for a time in the southern part of the country. They next invaded Africa, and proceeded through Mauritania, Numidia, and Africa Proper. From thence they crossed the Mediterranean, passed through Sicily, and besieged and took Rome. They then returned to Africa, where their kingdom in the sixth century was overturned by the Romans.

The three most warlike, powerful, and roving nations after these were the ALANS, HERULI, and GEPIDE. The Alans emigrated from Scythia. They crossed Sarmatia, allied themselves with the Vandals, and continued with that nation till the separation in Spain; after which they took possession of the southwestern part of Lusitania. The Heruli and Gepidæ originally inhabited Scandinavia. The Heruli were first settled in Sarmatia, north of the Vandals, and afterwards near the Palus Mæotis. Again crossing the continent towards the west, they sought, as is supposed, a peaceful home in the Isles north of Scotland.

The Gepida, on leaving Scandinavia, their native land, established themselves on the Codanus, east of the Goths, and afterwards on the banks of the Tanais. Compelled to follow their conquerors, the Huns, they traversed Gaul, but regaining their freedom, they dwelt in Illyricum and Dacia. Here they remained till destroyed in the sixth century by the Lombards. The Suevi anciently inhabited Germany. After leaving the Vandals, they dwelt in the northern part of Lusitania, till overthrown in the sixth century by the Goths.

Other tribes still less roving in their disposition, although brave and powerful, were the LOMBARDS, BURGUNDIANS, FRANKS, and SAXONES. The origin of the Lombards may be traced to Scandinavia. They first settled in Germany, and afterwards erected their kingdom in the north of Italy. When, in the eighth century, it was destroyed by the Franks, it included all the country north of Beneventum. The Burgundians inhabited the banks of the Vistula near the Codanus. They migrated to Gaul, and founded a considerable kingdom, which in the sixth century was destroyed by the Franks. The