condition, position, or wishes. In indigent (Latin, indigeo, I want, from in and egeo), needy, the in is augmentive.

"Themistocles, the great Athenian general, being asked whether he would choose to marry his daughter to an indigent man of merit, or to a worthless man of an estate, replied, that he should prefer a man without an estate, to an estate without a man."-Spectator.

Ir, not, as in irreparable (from the Latin through the French; Latin, reparare, to get again), not to be got again, not to be regained or restored.

"Nor does she this irreparable woe

To shipwreck, war, or wasting sickness, owe;
But her own hands, the tools of envious fate,
Wrought the dire mischief which she mourns too late."
Lewis, "Statius."

In irruption (Latin, rumpo, I break), the ir has the force of into; the opposite of irruption, a breaking into, is eruption, a breaking out of. Compare corruption, a breaking together, a breaking up, a crumbling.

In passes into the form is in isolated (Latin, insula, an island), derived immediately from the French isolé; isolated, or rather insulated, means standing alone, like an island in the sea. The French form gains prevalence, and has given rise to the verb

isolate and the noun isolation.

Inter, of Latin origin (compare enter as above), signifying between, among; as intermarry, said of families, members of which marry one another; inter is found also in interpolate, to introduce. This is a word which has given trouble to the etymologists. Both Richardson and Du Cange connect it with polire, to polish. This view makes interpolation a sort of amendment, whereas the word carries with it the idea of corruption and deprivation. Interpolation seems to me a low Latin word, whose root is the classical Latin pello (pulsus), I drive, so that interpolation is something thrust in, something foisted on. This is the sense in which the word is generally used, denoting the unjustifiable additions and insertions made to manuscripts by later hands than those by which they were originally composed.

"The very distances, of places, as well as numbers of the books, demonstrate that there could be no collusion, no altering nor interpolating one copy by another, nor all by any of them."-Bentley, "On Freethinking."

"The larger epistles of Ignatius are generally supposed to be interpolated."-Jortin, "Ecclesiastical History."

Inter-minable is thus printed in "Richardson's Dictionary," as though the word was from the Latin inter, and minor, I threaten; whereas it is made up of in, not, and terminus, a limit, or boundary, and so is equivalent to unlimited, or unbounded; as in

Intra, of Latin origin, signifying within, occurs in the forms intra and intro, e.g., as in the recent word intramural (Latin, murus, the wall of a city), intramural interments, and introduce Latin, duco, I lead), to lead within; also intromit (Latin, mitto, I send), to send or let in.

"So that I (Guido Reni) was forced to make an introspection into mine own mind, and into that idea of beauty which I have formed in my own imagination."-Dryden, “Parallel."

Magn, of Latin origin (magnus, great), in the forms magna and magni, enters into the composition of the following words: magnanimity (Latin, animus, mind), greatness of mind; magnify (Latin, facio, I make), to make great, extol; magniloquence (Latin, loquor, I speak), great talk. Magnify is connected with the words magnificence, magnificent, magnifier. From magnus, great, comes also magnitude.

"To these, thy naval streams,
Thy frequent towns superb, of busy trade,
And ports magnific add, and stately ships,
Innumerous."

Dyer.

Mal, or male, of Latin origin (malum, evil), forms a set of words the opposites of words containing bene; as malevolence, benevolence; malediction, benediction. Male is found in maladministration and maltreat; malefactions (Latin, facio, I do), are misdeeds.

"I have heard

That guilty creatures sitting at a play,
Have, by the very cunning of the scene,
Been struck so to the soul, that presently
They have proclaim'd their malefactions."

Shakespeare, "Hamlet." Melan, of Greek origin (ueλas, pronounced mel-as, black), to disorder, presents itself in melancholy, literally, black bile (from the Greek μexas, black, and xoλn, pronounced kol'-e, bile), whence it was thought came habitual sadness.

"But hail, thou goddess, sage and holy,

Hail, divinest melancholy!

Whose saintly visage is too bright

To hit the sense of human sight;

And therefore to our weaker view
O'erlaid with black, staid Wisdom's hue."

Milton, "Il Penseroso."

Meta, of Greek origin (uera, pronounced met-ta), signifying after, and denoting change, transference, is found in metaphor (from the Greek pepw, pronounced fer'-ro, I bear), a figure of speech in which there is a transference of the literal meaning of the word. Words originally represented objects of sense. It is only by accommodation or transference that the word which set forth some sensible objects has come to denote a state of mind or feeling. Thus acute, which now describes a shrewd, clever mind, properly signifies sharp, piercing-from the Latin acu, a needle. In this view, all words now applied to mental or moral phenomena, contain metaphors. Instances may be given in reflect (Latin, re, back, and flecto, I bend), abstract (Latin, ab, from; and traho, I draw), conceive (Latin, cum, with, and capio, I take), and of course their corresponding nouns; also, in hard (hard heart), open (open disposition), light (light-hearted). The term metaphor, however, is specially given to more marked and striking, not to say artificial instances of transference, on the ground of some real or supposed resemblance between the material and the mental objects. Thus, the sun is termed the king of day, and the moon the queen of night.

"An horn is the hieroglyphick of authority, power, and dignity, and in this metaphor is often used in Scripture."-Brown, "Vulgar Errors." Meta forms the two first syllables of metaphysics (in Greek, μeта та pνoika, pronounced met'-ta tar fu'-se-ka, after the physics or natural sciences). The force of the word will be learnt in these quotations :

"The one part which is physic (physics, relating to matter) inquireth and handleth the material and efficient causes; and the other, which is metaphysic (metaphysics, the plural is now generally used), handleth the formal and final causes."-Bacon," Advancement of Learning."

"From this part of Aristotle's logic there is an easy transition to what has been called his metaphysics; a name unknown to the author himself, and given to his most abstract philosophical works by his editors, from an opinion that these books ought to be studied imme diately after his physics, or treatises on natural philosophy."-Gillies, "Analysis of Aristotle's Works."

Meta also enters into the Greek word metempsychosis (em, in, and uxn, pronounced su'-ke, the soul), the passage of the soul from one body to another.

"The souls of usurers, after their death, Lucan affirms to be metempsychosed, or translated into the bodies of asses, and there remain certain years, for poor men to take their pennyworth out of their bones."

-Peacham.

EXERCISE.

1. Parse the following sentences :

July is a very hot month. In July the grass and flowers are burnt. Why do you not water your garden? The children go under the bushes. A bee is on the honeysuckle. The bee will carry the honey to the hive. Look at puss! She pricks up her ears. She smells the mice. Puss wants to get into the closet. The mice have nibbled the biscuits. February is a cold month. It snows. It freezes.

2. Form sentences having in them these words :Signification; prevent; incrustation; excommunicate; efflorescence; encamp; survey; office; entertainment; epitaph; equivocation; despot; forbid; pardon; hieroglyphics.

3. Write a theme on each of the following subjects:1. Joseph and his brethren. 2. A May morning. 3. The Invincible Armada. 4. The Solar System. 5. The chief river in the neighbour. hood where you live, and any objects of interest on or near its banks.

LESSONS IN PENMANSHIP.-XIX.

IN Copy-slips Nos. 67 and 68 the learner will see how the letters V, W, and b are joined to letters that precede and follow them, and in these he will also find examples of the method of bringing the final curve to the right, which terminates the letters that have just been named, in a downward direction, in order to carry it with greater facility into the line that forms the loop

wave

No. 70. An inspection of these elementary strokes will show that the letter r is formed of the top-turn, with the addition of a fine hair-stroke brought upwards along the right-hand side of the thick down-stroke of the top-turn as far as the line cc, when it is carried out to the right, in a graceful curve, as far as the line a a. The pen is then brought downwards, and the letter is terminated by a curved or hooked stroke, resembling ip a great measure a small bottom-turn. When the letter r is

Feller

of the letter e, which would be greatly curtailed in size and robbed of its proper proportions if the final curve of the v, b, or w that precedes it were carried to the right midway between the lines a a, cc, in the ordinary way, instead of being brought downwards as far as the line cc and then turned into the loop of the letter e.

The four remaining letters of the writing alphabet—namely, r, f, k, and z-each exhibit a peculiarity of form that is not to be found in any other letter. The elementary strokes which are combined to form the letter r are shown in Copy-slip No. 69, and the letter r itself in a complete form in Copy-slip

followed by e, the finishing turn, as in the case of the final curve terminating the letters V, W, and b, is made larger in order to carry it into the fine up-stroke commencing at cc, which forms the loop of the letter e.

An example of the letter r, in conjunction with letters preceding and following it, will be found in Copy-slip No. 71, in the word roller. The elementary looped stroke, turned at the top, which generally forms the upper part of the letter f, is given in Copy-slip No. 72. It resembles the loop-stroke, turned at the bottom, which enters into the composition of the letters j, g, and y, in a reversed position.

LESSONS IN GERMAN.-XVIII.

SECTION XXXIII.—PECULIARITIES IN VERBS, ETC. 1. THE infinitive of the active voice, in certain phrases, is, especially after the verb ein, often employed in a passive signification, as-Er ist zu ehren, he is to be honoured. Er ist zu loben, he is to be praised. Laß ihn rufen, let him be called. This use of the infinitive prevails to some extent in English. Thus, we may translate literally the following examples :-Dieses Haus ist zu vermietben, this house is to let. Dieser Knabe ist zu tateln, this boy is to blame.

2. Heißen signifies "to name, to call;" also, sometimes, "to command." In the sense of naming or calling, it is most generally used in a passive signification, as :- Wie heißen Sie? how are you called? or, what is your name? Ich heiße Ruvolvh. I am called Ralph, or, my name is Ralph.

Ginzig, single, only. Erflim'men, to climb. Erler'nen, to learn. Gewinnen, to win,

gain.

Snell quick, rapidly.

llcbung, f. practice,

use.

llcberre'den, to per

suade.

Ue'berschub, m. overshoe. Ueberzeu'gen to convince.

Kunstwerk, n. work of Vermie'then, to let. art. Verzeihen, to pardon,

Mübe, f. pains, toil.

Glückseligkeit, f. feli. Ohne, without.

excuse.

Vollkommen, perfect. Werthvoll, valuable.

1. Wo schicken Sie Ihren Bedienten hin? 2. Er ist frank, er kann nirgents hingehen. 3. Schreiben Sie diesen Brief ab? 4. Ich habe ihn schon abgeschrieben. 5. Glauben Sie, daß der Buchbinder mir meine Bücher zurückschickt? 6. Hat Ihre Schwester die Blumen erhalten, die ich ihr gekauft habe? 7. Der Gärtner kommt morgen und wird sie mitbringen (Sect. XXVI. 2). 8. Wann geht Johann in die Schule? 9. Er geht morgen dahin, und der kleine Heinrich geht auch. 10. Wo sind die neuen Tische, welche der Schreiner gemacht hat? 11. Haben Sie den schönen Wagen gesehen, in welchem Herr G. seine Frau und seine Kinder abbolte? 12. Wann kommt Ihr Herr Bruder von Paris zurück? 13. Er ist schon seit (Sect. LVII.) fünf Tagen zurück. 14. Haben Sie Luft, einen Sraziergang zu machen? 15. Nein, ich habe schon einen Spaziergang um die Stadt gemacht.

EXERCISE 63.

RÉSUMÉ OF EXAMPLES.

1. Diefe großen, schönen Häuser sind alle zu vermiethen. 2. Das eine Haus ist zu vermiethen, das andere zu verkaufen. 3. Es ist nicht zu glau ben daß er uns verlassen bat 4. Dieses Buch ist bei Herrn Westermann in Braunschweig zu haben. 5. Kein einziger Stern war am ganzen Him mel zu sehen. 6. Wie ist treses lange Wort auszusprechen? 7. We sint die besten Stiefel, Schuhe und Ueberschuhe zu finden? 8. Die besten, die ich gesehen babe sind bei meinem alten Nachbar N zu finden 9. Das Feuer brannte so schnell, daß nichts im Schlosse zu retten war 10. Nichts Wertbrolles ist ohne Mühe zu gewinnen 11. Dieser hohe Felsen ist nicht zu erklimmen. 12. Dieses alte Haus ist nicht mehr herzustellen. 13. Durch diesen Walt ist nicht zu kommen. 14. Er ist weder zu überzeugen. noch zu überreren. 15. Sein Betragen ist gar nicht zu verzeiben 16. Wie beißt Ihr Freund? 17. Er heißt Jakob. 18. Wie heißt das auf Deutsch? 19. Es heißt eine Brille. 20. Gin Kunstwerk ist testo schöner, je vollkommener es ist das beißt je mehr Theile es hat, und je mehr alle diese Theile zum Zwecke beitragen.

EXERCISE 61.

1. The pronunciation of foreign words is only to be acquired through practice. 2. Nothing is to be learned without pains. 3. Perfect felicity is not to be found in this world. 4. You speak so quick, that you are not to be understood. 5. Health is not to be bought with money. 6. The peace of the town was not to be restored through severe orders. 7. How do you call these flowers? 8. They are called tulips. 9. The intelligent scholars are to be praised. 10 The difference between to buy and to sell must. by this time, be known to the scholar. This book is to be had of the bookseller C. in London. 12. A valuable work of art cannot be made without much toil. 13. The rose and the violet are valued for their perfume, the tulip for the brilliancy of its colours. 14. James is going to

11.

1. As an independent verb werten signifies, "to become, to grow, to get," etc., as :-Er wirt alt, he is growing old. Das Wetter wird kälter, the weather is growing colder. Es wird dunkel, it is getting dark. Der Rabe wird sehr alt, the raven becomes very old (lives or attains to a great age).

2. Werten with the dative often denotes possession, as :-Mir wird immer das Meinige, I always obtain my own (to me comes [becomes] always my own). Meinen armen Unterthanen muß ras Ihrige werren, my poor subjects must have their own (property).

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB werden, IN THE INDICATIVE.

Infinitive.
PRES. Werten, to become.
PERF. Gewer'ten sein, to have
become.