showing that "for sake of the party" most men were most Europe, amassing gifts, and getting recruits for the brotherhood. moved: 3 15 The wish of my lady-love For the sake of the party. It may have been so with those who joined the brotherhood. Certain it is the number of the order soon exceeded the original number, and some of the "best blood" and the first military talents were to be found among its members. Baldwin II., King of Jerusalem in the year 1118 (nineteen years after the conquest of the place), granted the knights a dwelling-place in the enclosure of the Temple on Mount Moriah, the re-edified Temple of Solomon, and from that time the knights were known as the Knighthood of the Temple of Solomon. SWORD OF RUSALEM. Ten years afterwards, the knights having formed themselves into a body of military monks, bound by the same rules as monks, and yet soldiers still, obtained recognition from the Pope (Honorius), and were favoured with many honours of an ecclesiastical kind. St. Bernard, Abbot of Clairvaux (author, among other things, of the hymn "Jerusalem the Golden "), himself drew up the rules of the order, which are exceedingly curious and sufficiently stringent. Constant attendance on prayer, self-mortification, complete self-surrender, fasting-these were the principles on which the rules were framed. The twentieth rule prescribed white dresses for the knights. "To all the professed knights, both in winter and summer, we give, if they can be procured, white garments; that those who have cast behind them a dark life, GOD- may know that they are to commend themFREY DE BOUIL- selves to their Creator by a pure and white life. LON. FROM THE For what is whiteness but perfect chastity, and ORIGINAL PRE- chastity is the security of the soul, and the SERVED AT JE- health of the body. And unless every knight shall continue chaste, he shall not come to perpetual rest, nor see God, as the Apostle Paul witnesseth: Follow after peace with all men, and chastity, without which no man shall see God." Esquires and retainers were to be clothed in black cloth, or, failing that, of brown or some mean colour; "it is granted to none to wear white habits, or to have white mantles, excepting the above-named knights of Christ." Gold or silver was forbidden to be worn on the harness and trappings of the knights-simplicity and unrichness were to be the order of the brotherhood. All money and all gifts were to be in common. There was not to be any communication with the outer world except through the master, and sporting of all kinds was strictly forbidden. For the purposes of the brotherhood it was permitted the knights to possess lands and husbandmen, "and the customary services ought to be specially rendered unto you." Rule 66 says, It is, moreover, exceedingly dangerous to join sisters with you in your holy profession, for the ancient enemy hath drawn (St. Bernard spake as a monk) many away from the right path to paradise through the society of women." In the last clause of the rules this warning is repeated, with a prohibition : "Lastly, we hold it dangerous to all religion to gaze too much on the countenance of women; and therefore no brother shall presume to kiss neither widow nor virgin, nor mother nor sister, 66 In England he was well received in the year 1128, and there he founded a branch establishment of the Knights, under the wardenship of a Prior, who was, on the appointment of sub-priors over other branches in England, called the Grand Prior, and subsequently Master of the Temple, the title of the supreme head in Palestine being at the same time changed into that of Grand Master. On the spot where "now the studious lawyers have their bowers," the English Templars dwelt, their Master a peer of Parliament. At first, however, they lived in the Old Temple without Holborn Bars, close to the spot where Southampton Buildings now stand; and it was not till many years after the establishment of the order in England that they bought the ground on which they built the New Temple, the site of the present law colleges. Numerous branch depôts in the country sent up men and money to the central body in London, and the Master and Knights in London supplied the wants of the order at Jerusalem. In other countries, especially in France, the Templars took deep root, and enormous possessions in land and money were bestowed upon them. The order became very popular, and its numbers increased so that the muster-roll of the Knights included the names of many thousands of warriors, picked men from the flower of European chivalry. In the course of a few years they rose into such prominence that kings were glad to court their favour; to the King of Jerusalem they were in the stead of a standing army, and upon them devolved the neverceasing warfare which was necessary to defend the Latin settlement from destruction. SHIELD OF A KNIGHT TEMPLAR About the year 1146, when the second Crusade was being prepared, the Templars assumed, by permission of the Pope, a red cross, which was worn on the left breast of their mantles, and which obtained for them the name of Red Friars, or Red Cross Knights. They also obtained, at the same period, large additional benefices. Their work was not all rose-water, however; far from it-they had rough and constant employment against enemies both to race and religion, men embittered by years of mutual injury, by fanaticism, by every strong impulse. At times they conquered, at others they fell-even their Grand Master on one occasion being taken and kept in prison till he died. Saladin, the hero of many a romance, a most able warrior and statesman, was the great foe of the Christians; and as under his auspices the Crescent grew, the light of the Cross became pale in Palestine. At one time the whole of the brethren in garrison at Jerusalem having been captured, and offered the alternative of death or the Koran, elected the former, and were beheaded TOMB OF GODFREY DE BOUILLON AT JERUSALEM. nor aunt, nor any other woman. Let the knighthood of Christ | shun feminine kisses, through which men have very often been drawn into danger, so that each, with a pure conscience and secure life, may be able to walk everlastingly in the sight of God." These rules were confirmed by the Pope, and Hugh de Payens was chosen Master of the Knights. De Payens travelled through accordingly. By way of reprisal for these things, it often happened that the Knights forgot the Christian quality of mercy, and involved in one common destruction the whole of their captives; indeed, in the end the war between Cross and Crescent became a war to the knife. The Templars were a terror to all but the best of the Turkish soldiers, and rode through their lines in splendid charges, which made the earth quake beneath them. The Knights Templars had been instituted as a rival order to that of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, which was organised as a military body about 1099. This order was never at any time of its existence so wealthy and powerful as that of the Templars, and on this account always held a higher position in./ popular favour. The Templars, on the other hand, were being. spoiled by prosperity, and their wealth was now beginning to stir up the envy and desire of the needy. In every country in Europe they had property either in land or money-nine thousand manors in all, besides other riches; and their privileges, obtained both from kings and from the pope, were calculated to arouse the jealousy of the people. Riches, too, in the hands of the "Poor Fellow-soldiers of Jesus Christ," the men who had taken vows of poverty, did not cause their possessors to prosper; the military monks grew less and less chary of going to fight in the Holy Land; and when, in 1187, Saladin re-conquered Jerusalem, and put all the Templars there, together with the other defenders of the place, to the sword, the rest of the fraternity were still less inclined to make an effort to rescue the city, and to re-found the Latin Kingdom in the East. They remained, therefore, at home, living upon their property, jealously preserving the rights granted to them under widely different circumstances, and making themselves obnoxious by their pride and worldliness. The annual income of the order was estimated at £6,000,000. cause of Christianity. I disdain to purchase such a wretched and disgraceful existence by engrafting another lie upon the original falsehood." Guy, the Grand Preceptor, having said something to the same effect, Philip became enraged, and that same even. ing, at dusk, the two unfortunate Knights, the last Grand Master, and the last Grand Preceptor, were taken to a spot outside Paris, and slowly roasted to death. Fuller says, "The chief cause of the ruin of the Templars was their extraordinary wealth. As Naboth's vineyard was the chiefest ground of his blasphemy, and as in England Sir John Cornwall, Lord Fanhope, said merrily, not he, but his stately house at Ampthill, in Bedfordshire, was guilty of high treason, so certainly their wealth was the principal cause of their overthrow." In England, while much of the property of the Knights was seized by the King (Edward III.), a large portion, including the Temple in London, was given to the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, who let it to the lawyers, and continued to do so down to the time of the suppression of monasteries in 1539, when the Knights of St. John, in common with all other conventual institutions in England, ceased to exist. The property of the Knights was resumed by the Crown, and various noblemen enjoyed the grant of the Temple in London, until the reign of James I. That monarch granted it to the executive members of the two law societies which had flourished there since the downfall of the Templar Knights, and they still hold it by virtue of King James's grant, on condition of paying a quit rent of ten pounds CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE CRUSADES AND PRINCIPAL EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF THE ORDERS OF THE KNIGHTS TEMPLARS AND KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN of Jerusalem. Á society so rich and so powerful could not but have enemies. It began to be whispered that not only did they visibly neglect the obligations of their vows, but secretly they conducted themselves in the most abominable manner; that they worshipped the devil, and dealt in magic, and that one part of the ceremonial on admission to the order was the act of spitting on an image of the Saviour. These and other grave charges were brought against them, but their pride would not allow of their making any reply, till colour having been given to them by the irregularities of some of the brethren, Philip the Fair, of France, who had an eye to confiscations, resolved, in 1296, to proceed against them. As they had no friends, he thought he might safely kick them. After a splendid defence of each one of their posts in Syria, | a year. which they lost in succession, overwhelmed by great numbers, after the death in battle of their last notable Grand Master, and after their final expulsion from the Holy Land, their influence diminished with the disgrace that had come upon them. Crusades suggested by Peter the Hermit, and sanctioned First Crusade under Godfrey 1094 1096 de Bouillon and others of St. John of Jerusalem Order of Knights Templars 1099 1099 1118 them 1128 Philip gave ear to the scandal bruited concerning the Knights. James de Molay, of a noble Burgundian family, was Grand Master. He was an illustrious warrior, who had fought in all the latest battles in Palestine, and had, in conjunction with the Persian King, to whom he at one time allied himself, re-conquered for a while the lost ground in Syria. He had held King Philip at the baptismal font. He was approved an honest man as well as a noble soldier in the sight of all men, and the voice of calumny was not able to speak against him. Yet Philip, having invited him from Cyprus, his stronghold, flung him into Military Order of the Knights prison, and kept him there five years and a half. Meantime information, much of it of an absurd and ridiculous character, was gladly received from any quarter by the King. Pope Clement V., who was wholly under French influence (the Papal Court was then at Avignon), issued bulls ordering inquisition to be made into the conduct of the monks. In France this inquiry was made under torture, and more than a hundred Knights died under the tormentors' hands. Some confessed, under the smart of pain, to foul and unnatural crimes, which they denied afterwards to the death; and upon evidence of this kind, and other evidence quite as unsatisfactory, several hundreds of Templars were burned at slow fires-more than a hundred and ten in Paris on one occasion. France was the only country in which this excessive barbarity was practised, but as in all countries the wealth of the order was a great crime, the fate of the order itself was decided simultaneously everywhere. Their possessions were confiscated throughout Europe, and given, part to the rival order of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, part to the princes who had seen them to their end; and the Pope, in 1327, issued a decree abolishing the whole order. Templars establish Jerusalem again taken by the 1190 1530 Order of Knights of St. John finally suppressed in Eng 1195 land. 1539 Malta taken by the British 1201 James de Molay, the Grand Master, having endured five years and a half of rigorous confinement, and having probably suffered torture therein, was led out in company with three of his chief officers, on the 18th of March, 1313, to recite in the hearing of the people of Paris the charges he had confessed while under torture. The Bishop of Alba read the confessions, and then called on the prisoners to affirm them. Two of the unhappy Knights, worn out by torture and suffering, assented, but the Grand Master, loaded with chains, called out Godfrey de Bouil- Amaury with a loud voice that for him to affirm an untruth was a crime of which he would not be guilty; and he added, "I do confess my guilt, which consists in having, to my shame and dishonour, suffered myself, through the pain of torture and the fear of death, to give utterance to falsehoods imputing scandalous sins and iniquities to an illustrious order, which hath nobly served the 1162 Amaury de Lusignan 1197 . 1173 1185 Jeanne de Brienne 1210 1185 Frederick II. of Guy de Lusignan 1186 Germany Henry de Cham 1929 pagne 1192 Baldwin I. (bro- . This King was ex pelled by the Turks 1239 LESSONS IN FRENCH.-XX. SECTION XXXII-UNIPERSONAL VERBS. 1. By unipersonal verbs is simply meant those verbs which are used only in the third person singular. Having, properly speaking, no personal subject, they are sometimes called impersonal; for the third person singular, used in English, is neuter, and in French, though il be used, it is understood and translated as neuter by the word it. These verbs express chiefly an abstract opinion or sentiment; most frequently they denote the state or change of the weather; and they generally precede or announce the occurrence of an event, as, it happened. 2. The unipersonal verb is conjugated only in the third person singular of a tense. Its nominative pronoun il, it, is used absolutely, i.e., it represents no noun previously expressed. Il pleut aujourd'hui, It rains to-day. cinquante-cinq. 14. Fait-il trop froid pour vous dans cette chambre ? 15. Il n'y fait ni trop froid ni trop chaud. 16. Y a-t-il beaucoup de foin dans votre écurie? 17. Il y en a assez pour mon cheval. 18. Restez-vous à la maison quand il pleut ? 19. Quand il pleut je reste à la maison, mais quand il fait beau 20. Y a-t-il de la viande au temps je vais chez mon cousin. marché? 21. Il y en a beaucoup, il y a aussi du gibier. 22. I y a du veau, du mouton et de la volaille. 23. N'y a-t-il pas 25. Il y aussi des légumes et des fruits ? 24. Il n'y en a pas. EXERCISE 60. en a aussi. 1. Are you cold this morning? 2. I am not cold, it is warm this morning. 3. Is it foggy or windy? 4. It is neither foggy nor windy, it rains in torrents (à verse). 5. Is it going to rain or to snow? 6. It is going to freeze, it is very cold. 7. It is windy and foggy. 8. Is there anybody at your brother's to-day ? 9. My brother is at home, and my sister is at church. 10. Is there any meat in the market? 11. There is meat and poultry. 12. Is it too warm or too cold for your sister in this room? 13. Are there good English books in your sister's library? 15. There It is not so warm in this room as in your brother's library. 14. are some good ones. 16. Are there peaches and plums in your garden? 17. There are many. 18. Do you remain at your brother's when it snows? 19. When it snows we remain at home. 20. Are there ladies at your mother's ? 21. Your two sisters are there to-day. 22. Have you time to go and fetch them ? 23. I have no time this morning. 24. Is your horse in the stable? 25. It is not there, it is at my brother's. 26. Does it hail this morning? 27. It does not hail, it freezes. 28. What weather is it this morning? 29. It is very fine weather. 30. Is it too warm? 31. It is neither too warm nor too cold. 5. Il y a means there is, or there are, and may be followed by 32. Is it going to freeze? 33. It is going to snow. 34. Does a singular or plural noun [§ 61 (2)]. Il y a du gibier au marché, Il y a des pommes dans votre jardin, There is game in the market. There are apples in your garden. 6. In relation to the weather, the verb faire is used unipersonally in the same manner as the English verb to be. Il fait beau temps aujourd'hui, Il fait chaud, il fait froid, Pleut-il ce matin ? It is fine weather to-day. RÉSUMÉ OF EXAMPLES. Il ne pleut pas, il neige. Il ne gèle pas, il fait du brouillard. Il y a plus de cent personnes. N'y a-t-il personne à l'église? Au contraire, il est trop tard. Does it rain this morning There are more than one hundred persons. Is there nobody at church? On the contrary, it is too late. It is very disagreeable weather. 1. Quel temps fait-il aujourd'hui ? 2. Il fait un temps superbe. 3. Fait-il très-beau temps aujourd'hui ? 4. Il fait un temps couvert et humide. 5. Pleut-il beaucoup ce matin? 6. Il ne pleut pas encore, mais il va pleuvoir. 7. Fait-il du vent ou du brouillard? 8. Il ne fait pas de vent. 9. Le brouillard est très-épais. 10. Combien de personnes y a-t-il à l'assemblée ? 11. Il y a plus de deux cents (Sect. XIX. 7) personnes. 12. N'y a-t-il pas beaucoup de manuscrits dans votre bibliothèque ? 13. Il n'y en a pas beaucoup, il n'y en a que it snow every day? 35. It does not snow every day, but it snows very often. SECTION XXXIII.-PLACE OF THE ADVERB [§ 136]. 1. In simple tenses, the adverb generally follows the verb, and is placed as near it as possible. Le crayon est dans le pupitre, Mettez cette lettre dans votre malle, The pencil is in the desk. Put this letter into your trunk. 6. En, after the verbs to be, to go, to reside, followed by the name of a part of the earth, a country, or province, gives the preposition to the force of in or into. Notre ami est en France, Vous allez en Italie, Our friend is in France. You go to Italy. 7. The preposition à is used for the words at or to, in or into, before the name of a town, city, or village, preceded by the verbs mentioned above. Il va à Paris le mois prochain, He is going to Paris next month. 8. The same preposition is used in the expressions à la campagne, à la ville, à la chasse, à la pêche, etc. Nous allons à la campagne, Vous n'ailez pas à la ville, Je vais à la chasse et à la pêche, We go into the country. You do not go to the city. I go hunting and fishing. as well as her sister? 28. She reads better than her sister, but her sister reads better than I. 29. Is there any one at your house? 30. My father is at home. 31. Is your brother-in-law absent? 32. My brother-in-law is at your house. 33. There is no one at home to-day. SECTION XXXIV.—THE INDEFINITE PRONOUN ON, ETC. 1. The indefinite pronoun on has no exact equivalent in English. It may be rendered by one, we, they, people, etc., according to the context. On has, of course, no antecedent, and seldom refers to a particular person [§ 41 (4) (5), § 113]. We should honour virtue. Money is brought to us. On doit honorer la vertu, He writes well enough and rapidly On nous apporte de l'argent, enough. We have books enough. We are attentive enough to our les sons. There is the young lady of whom you speak. Votre cheval n'est-il pas dans le Is not your horse in the field? 1. Écrivez-vous encore la même leçon ? 2. Je n'écris plus la même, j'en écris une autre. 3. Votre commis écrit-il rapidement? 4. Il écrit fort bien, mais il n'écrit pas vite. 5. N'avezvous pas assez d'argent pour acheter cette terre ? 6. J'ai assez d'argent, mais j'ai l'intention de faire un voyage en France. 7. Voilà votre livre, en avez-vous besoin? 8. Je n'en ai pas besoin, j'en ai un autre. 9. Avez-vous encore besoin de mon canif ? 10. Je n'en ai plus besoin, je vais vous le rendre. 11. Notre cousin demeure-t-il à la ville ? 12. Il ne demeure plus à la ville, il demeure à la campagne. 13. Aime-t-il aller à la chasse ? 14. Il n'aime pas aller à la chasse. 15. Il va tous les jours à la pêche. 16. Notre associé est-il à Paris ou à Rouen ? 17. Il est à Marseille. 18. Où avez-vous l'intention de conduire votre fils ? 19. Je vais le conduire en Italie. 20. Demeurez-vous à Milan ou à Florence? 21. Je ne demeure ni à Milan ni à Florence, je demeure à Turin. 22. Votre ami demeure-t-il en Suisse ? 23. Il ne demeure plus en Suisse, il demeure en Prusse. 24. Votre domestique est-il à l'église? 25. Non, Monsieur, il est à l'école. EXERCISE 62. 1. Does your clerk write as well as your son? 2. He writes tolerably well, but not so well as my son. 3. Have you books enough in your library? 4. I have not books enough, but I intend to buy some more. 5. Here is your sister's letter, will you read it? 6. I intend to read it. 7. Does your son like to go fishing? 8. He likes to go fishing and hunting. 9. When does he like to go fishing? 10. When I am in the country. 11. What do you do when you are in the city? 12. When I am in the city, I read and learn my lessons. 13. Do you intend to go to France this year? 14. I intend to go to Germany. 15. Will you go to the city if it rains? 16. When it rains I always remain at home [R. 1]. 17. How many friends have you in the city? 18. I have many friends there. 19. Are there many English in France? 20. There are many English in France and in Italy. 21. Are there more English in Germany than in Italy? 22. There are more English in Italy than in Germany. 23. Is it fine weather in Italy? 24. It is very fine weather there? 25. Does it often freeze there ? 26. It freezes sometimes there, but not often. 27. Does that young lady read 2. As may be seen in the last example, on is often the nominative of an active verb, which is best rendered in English by the passive [§ 113 (1)]. 1. Vous apporte-t-on de l'argent tous les jours ? 2. On no m'en apporte pas tous les jours. 3. Vous fournit-on des habits quand vous en avez besoin? [Sect. XXI.] 4. On m'en fournit toutes les fois (every time) que j'en ai besoin. 5. A-t-on besoin d'argent quand on est malade? 6. Quand on est malade, on en a grand besoin. 7. Avez-vous reçu des nouvelles de mon fils? 8. Je n'ai point reçu de ses nouvelles. 9. Ne dit-on pas qu'il est en Afrique ? 10. On dit qu'il doit partir pour Alger. 11. Quand doit-il commencer son voyage? 12. On dit qu'il doit le commencer le mois prochain. 13. Ce mariage a-t-il lien aujourd'hui ou demain? 14. On nous dit qu'il doit avoir lieu cette après-midi. 15. Il aura lieu à cinq heures et demie. 16. Avez-vous envie de venir au lieu de votre frère? 17. Mon frère doit venir au lieu de notre cousin. 18. Avez-vous l'intention de lui dire ce qu'il doit faire ? 19. Il sait ce qu'il doit faire. 20. Savez-vous ce qu'on dit de nouveau ? 21. On ne dit rien de 22. Trouve-t-on beaucoup d'or en Californie ? 23. On y en trouve beaucoup. 24. Y trouve-t-on aussi des diamants? 25. On n'y en trouve point, on n'y trouve que de l'or. EXERCISE 64. nouveau. 1. What do people say of me? 2. People say that you are not very attentive to your lessons. 3. Is it said that much gold is found in Africa? 4. It is said that much gold is found in California. 5. Do they bring you books every day? 6. Books are brought to me [R. 2] every day, but I have no time to read them. 7. What should one do (doit on faire) when one is sicki 8. One should send for a physician. 9. Do you send for my brother? 10. I am to send for him this morning. 11. Do you hear from your son every day? 12. I hear from him every time that your brother comes. 13. Does the sale take place to-day? 14. It takes place this afternoon. 15. At what time does it take place? 16. It takes place at half after three. 17. I have a wish to go there, but my brother is sick. 18. What am I to do? 19. You are to write to your brother, who, it is said (dit on), is very sick. 20. Is he to leave for Africa? 21. He is to leave for Algiers. 22. Do you come instead of your father? 23. I am to write instead of him. 24. Does the concert take place this morning? 25. It is to take place this afternoon. 26. Do you know at what hour? 27. At a quarter before five. LESSONS IN PENMANSHIP.-XX. THE simplest method of writing the letter f, and that which is most generally used in writing large-hand copies, is shown in Copy-slip No. 73. In this form, which is repeated in Copy-slip No. 74, where f is given in conjunction with other letters, it is commenced with a fine hair-stroke a little above the line cc, which is carried upwards until it reaches the line kk, where it is turned towards the left and brought downwards across the fine up-stroke, the pressure on the pen being gradually increased until a thick down-stroke is formed, which terminates at the line gg. The letter is finished with a hair-stroke carried out from the back of the letter, about the line cc, to the left, and then brought to the right in a curve across the down-stroke. la small-hand writing, the lower part of the letter f is generally made in the form of a loop, the pressure of the pen being relaxed, and the down-stroke narrowed gradually until it is turned at the bottom in a hair-stroke, which is carried upwards and across the down-stroke about the line cc, or centre of the letter, in a small loop. Sometimes the loop at the upper part of the letter is omitted, the down-stroke being commenced at the line ee (see Copy-slip No. 10, p. 60, for the height of this line above a a), and thickened very gradually until it reaches its thickest part about the line bb, when the pressure on the pen is immediately lessened to narrow the stroke into the fine line that forms the loop below the line bb. Examples of the methods of making the letter f that have just been described will be found in future copy-slips. In Copy-slip No. 75 the learner will find the elementary strokes that form the letter k. |
