Votre mère s'est-elle bien portée ? Has your mother been well? Vos enfants ce sont-ils appliqués à Did your children apply to study? l'étude? Il s'y sont appliqués. Nous nous sommes donné de la Quel temps a-t-il fait ce matin? must be made subservient to the lights, that is, they must be account to attempt a sleight-of-hand kind of treatment, from a supposition that a rapid movement of the pencil is necessary to accomplish the task. LESSONS IN FRENCH.-XXV. Acier, m., steet. sit down. Beaucoup, adv., much. They applied to it. What weather was it this morning Has anything happened to you? 2. Elles se sont 1. A qui vos sœurs se sont-elles adressées ? XXXVII. 1]. 4. Elles se sont trompées. adressées à moi. 3. Ne se sont-elles pas trompées Sect. 5. Vous êtes-vous 6. Je ne m'en suis pas aperçu. 7. aperçu de votre erreur. 8. Nous nous y Vous êtes-vous ennuyés à la campagne? sont-elles ennuyées chez vous? 10. Elles s'y sont ennuyées. sommes ennuyés [Sect. XXXVII. 4]. 9. Ces demoiselles se 11. De quoi vous êtes-vous servie pour écrire, Mademoiselle? [Sect. XXXVIII. 2.] 12. Je me suis servie d'une plume d'or. 13. Ces écolières ne se sont-elles pas servies de plumes d'acier ? 14. Elles se sont servies de plumes d'argent. 15. La Hollandaise s'est-elle assise? 16. Elle ne s'est point assise. 17. Lui est-il arrivé un malheur ? 18. Il ne lui est rien arrivé, elle ne se porte pas bien. 19. Ne s'est-elle pas donné [§ 135 (1)] de la peine pour rien? 20. Cette soie ne s'est-elle pas bien vendue! 1. THE reflective or pronominal verb always takes être as its 21. Elle s'est très-bien vendue. 22. N'a-t-il pas fait beau temps auxiliary [§ 46]. Votre cousin s'est promené, Your cousin has taken a walk. Our friends have flattered themselves. 2. Although the past participle of a reflective verb be conjugated with être, it agrees with its direct regimen when that regimen precedes it, and is invariable when the regimen follows it. The student should be careful to see if the reflective pronoun be a direct or an indirect regimen [§ 135]. Vous vous êtes flattées, Mesde- You have flattered yourselves, young moiselles, Elles se sont donné la main, ladies. They have given (to) each other the toute la journée? 23. Non, Monsieur, il a plu, il a neigé et il a grêlé. 24. N'est-il rien arrivé aux deux dames que nous avons vues ce matin? 25. Non, Madame, il ne leur est rien arrivé. EXERCISE 84. 1. Has it rained to-day? 2. It has not rained, but it has hailed and snowed. 3. Has anything happened to your little boy? 4. Nothing has happened to him, but he is sick to-day. 5. Did your sister sit down at your house? 6. She did not sit down, she was sick. 7. Did that cloth sell well? 8. It sold very well, we have sold it all. 9. Did you perceive your error? 10. We perceived it. 11. Were not your sisters mistaken in this affair? 12. They were not mistaken. 13. Were not your cousins weary of being in the country? 14. They were weary of being at my brother's. 15. What have you used to write your exercises ? 16. I used a gold pen, and my brother used a 17. Have you used my penknife? 18. I have used it. 19. What has happened to you? 20. Nothing has happened to me. 21. Has your mother been well? 22. She has not been well. 23. Did your brothers apply to their studies at school? 24. They applied to their studies, and have finished their lessons 25. What weather was it this morning? 26. It was very fine weather. 27. Has your sister taken much trouble in this affair? 28. She has taken much trouble for nothing. 29. Did the Dutch ladies walk? 30. They walked this morning. 31. How far did they walk? 32. They walked as far as your brother's. 33. Have you given each other the hand? 34. We shook hands. 35. Those ladies flattered themselves very much. silver pen. LESSONS IN ARITHMETIC.-XXIII. 12. THE smallest weight in use is called a grain, and by Act of its weight increased by 252-458 grains. Of the grains thus determined, 7,000 are a pound Avoirdupois, and 5,760 a pound Troy. TROY WEIGHT. 13. The derivation of the word Troy is doubtful. One theory is that it comes from the town Troyes, in France, because the pound Troy is said to have been first used there. Another derivation is "Troynovant," the prehistoric name of London; a third derives it from trois (three), because it is the money weight, and that money and money weight have each three denominations -penny, shilling, pound; pennyweight, ounce, pound. Troy weight is used in weighing gold, silver, precious stones, etc., and also in scientific investigations.* The fineness of gold-that is, the ratio of the weight of pure gold in any given mass to the weight of the whole-is generally estimated by the number of carats (about 3 grains) of pure gold contained in 24 carats of the given substance. Standard gold-that is, the gold of our coinage is 22 carats fine." This means that out of 24 carats of sovereign gold 22 are pure gold. Sometimes this is also expressed by saying that standard gold is fine, this being the ratio of the pure to the alloyed metal. Diamonds and other precious stones are weighed by carats. 66 The following are the different denominations in Troy weight: 24 grains (24 grs.) make 1 pennyweight written 1 dwt. A sack of coals is 2 cwt. A ton of shipping is 42 cubic feet. A load of rough timber is 40 cubic feet. A load of squared timber is 50 cubic feet. IMPERIAL LIQUID AND DRY MEASURE. 16. The gallon contains 277-274 cubic inches, and contains 10 pounds avoirdupois of distilled water at a temperature of 629 Fahrenheit. 4 gills make 1 pint written 1 pt. 1 quart 1 qt. 1 gal. A farthing is indicated either as a fractional part of a penny -thus, d.-or by the letter "q"-thus, 1q. The symbols £, s, d, q, are the initials of the Latin words Libra, solidus, denarius, quadrans. These are the subdivisions of money in which accounts are always kept. Besides these, however, we have several coins representing other subdivisions, which are used to facilitate traffic. From this they are called current coins. The following is a list of our CURRENT COINS. A Farthing. A Halfpenny. A Penny. Threepenny piece. Fourpenny piece. Sixpence. Gold 2-shilling piece, or Florin. 2-shilling piece, or Half-crown. 5-shilling piece, or Crown. Half-Sovereign. Sovereign (the pound piece, equivalent It has already been explained, under the head of Troy weight (Art. 13), that standard gold (that is, the gold of the coinage) is , or 22 carats fine. Out of a pound Troy are coined 4628 sovereigns, so that, by dividing this by 12, we find the price of standard gold per ounce to be £3 17s. 10 d., no charge being made at the Mint for coining gold. Standard silver is fine, and out of a pound Troy 66 shillings are coined; so that the Mint price of standard silver is 5s. 6d. an ounce. The market price of silver bullion is less than thisgenerally about 5s. 13d. an ounce. The advantage which the Mint thus gains is called seignorage. In the new bronze coinage 48 pence are coined out of a pound avoirdupois. The bronze consists of 95 parts copper, 4 tin, and 1 zinc. The standard of our coinage is gold. By this is meant that For measuring dry goods, such as grain, fruit, etc., we have, any amount of gold coin can be legally paid in liquidation of a further, the following denominations : LESSONS IN ENGLISH.-XIII. DERIVATIONS: PREFIXES (continued). Preter, of Latin origin (præter, against), is found in preternatural, contrary to nature. Pro, of Latin origin, fore, forward, as in produce (Latin, duco, I lead), to bring forward. Pro appears in proceed (Latin, cedo, I go), in procreate (Latin, creo, I beget), in proffer (Latin, fero, I bear), in prolepsis, an anticipation, etc. "We have evinced (proved) that the generality of mankind have constantly had a certain prolepsis or anticipation in their minds concerning the actual existence of a God."-Cudworth, "Intellectual System." Pro becomes in French pour, which again becomes pur, as in purport (Latin, porto, I carry), signification. Purchase is given by Richardson as from a fancied French word, namely, pourchasser; and purchase, he says, means to chase, and so to obtain. Such derivations are enough to bring etymology into disgrace. Purchase is from a low Latin word, perchauchare (per-calcare), which meant to tread over, and to mark out, the limits of a piece of land, the necessary preliminary to the purchase of it. See Ducange on the word, who gives the noun purchacia (purchase), as something acquired. Purchacia is common in old legal documents, and is the origin of the obsolete French word pourchasser (perchauchare), which has nothing whatever to do with chasser, to chase or hunt. Pourchas, in old French, signifies labour, and suggests the derivation which involves labour as the price paid in the acquisition of land, etc. This idea of purchase, as founded on labour, is in unison with the meaning of purchase. Whence it signifies a point for a lever to act upon, or the power which hence ensues, as in these words : "A politician, to do great things, looks for a power, which our workmen call a purchase; and if he finds that power in politics as in mechanics, he cannot be at a loss to apply it."-Burke. Proto, of Greek origin (pwтos, pro'-tos, first), occurs in protomartyr (martyr, a witness), the first witness or martyr: applied to Stephen, in Church history. "With Hampden, firm assertor of her laws, And protomartyr in the glorious cause."-Boyse. Also in prototype. We have already had antitype and archetype: here we have prototype, which means the first or original form or model. Pseudo, of Greek origin (Veudos, su'-dos, a falsehood), significs what is not genuine, false; as, pseudo-prophet, a false prophet. mind, forming puoillanimous, small in mind, applied particularly to a want of spirit or courage. Putri, of Latin origin (putris, rotten, E.R. putrid), enters into the composition of a class of words, namely, putrefy (Latin, facio, I make), putrefaction, putrescent, putrescence, etc. "It is such light as putrefaction breeds In fly-blown flesh, whereon the maggot feeds, The stench remains, the lustre dies away."-Cowper. Quadr, quadra, of Latin origin (quatuor, four), is found in quadrangle, four-angled; quadruped (Latin, pes, a foot), fourfooted; quadruple (Latin, plica, a fold), fourfold; also quater, as in quaternion (quaternio, the number four), etc. "Aire and ye elements, the eldest birth Of Nature's womb, that in quaternion run, And nourish all things."-Milton, " Paradise Lost." The four elements of the ancients were fire, air, earth, and water. "I have chosen to write my poem (annus mirabilis) in quatrains or stanzas of four in alternate rhyme, because I have ever judged them more noble and of greater dignity both for the sound and number than any other verse in use amongst us."-Dryden. Quinque (quint), Latin, five, occurs in quinquennial (Latin, annus, a year), happening every five years; in quintessence (Latin, essentia, essence); and in quintuple, fivefold. "Aristoteles of Stagira hath put down for principles these three, to wit, a certain forme called entelechia, matter, [and] privation: for elements four; and for a fifth, quintessence, the heavenly body which is immutable."-Holland, "Plutarch." Re (red), of Latin origin, primarily signifies back, backward (and has nothing to do with ere, nor does it mean before, as Richardson states), as return, to turn back; hence opposition, as resist, to stand against; also repetition, as revive, to live again; reform, to make again. Re, denoting back: "The land of silence and of death Attends my next remove."-Watts. Re sometimes merely strengthens the word, as in receive, reception (Latin, capio, I take), and recommend (Latin, mando, from manus, a hand; and do, I give). Rect, of Latin origin (recios, straight), appears in rectify (Latin, facio, I make), to make straight; in rectangular (Latin, angulus, a corner), right-angled; rectilinear (Latin, linea, a line), straightlined; and rectitude, uprightness. Retro, Latin, backward, as in retrogradation (Latin, gradior, I walk), going backward. It is found, also, in retroactive (Latin, ago, I do, act), acting in a backward direction. to punish the offences which did not exist at the time they were com A bill of pains and penalties was introduced, a retroactive statute, mitted."-Gibbon, "Memoirs." Se, of Latin origin, the base of sine, without, denotes separation, apart from, without; as, seclude (Latin, clando, I shut). to shut out; secede (Latin, I go, yield), to withdraw from; seduce (Latin, duco, I lead), to lead from duty. "From the fine gold I separate the allay, And show how hasty writers sometimes stray." Dryden, "Art of Poetry." for all the rest to justify a long usurpation and convicted pseudepiscopacy (annus), occurring every seven years; and in septentrion, the Sept, of Latin origin (septem, seven), appears in septennial "Out of a more tenacious cling to worldly respects, he stands up (Greek, OKоños, a bishop) of prelates."-Milton. Pusill, of Latin origin, comes from pusillus (little) or pupillus (E.R. pupil), the diminutive form of pusus or pupus, a boy (pupa, a girl), which is the source of our word puppet, in the French Joupée, a baby, a doll. Pusill is found in union with animus, seven stars, the Great Bear, Charles's Wain, the north. "Thou art as opposite to every good As the antipodes are unto us, Or as the South to the Septentrion." Shakespeare, "Hen. VI." (Ord pt.) |