words and the commencements of new series. From eleven VOCABULARY. by birth; that is, Minor natu, younger. nor. Neque neque, neither -nor. Nunc, now, denoting Pars, partis, f., a part Post, prep., after. Societas, atis, f., con- Alius is used with alius in a peculiar manner, nearly equal to the laws are sacred. 4. Happy is the king whom all the citizens love. 5. O king, who governest our state, thou art pleased (resolved) to honour good citizens, to terrify evil-doers, to succour the wretched, and to hear the request of the good. EXERCISE 60.-ENGLISH-LATIN. 1. Reges qui civitates gubernant omnium civium salutem curare debent. 2. Boni homines libenter parent regibus quorum imperium est mite et justum. 3. Regibus quibus leges sunt sanctæ libenter parent boni cives. 4. Reges qui civibus cari sunt, sunt felices. 5. O reges, qui civitates gubernant, colere virum bonum magnumque debetis. 6. O Deus, colimus te cui placet miseris succurrere. 7. Hostes quibuscum confligitis patriam vestram devastant. EXERCISE 61.-LATIN-ENGLISH. 1. Who calls me? 2. What art thou doing, my friend? 3. Who writes this letter? 4. What art thou thinking of? 5. What am I doing? 6. Why do I torture myself? 7. What friendship is there among the ungrateful? 8. What poem art thou reading? 9. What man is coming? 10. What poet is sweeter than Homer? 11. Whose voice is sweeter than the voice of the nightingale ? 12. What sins do 14. we most easily yield to ? 13. Whatever is honourable is useful. Whatever thou seest, runs (away) with (in the lapse of) time. 15. However the fact is, I defend my view. 16. Whatever opinion opposes virtue is false. EXERCISE 62.-ENGLISH-LATIN. 1. Quid dicis? 2. Quis est ille homo? 3. Quæ est illa femina? 4. Quibus cum ambulat amicus tuus? 5. Quem quæris? 6. Quem librum legis? 7. Ad quem has literas scribis? 8. Quocunque modo res sese habent, sententiam tuam laudamus. EXERCISE 63.-LATIN-ENGLISH. 1. If we fear death, some terror always hangs over us. 2. If fortune takes away his money from any one (a person), he is not on that account miserable. 3. Greece holds a certain small space of (in) Europe. 4. There is (inheres) in our minds as it were an augury (presage) of future ages. 5. God dwells in every good man. 6. Justice gives his due to every one according to his dignity. 7. The love of life is planted in every one of us. EXERCISE 64.-ENGLISH-LATIN. 1. Malis aliqui terror semper impendet. 2. Quid terroris tibi impendet ? 3. Si cuipiam fortunam adimis, vituperaris. 4. Parvum quendam Græciæ partem tenent. 5. In unoquoque malorum hominum habitat malum. 6. Unicuique merita ejus tribuit justitia. 7. Pecu EXERCISE 65.-LATIN-ENGLISH. 1. There are as many views as there are men. 2. That princes do wrong is as great an evil as that there arise very many imitators of princes. 3. As many kinds of orations as there are, so many kinds of orators are found. 4. As are the generals, so are the soldiers. 5. As is the king, so is the flock (people). 6. As princes are in the state, so the citizens are wont to be. 7. A good man does not despise wretched men, of whatever kind they are. 8. The goods of the body and of fortune, how great soever, are uncertain and perishable. 9. All the men that live love life. 10. All the writers there are speak of the justice of Aristides. 1. Quota hora est? 2. Decima. 3. Estne sexta hora? 4. Quinta niam habent quidam. EXERCISE 68.-ENGLISH-LATIN. 16. 1. The enemy breaks into our country with 10,000 soldiers. 2. A thousand soldiers defend the city. 3. The city is defended by 2,500 soldiers. 4. 28,000 cavalry and 13,500 infantry defend the country. 5. My father is in his seventy-fifth year. 6. My mother is in her sixty third year. 7. My elder brother is in his thirty-seventh year. 8. My younger brother is in his thirtieth year. 9. My elder sister is in her thirty-fourth year. 10. My younger sister is in her eighteenth year. 11. What o'clock is it? (what is the hour?) 12. It is eleven o'clock, 13. How old art thou? (in Latin, What year dost thou lead ?) 14. I am fifty-two. 15. We repose confidence in neither of the two, neither the faithless nor the flatterer. 16. The life of no one is happier than (the life) of the sage. 17. The father takes a walk (ambulo) with his two sons and two daughters. 18. Two faithful friends are one soul in 19. Some things please some (persons), some others. 39. This displeases some one, that another. 21. God is the governor of the whole of life (in Latin, the whole life). two bodies. KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN LATIN.-XVI. EXERCISE 59.-LATIN-ENGLISH. 1. The king who governs the state ought to take care of the safety of the citizens. 2. All the citizens willingly obey a king whose government is mild and just. 3. The citizens respect a king to (with) whom EXERCISE 66.-ENGLISH-LATIN. 1. Quot homines tot animi. 2. Quot pueri tot puellæ. 3. Quot patres tot matres. 4. Quantus est tuus moror tantum est meum gaudium. 5. Quales sunt parentes tales sunt liberi. 6. Qualis pastor talis grex. 7. Res qualescunque sunt non contemno. 8. Ab omnibus scriptoribus, quotcunque sunt, justus prædicatur Aristides. LESSONS IN GEOMETRY.-XVII. THE circle affords us a ready means of constructing regular polygons of any number of sides; but before entering on this part of our subject, it will be necessary to say something about the inscription of the triangle and square in any given circle, and the circumscription of the triangle and square about any given circle, the triangle being equiangular and similar to a given triangle, both in the case of inscription in a square and circumscription about a square. First, however, let us arrive at a clear understanding of what is meant when we speak of describing a figure, inscribing one figure within another, and circumscribing one figure about another. The latter part of each word is immediately derived from the Latin word scribo, I write or draw; the distinctive meaning of each of the three words given above depends on the meaning of the Latin preposition with which each word is commenced. In the first the prefix de gives the word the the prefix in gives the word the signification of drawing a meaning of "writing down' or copying off;" in the second figure within the limits or boundary lines of another figure, but 66 to the utmost extent that the limits of that figure will per- PROBLEM XLII.—In a given circle to inscribe a triangle equiangular to a given triangle. X Let A B C (Fig. 61) be the given triangle, and DEF the given circle: it is required to inscribe in the given circle DEF a triangle equiangular to the given triangle A B C. At any point D in the circumference of the circle DEF draw XY as a tangent to the circle, and at the point D in the straight line x Y make the angle Y D F equal to the angle ABC, and the angle X DE equal to the angle AC B; and let the straight lines DE, D F cut the circumference of the circle D E F in the points E and F. Join E F. The triangle D E F, inscribed in the circle D E F, is equiangular to the given triangle A B C. Fig. 61. B If it is desired to cut off a segment of a circle that shall contain an angle equal to a given angle, as in the above figure to cut off from the circle D E F a segment that shall contain an angle equal to the angle A B C, all that we have to do is to draw a tangent to the circle, and at the point of contact make an angle equal to the given angle, as the angle Y D F was made equal to the angle A B C. The leg DF of the angle YDF must then be produced far enough to cut the circumference of the circle D E F in the point F. Any angle that may then be formed by drawing straight lines from D and F to any point in the segment, as the angle DEF or the angle D G F, is equal to the given angle A B C. PROBLEM XLIII.-About a given circle to circumscribe a triangle equiangular to a given triangle. Let A B C (Fig. 62) be the given triangle, and DEF the given circle about which it is required to circumscribe a triangle equiangular to the given triangle Á B C. H F Y the point E, the point of intersection of the straight lines a C, To circumscribe a circle about the Fig. 63. We may now pass on to the construction of regular polygons. The term polygon is derived from two Greek words, Toλus (pol-'use), much or many, and ywvia (go'nia), an angle, and means a figure that has many angles. Many-angled figures are also called multilateral or many-sided figures, from the Latin multus, much or many, and latus, a side. "Polygon" and "multilateral figure" are terms which may be considered to mean precisely the same thing, for a figure that has many angles must, of course, have many sides. It has, in fact, just so many sides as it has angles, and the most familiar illustration of this that can be given is that of a room, which, generally speaking, has just four sides and four corners or angles. The terms "polygon" and "multilateral figure are applied, as we have been taught in Definition 33 (Vol. I., p. 53), to any figure that has more than four sides. A polygon may be regular or irregular-that is to say, its sides and angles may be equal or unequal. The student has already been shown the method of making triangles equal to given irregular polygons; and the construction of an irregular polygon of any number of sides, having its angles equal to angles of any prescribed opening, would be a thing that he could readily accomplish, provided that he has paid sufficient attention to our lessons to understand thoroughly all that we have advanced. It is with the construction of regular polygons only that we have now to do. " In Definition 34 we were further taught that polygons are Produce B C, the base of divided into classes according to the number of their sides and the triangle A B C, both ways angles. Some of these classes have no distinctive name, as will to x and y. Draw K L touch. be seen from the following table; but many of them have a ing the circle D E F in the name by which the number of their sides can be recognised at point E, and from the centre once. Thus the polygon that has five sides and five angles is G of the circle D E F draw called a pentagon, from the Greek Tevтe (pen'te), five, and yovia, the straight line GE per- an angle; the polygon that has six sides and six angles is called pendicular to K L. Then at a hexagon, from the Greek & (hex), six, and ywvia, an angle; the point G, in the straight and so on, the Greek or Latin word for the number of the sides, line E G, make the angle or some modification of it, being prefixed to the termination gon. Fig. 62. EGF equal to the angle A triangle would be called a trigon, and a square a tetragon, ACY, and the angle E G D equal to the angle A B X. Through according to this system of naming figures from the number of the points D and F draw the straight lines H K, H L, meeting their angles. each other in the point H, and the straight line K L in the points K and L. The triangle HKL circumscribed about the circle D E F is equiangular to the given triangle A B C. PROBLEM XLIV.—To inscribe a square in a given circle, and about the same circle to circumscribe a square. Let A B C D (Fig. 63) be the given circle, and E its centre. Through E draw the diameters A C, B D at right angles to each other, and join A B, B C, C D, and D A. The figure A B C D thus formed is a square, and it is inscribed in the given circle A B C D, as required. To circumscribe a square about the circle A B C D, draw the diameters AC, BD as before. Through the points A and C draw the straight lines F G, H K parallel to B D, and through the points B and D draw the straight lines F K, G H parallel to A c. The figure F G H K thus formed is a square, and it is circumscribed about the circle A B C D, as required. PROBLEM XLV.-To inscribe a circle in a given square, and about the same square to circumscribe a circle. Let F G H K (Fig. 63) be the given square: it is required to inscribe a circle within the given square F G H K, and to circumscribe a circle about it. First bisect the sides F G, F K in the points A and B, and through A draw A C parallel to F K or GH, and through B draw B D parallel to F G or и K. From The number of degrees in the angle of any regular polygon may be found arithmetically by the following process:The angles formed by any number of lines meeting together in a point, such as the lines drawn from the angles of any polygon to any point within it, or, in the case of a regular polygon, to its centre, are together equal to four right angles, or 360 degrees. The greater the number of sides of any regular polygon, the less will be the angle at its centre, subtended by each of its sides; and to find the number of degrees contained in its opening, we have B to do nothing more than to divide 360 by the number of sides. For example, in the regular pentagon, or five-sided figure ABCDE, in Fig. 64, it is clear that each of the five angles, A F B, BF C, CFD, DFE, E FA, formed by drawing straight lines from its five salient angles at A, B, C, DE, to its centre, F, is equal to one-fifth of 360 degrees, or, in other words, is an angle of 72 degrees. We now wish to find the numerical value of any and all of the angles of the polygon in degrees. We know that the three interior angles of any triangle are together equal to two right angles, or 180 Fig. 64. degrees; therefore, the three interior angles of any of the five equal and equiangular triangles, of which the pentagon in Fig. 64 is made up, are together equal to 180 degrees. Now the angle at the apex, F, of any of these angles was shown to be equal to 72 degrees, therefore the angles at the base are together equal to 180-72 degrees, or 108 degrees. But as the triangles which compose the pentagon are isosceles triangles, the angles at the base are equal to each other, and each of them contains 108÷2, or 54 degrees. Any angle of the polygon, which is, of course, composed of two of these equal angles, contains 108 degrees. The following is a table of regular polygons, from the triangle or trigon of three sides and angles to the polygon of twenty sides and angles, with the numerical value of the angle of each polygon in degrees, minutes, seconds, and fractional parts of a second; and the numerical values of the angles at the apex and base of the triangles into which each polygon may be divided by drawing straight lines from its salient angles to its centre. TABLE OF REGULAR POLYGONS. HISTORIC SKETCHES.-XVII. HOW IRELAND BECAME PART OF GREAT BRITAIN.-PART II. consolidate the power he had acquired in Ireland, he would have settled his grasp on the island with very little trouble; but unfortunately, perhaps, for Ireland, he was suddenly recalled in the spring of 1172, on account of the proceedings taken against him for his alleged part in the death of Thomas à Becket. On the 17th of April, 1172, he sailed from Waterford, after having arranged for the government of his new kingdom, and having appointed various noblemen of his army to posts of command. Hugh de Lacy was made lord constable; Strongbow, lord marshal; Sir Bertram de Vernon, high steward; and military commands were given to Fitz-Stephen and Fitz-Gerald, Raymond le Gros, and other soldier chiefs. The laws of England were also imposed on the realm of Ireland. Never before, and perhaps never since, had Ireland enjoyed a quieter and more contented time than during the six months after Henry's departure. The strength of the English kept the Irish from interfering with them, and their far-reaching power even restrained the Irish from internecine war. The land breathed again, and all went well till the restless spirit of the Irish, not enduring the presence of strangers, broke out again in armed resistance. The fortune of war gave the advantage now to this side, now to that, and at one time it seemed as if the work of conquest in Ireland would have to be done all over again; but in the end the root which had been planted spread abundantly, and by a treaty made between Henry and Roderic O'Connor, it was agreed that the latter should be king over all Ireland, except about one-third, which was given to the English (it was afterwards called the Pale), and that he should do homage for the same, receiving in return the homage of all the lesser Irish princes. An arrangement of this sort was fruitful in disturbances; the English encroached upon the Irish, the Irish ever sought to oust the English, and bloodshed, rapine, and misery were made part of the natural order of things. The only way, at length, in which the island could be governed, if held by the English at all, was by means of a military governor, armed with large discretionary power; and this system of government was adopted from the time of Strongbow till quite modern times, the idea of the ruling power being, not to do what was best for the interests of the governed, but to secure the conquest which had been made. : Government conducted on this principle, or rather on this want of principle, could have but one result-discontent with, and hatred for, the dominant power. Whenever an opportunity presented itself, whenever the oppression of the government, or the yet more insufferable insolence of the foreign settlers, Ir were long to trace out step by step the history of the became too unbearable, rebellions broke forth; and though they English campaigns in Ireland, before Henry II. himself came did not succeed in breaking the yoke from off the necks of the over and assumed the lordship of the country; to show how St. rebels, they involved the country in such confusion as to make Laurence O'Toole, Archbishop of Dublin, rallied for a time the it a thorn and a trouble in the side of England, and English numerous Irish princes round the national standard, and how governors and statesmen, it is to be feared, looked rather to the his exertions were nearly rewarded with the destruction of all plucking out of the thorn than to remedying the causes which the invaders; how the English adventurers suffered many things led to that thorn being pricked into her. Here are words written at the hands of the Irish, and how they saved themselves by the by Edmund Spenser, the poet, in Elizabeth's time, in his "Views exhibition of a desperate and splendid courage. It is sufficient of the State of Ireland," words which, for their vigour and apt for the present purpose to say that Strongbow, having in the relation to the case of the sister island, might have been written summer of 1171 gone over to England, and made his peace with yesterday:- "There have bin divers good plottes devised, and Henry at the price of surrendering to him all sovereign rights wise councels cast already about reformation of that realme; and all the ports and fortresses in Ireland, returned with his but they say it is the fatall destiny of that land, that no purmonarch, who, being now free from the disquietude which had poses whatsoever which are meant for her good wil prosper or before troubled him, gave his whole attention to achieving the take good effect, which, whether it proceed from the very genius conquest of Ireland. On St. Luke's Day, the 18th October, 1171, of the soyle, or influence of the starres, or that Almighty God Henry landed at the Crook, near Waterford, with 500 knights and hath not yet appointed the time of her reformation, or that hee 4,000 men-at-arms. Some show of resistance was made in one reserveth her in this unquiet state still for some secret scourge, or two places, but it was feeble and useless against the numbers which shall by her come unto England, it is hard to be knoune, and discipline of the English troops. Prince after prince gave but yet much to be feared." And thus Spenser answers his in his adhesion, swore fealty to Henry, and was admitted his own questions:-"Surely I suppose this but a vaine conceipt of liegeman, so that the English monarch's progress was one of simple men which judge things by their effects and not by their continued triumph; and when, on Christmas Day, he kept his causes: for I would rather thinke the cause of this evill, which court in Dublin, his table was filled with Irish chieftains who hangeth upon that countrey, to proceed rather of the unsoundhad hitherto maintained a perfectly real independence, only nes of the councels and plots, which you say have bin oftentimes doubtingly confessing the superiority of the titular Irish king. laid for the reformation, or of faintnes in following and effecting Domestic quarrels, bitterly pursued, even in the invader's the same, than of any such fatall course appointed of God, as presence, still further weakened the Irish, who seemed to be you misdeem; but it is the manner of men, that when they are unaware of, or indifferent to, the danger which threatened them fallen into any absurdity, or their actions succeede not as they while they occupied themselves with their own broils. Even the would, they are always readie to impute the blame thereof unto veteran O'Ruarc, after some effort at resistance, succumbed to the heavens, so to excuse their oune follies and imperfections." Henry, and Roderic O'Connor himself was reduced to make terms. The 66 good plots and wise counsels" above referred to were There can be little doubt that, if Henry had had time to either not appreciated by the Irish, or-and this is closer to the PRINCIPAL OCCURRENCES IN THE CHAIN OF EVENTS THAT SCOTLAND. Contention of John Baliol 1291 Edward I., called in as um- Aug. 23, 1305 truth-they were devised so much in the selfish interests of the Not until after the lamentable rebellion which took place in 1798, and which was assisted by the French, then struggling by any means to inflict mortal injuries upon Great Britain, did English statesmen see the propriety and the wisdom of doing "justice to Ireland." The immediate political result of this rebellion, which was not put down without much bloodshed both on the field and on the scaffold, was the union of Ireland with the sister kingdom, and this act was consummated, under the auspices of Mr. Pitt, on the 1st of January, 1801. Before that date Ireland had borne to England the same sort of relation that Hungary till lately bore to Austria; she was a separate kingdom, though acknowledging the same king, had a separate Parliament of two Houses, and was, as far as her own internal affairs went, distinct from Great Britain. But it was found that the Parliament was steeped in corruption to the lips, that selfish interests selfishly advocated were alone represented in it, and that the few brilliant statesmen properly so called, whose voices from time to time were heard in it, were borne down by the dead weight of those who saw no use in legislating for the real good of the people. Mr. Pitt, therefore, in view of this state of things, and recognising that the Irish people had many veritable grievances to be redressed, determined to bring about a union between the countries. In the face of much opposition, and under circumstances of much public danger, he carried his point, and in January, 1801, the Irish Parliament, by its own consent, ceased to exist. Since that time Irish interests have been represented by 105 members sitting in the imperial House of Commons at Westminster, and the peerage of Ireland by 32 representative peers, including four ecclesiastics, in the House of Lords. Since that time also Irish interests have been more conscientiously considered than before, and legislation, of which the distinct object was to do justice to Ireland as an integral part of the empire, has gone forward with a quick hand. Much remains to be done, much will be done, in spite of the mad attempts of a few political and military adventurers to paralyse the arm of the Government; and there is no reason whatever why, in the face of equal laws faithfully administered, the kingdom of Ireland should not be as really and intimately united to the sister kingdom of England, as Scotland or Wales; why the memory of old wrongs and old quarrels should not be buried for ever, or why the three countries should not be as inseparable as the leaves on the shamrock, the three-in-one plant, by which St. Patrick is said to have made plain to the Irish the mystery of the unity of the Blessed Trinity. of Scotland Battle 1306 of Bannockburn, Battle of Flodden Field and 1566 English throne under the . 1651 May 1, 1707 READING AND ELOCUTION.-XVII. ANALYSIS OF THE VOICE (continued). X. EXPRESSIVE TONES. THE word "tone," in elocution, may be used, as in music, to KEY TO THE NOTATION OF EXPRESSIVE TONE." "Force." [1] "loud;" [H]" very loud;" [x] "soft;" [xx] "very soft;" [<] "increase;" [>] "decrease.” These marks indicate [xx] "very soft;" [oo] "very low;" [=] very slow;" [m.s.]"medial stress;" [p.q.] "pectoral quality,”—Set Key to the Notation of "Expressive Tone.' 'Quality." + [h.q.] "harsh quality;" [sm. q.] "smooth quality;" [a.q.] "aspirated quality;" [pu. t.] "pure tone;" [p. q.] "pectoral quality;" Eg. q.] "guttural quality;" [o. q.] "oral, quality;" [oro. q.] "orotund quality." "Combinations." [h.g.q.] "harsh guttural quality;" [sm.p.q.] "smooth pectoral quality," etc. The above Key, though at first sight intricate, will occasion no serious difficulty to students who have read attentively the Sections on 66 Stress" and "Quality." The notation will be found of great service, not only by suggesting appropriate "expression," which a young reader might otherwise overlook, but by enabling the pupil to prepare for the exercise of reading or declaiming, by previous study and practice. It is a miliating fact that, in many schools, the sublimest and most beautiful strains of poetry-take, for example, Milton's invocation, "Hail, holy Light!"-are, from the neglect of "expressive tone," called out in the same voice with which a clerk repeats the number or the mark on a bale of goods, or read with the "free and easy" modulation of a story told by the fireside; or, perhaps, with the pompous mouthing of the juvenile hero of a "spouting club," with the languishing tone of a sick person, or with the suppressed, half-whispering atterance of a conscious culprit. The notation of "expression" has been adopted with a view to the early formation of correct habit. He hath disgraced me, and hindered me of half a million; laughed at my losses, mocked at my gains, scorned my nation, thwarted my bargains, cooled my friends, heated mine enemies: and what's his reason? I AM A Jew. Hath not a Jew eyes, hath not a Jew hands, órgans, dimensions, sénses, afféctions, pássions? fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, healed by the same méans, warmed and cooled by the same winter and summer as a CHRISTIAN is? Vexation. Say you so? SA'Y yon so?-I say unto you again, you are a shallow, cowardly hind, and you LIE. Our plot is a good plot as ever was laid; our friends true and co'NSTANT; a GOOD PLOT, good friends, and full of expectation: an EXCELLENT plot, VERY good friends. What a FROSTYSPIRITED rogue is this!—An I were now by this rascal, I could brain him with his LADY'S FAN.-Oh! I could DIVIDE myself, and go to BUFFETS, for moving such a DISH of SKIMMED MILK with so honourable an action! I will not stir, nor wi'nce, nor speak a wo`RD, Terror. AWAKE! AWA'KE!— RING the ALARUM BELL: MURDER! and TREASON! The great DO`OM's image!-MALCOLM! BANQUO! Alonzo. What harmony is this ?—my good friends, HA`RK! Alon. Give us kind keepers, HEAVENS!-What were THESE? That there are unicorns: that, in Arabia, Antonio. Note.-Amazement, when it does not go to the utmost extreme, has a louder, but lower and slower utterance, than astonishment; the other properties of voice are of the same description as those expressed in astonishment, but increased in degree. Amazement. Gonzalo. I' the name of something hòly, sir, why stand you The name of PROSPER; it did bàss my trèspass ! Rule 3.-Horror and extreme amazement have a "softened force," an extremely "low" note, and "slow," movement, a suppressed stress," a deep "aspirated pectoral quality," and a prevailing "monotone." Example of Horror. Now, o'er one half the world Nature seems dead; and wicked dreams abūse Whose howl's his watch, thus with his stealthy pace, Extreme Amazement. Oh! answer me: Let me not bùrst in ignorance! but tell Math ōped his pōnderous and marble jaws, To cast thee up again! [co] Whất mãy this mēan, |