ne fait-il pas le savant?

4. Il ne fait pas le savant, il fait le fou. 5. Sied-il à ce jeune homme de faire le maître ici? 6. 7. Cela fait-il Il ne sied à personne de faire l'impertinent. quelque chose [R. 2 above] ? 8. Cela ne fait absolument rien. 9. Cela peut-il faire quelque chose à ces vignerons ? 10. Cela ne leur fait rien du tout. 11. N'êtes-vous pas bien chagrinés de cela ? 12. Nous en sommes bien fâchés, mais nous ne pouvons 13. Votre associé ne s'est-il pas fait bijoutier ? qu'y faire. 14. Non, Monsieur, il s'est fait peintre. 15. Cet artisan ne s'est il pas fait vitrier? 16. Il s'est fait tanneur, et son frère s'est fait soldat. 17. La modiste ne s'est-elle pas fait couper les cheveux ? 18. Elle se les ai fait couper. 19. Ne vous levez-vous pas aussitôt qu'il fait jour ? 20. Oui, Monsieur, je me lève de très-bonne heure. 21. Ne fait-il pas clair de lune ? 22. Il fait très-clair, mais il ne fait pas clair de lune. 23. Fait-il bon vivre en Amérique ? 24. Il fait très-bon vivre en Amérique, les denrées y sont à bon marché.

EXERCISE 124.

1. Does not that gentleman play the learned man? 2. He plays the lord and fool at the same time (à la fois). 3. Does not that boy pretend to be ill? 4. He pretends to be ill, he does not wish to study his lessons. 5. When you have no wish to work do you pretend to be ill? 6. I never pretend to be ill. 7. Is it muddy to-day? 8. It is not muddy, it is dusty. 9. Will it be moonlight this evening ? 10. It will not be moonlight, it will be very dark. 11. Is it comfortable here? 12. It is very comfortable. 13. Is it too warm or too cold? 14. It is neither too warm nor too cold here. 15. Will you have your hair cut? 16. I had my hair cut yesterday morning. 17. Will you not go home, it is beginning to grow late? 18. Is it not very dark out (dehors) ? 19. It is not dark, it is moonlight. 20. Has not the glazier turned goldsmith? 21. He has not turned goldsmith, he has turned soldier. 22. Does that concern your brother? 23. That does not concern him. 24. Are you not sorry for that? 25. I am sorry for it, but I cannot help it. 26. Why do you get shaved? 27. Because I cannot shave myself. 28. Have you not hurt those children? 29. I have not hurt them. 30. Have you hurt your arm? 31. No, Sir, but I have hurt my head. 32. Has not your sister hurt her hand? 33. She has hurt her hand, and my mother has hurt her elbow. 34. Have you not hurt your head? 35. I have not hurt my head, but I have hurt my hand.

KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN FRENCH.
EXERCISE 26 (Vol. I., page 107).

1. Êtes-vous plus attentif que votre sœur ? 2. Je ne suis pas aussi attentif que votre frère. 3. Avez-vous plus de courage que mon frère? 4. J'en ai tout autant. 5. Le maréchal a-t-il autant d'argent que de fer? 6. Il a plus de celui-ci que de celui-là. 7. A-t-il plus de modestie que l'Espagnol. 8. Il en a davantage. 9. Il en a plus que la sœur de votre ami. 10. N'avez-vous pas froid, Monsieur? 11. Non, Monsieur, mais j'ai peur et sommeil. 12. Le Hollandais a-t-il plus de fromage que l'Italien? 13 Il a plus de fromage et plus d'argent. 14. Avezvous autant de soie anglaise que de soie italienne? 15. J'ai plus de celle-ci que de celle-là. 16. Qui a plus d'amis que l'Espagnol? 17. Votre ami en a plus. 18. L'Espagnol a-t-il autant de votre argent que du sien? 19. Il a moins du mien que du sien. 20. Avons-nous plus de manteaux de soie que de manteaux de drap? 21. Nous avons plus de ceux-ci que de ceux-là. 22. Avez-vous de bons manteaux ? 23. Oui, Monsieur, j'ai de bons manteaux, de bons chapeaux, et de bons souliers de cuir. 24. Avez-vous plus d'assiettes que de plats? 25. Je n'ai pas plus d'assiettes que de plats, mais j'ai plus de verres que d'assiettes. 26. N'avez-vous pas très-froid? 27. Non, Monsieur, je n'ai ni froid ni chaud. 28. Votre charpentier a-t-il du bois ? 29. Oui, Monsieur, il a du bois, de l'argent, du fromage et de la viande. Qui a plus d'argent que le charpentier? 31. Le Hollandais en a davantage. 32. Qui a plus d'estampes que de livres ? 33. Le libraire a plus de ceux-ci que de celles-là. 34. Êtes-vous aussi attentif que votre ami ? 35. Je suis plus attentif que mon ami.

EXERCISE 27 (Vol. I., page 115).

30.

1. Is your dictionary very correct? 2. It is more correct than Boyer's. 3. Your dictionary is the most correct of all. 4. Which is the best of those gardens? 5. This is the best of all the gardens of the city. 6. Have you any more money? 7. I have no more money, but I have still some credit. 8. Have we more salad? 9. We have

no more. 10. We have no more meat. 11. Who has more? 12. My brothers and sisters have some more. 13. Have you much more?

14. I have not much more. 15. Has your aunt more dresses than your niece ? 16. She has not many. 17. Is your nephew more learned than your niece? 18. He is not so learned as she. 19. She is more learned than he. 20. Are you still cold? 21. I am no longer cold, I am very warm. 22. Have you no more news? 23. I have no more. 24. Have you many? 25. I have but few. EXERCISE 28 (Vol. I., page 116).

1. Votre frère a-t-il un très-bon dictionnaire ? 2. Son dictionnaire n'est pas très-correct. 3. Votre père a-t-il plus de courage que lui? 4. Il a beaucoup plus de courage que votre neveu. 5. Vos frères ont7. Votre tante est-elle obligeante ? 8. Ma tante est bien obligeante. ils du crédit? 6. Ils n'ont guère de crédit, mais ils ont de l'argent. 9. Avez-vous encore des livres, des plumes et du papier? 10. Je n'ai plus de livres, mais j'ai encore de bonnes plumes et d'excellent papier anglais. 11. Qui a encore du papier? 12. Je n'en ai plus, mais mon frère en a encore. 13. Avez-vous des nouvelles, Monsieur? 14. Non, Madame, je n'en ai pas aujourd'hui. 15. Avez-vous autant de bois 17. que le fils de mon frère? 16. J'en ai plus que vous ou que lui. Avez-vous encore tort ? 18. Non, Monsieur, je n'ai plus tort, j'ai raison. 19. Vos sœurs ont-elles encore faim? 20. Elles n'ont ni faim ni soif, mais elles ont encore sommeil. 21. Votre nièce est-elle aussi savante que lui. 22. Elle est plus savante que lui et que sa tante. 23. N'avez-vous pas de nouvelles, Monsieur ? 24. Non, Madame, je n'ai plus de nouvelles. 25. Qui a des nouvelles ? 26. Je D'en ai plus. 27. Les avez-vous toutes ? 28. Oui, Monsieur, je les ai toutes. 29. Votre tante en a-t-elle encore beaucoup ? 30. Elle n'en a plus guère. 31. Votre frère a-t-il encore des chevaux anglais ? 32. Il n'en a plus. 33. Il en a encore deux. 34. Avez-vous encore un beau châle français? 35. Je n'ai plus de châles français, mais j'en ai encore un anglais.

As we have already seen, hydrogen, when it burns in air, enters into combination with the oxygen, forming water. The most direct way of proving this is by means of the Eudiometer, an instrument by which the composition of water is determined by synthesis.

A strong glass tube (Fig. 27) is hermetically sealed at one end, and through the glass two platinum wires are thrust when in its melted condition; these wires are opposite each other, and almost meet.

The tube is filled with mercury, and inverted into a bath of the same metal. A mixture of the gases, in the proportion of two volumes of hydrogen to one of oxygen, is passed into the tube, until the greater part of the mercury is displaced. The tube is now held firmly down with its mouth on a piece of sheet india-rubber; for if this were not done, when the gases explode the mercury would be driven out of the tube, and the experiment rendered fruitless. A Leyden jar is charged with electricity, a chain attached to one of the platinum wires is held against the outside of the jar, whilst with the knob the other wire is touched. The jar is thus discharged, a spark passing between the wires in the tube and exploding the gas. Upon releasing the pressure of the tube against the india-rubber, the mercury from the bath rushes into the tube, completely filling it, leaving only a small globule of water in the place of the tube full of gas.

The composition of water by analysis is easily determined by means of electricity. It is a well-known property of the galvanic current that whenever it passes through water, the water is decomposed. The hydrogen passes with the current, and appears in bubbles at the negative wire, whilst the oxygen comes off from the positive wire. Fig. 28 indicates the arrangement for the experiment.

The two test tubes and the vessel are filled with water, to which is added one-eighth of sulphuric acid, to make the water a conductor of electricity. The test tubes are now inverted over the two leaves of platinum, h, n, which are connected with the screws A and B. To A is attached a wire from the platinum end of a Grove's battery, to в the wire from the zinc end. The electric current in the battery is generally said to pass from the zinc to the platinum; it leaves the battery by the wire attached to the platinum, passes from the screw A through the water to B, and back to the zinc end of the battery. Because the current enters the instrument by the wire attached to A, that is said to be the positive wire, the other being the negative.

The gases as they rise from the plate are received in the tubes, and it will be found that the hydrogen is nearly twice the

volume of the oxygen.

The reason why there is a little too much hydrogen is that oxygen is more soluble in water than hydrogen, and as the gases rise through the water more oxygen is retained than hydrogen.

It was said in the last lesson that the escape of hydrogen from the surface of zinc when in acidulated water was really due to galvanic action. It is a most difficult thing to get zinc perfectly pure; in the ordinary metal, the surface is composed of particles of pure and of impure zinc. If now any two different metals be acted upon by dilute acid, a current of electricity will be developed, so that over the zinc surface there are thousands of "galvanic couples." A particle of pure metal and its neighbour of impure metal forming a "couple," between the two a current begins to circulate, and as it passes the water is decomposed the hydrogen escapes from one particle and the oxygen attacks the other.

If zinc be amalgamated-that is, if the surface be rubbed with mercury these particles are formed into a paste, and intimately mixed, so that the whole surface becomes impure, and therefore amalgamated zinc will not liberate hydrogen. For this reason the zinc plates in galvanic batteries are always amalgamated.

Fig. 27.

The other method of getting hydrogen in large quantities will suggest at once another means of analysing water. If the porcelain tube and its contents, the iron turnings, be carefully weighed, and also the water in the flask, and then the tube, after the whole of the water has been sent over the red-hot turnings, be also weighed, the difference will evidently be the weight of the oxygen, which has combined with the iron, or the weight of the oxygen which was in the water; the difference between this and the whole weight of the water will give the hydrogen.

to such a white heat as to produce one of the most brilliant of lights-the oxy-hydrogen light. The best arrangement is the one sketched in Fig. 29. In this manner it is used for magiclanterns; the stand sliding into the bottom of the lantern, the handles, D and c, remaining outside. Instead of hydrogen, ordinary coal-gas is generally used. The greatest care must be taken after each exhibition to empty the bags, H, O, lest, when they are re-filled, the oxygen should by any chance be put into the hydrogen-bag, when a very violent explosion would be the consequence.

The gases mix in B, & brass tube, which is packed with fine wire gauze. The cylinder of lime, L, is supported on a wire which is threaded with a screw which passes through a collar soldered between the two tubes. By this wire the lime can be turned or raised, for after a time the jet burns a hole in the lime.

For a further precaution it is well to have a differently shaped handle, c, for the oxygen. It is possible to burn the gases mixed from one bag, through Hemming's Safety Jet, which is simply a brass tube packed with discs of fine wire gauze; but the flame has been known to pass down through forty of these discs before it was extinguished by their cooling action. It is therefore more safe to burn the gases from separate bags.

If we follow water in passing through its three states, we shall discover many strange properties. If a piece of ice be placed in a vessel over a fire, with a thermometer, the thermometer will rise or fall until it reaches 0° Cent., when the ice will begin to melt. Although heat is continually passing from the fire into the vessel, yet the thermometer will remain at 0° until the last particle of ice has disappeared. Where, then, has all this heat gone? It has gone to do a certain work, to turn the solid into a liquid, and because this heat does not affect the thermo

meter it is called "latent heat." To measure this "latent heat" we must have some standard. We cannot speak of a mètre or a litre of "caloric; " therefore the unit of heat, or the measure of heat, is that amount of heat which is required to raise a unit of water 1° Cent. The latent heat of water is 79 of these thermal units; that is to say, to melt a kilogramme of ice, which is at 0° Cent., requires as much heat as it does to raise 79 kilogrammes of water 1°.

Every solid upon assuming the liquid condition renders latent a certain quantity of heat; and every liquid becoming a solid gives out its latent heat.

form water, produce a very high degree of heat. This has been taken advantage of in the "oxy-hydrogen blow-pipe." Two strong india-rubber bags are filled with the gases, which are carried by separate tubes to the burner. The mixed gases issue through a fine nozzle, and when lit they burn with a pale nonluminous flame, which has a very high temperature: wire, watch-springs, etc., are melted immediately, and in many instances the metal scintillates beautifully.

Fig. 28.

When the jet is directed on a piece of lime, the lime is raised

The fact that a solid cannot pass into a liquid without rendering "latent" a certain quantity of heat, has been taken advantage of to form freezing mixtures. Whenever a solid is so acted upon by another solid or a liquid as to be compelled to assume a liquid condition, heat must be taken from surrounding bodies. Snow, or powdered ice, and salt liquefy each other, and produce the temperature of Fahrenheit's zero. Ammonium nitrate and an equal weight of water will offer an example of a freezing mixture in which one of the bodies is already in a liquid condition. If either of these mixtures be made in a test tube, moisture will first condense on the outside and then freeze. If ice be required in some quantity, a thin dish containing water is placed in the

mixture.

In the raising of the temperature of water from 0°, a very remarkable exception to an otherwise universal law is observed. All bodies expand when heated; but upon heating water at 0° Cent. it contracts until it reaches 4° Cent., and from this point

Throughout the wide domain of science there is no fact which more distinctly indicates that an all-wise God overrules and directs the laws which are the offspring of his own great mind. If this deviation carried with it all other consequences of an altered density, we might have thought it was only the natural result of some undiscovered law; but here it stands isolated, and the effects which in other cases would follow as natural consequences are arrested.

For instance, when light passes through a transparent medium, it is diverted from its path, or "refracted." If the density of this body be increased, its power of refraction increases. We should expect, therefore, that as water increases in its density from 0° to 4°, its refractive power would likewise increase, but Arago and Fresnel have proved that such is not the case.

When water freezes a sudden expansion takes place; 1 volume of water becomes 1.099 of ice. This is the reason why waterpipes burst during a frost. If the pipes will not stretch they crack, and when the thaw melts the ice the damage appears. This is the great geological agent in disintegrating rocks.

When water is heated the thermometer steadily rises until it reaches 100 Cent., when the liquid enters into ebullition. The heat still passes into the vessel, but it does not affect the thermometer; as in the case of the melting ice, it becomes "latent' in turning the water into steam. The latent heat of steam is said to be 536 units of heat; that is, in condensing a kilogramme of steam at 100° into water at 100°, as much heat is given out as will raise 536 kilogrammes of water 1°.

Evaporation is the turning of water into steam at the surface only, and it is carried on at all temperatures. Even ice and snow evaporate.

Ebullition, on the other hand, is the turning of water into steam throughout the mass of the liquid.

The surface of the water sustains the weight of the atmosphere -760 mm.: if, therefore, a particle of water be converted into steam within the mass of the liquid, it must have a force sufficient to lift up the superincumbent pressure of the atmosphere; therefore ebullition is said to take place when the "tension" of the steam is 760 mm., or when the steam has a force capable of lifting 14.67 pounds on every square inch of the surface of the vessel in which it is confined.

At all temperatures steam has some

tension."

If at any temperature the tension of the steam equal the pressure to which the water is subjected,ebullition will commence. Make some water in a Florence flask boil; while the steam is escaping cork it tightly. Now the flask contains no air, only water and its vapour. Invert the flask, so that the hot water fills the neck; pour cold water on the flask. The steam inside is condensed, and therefore the pressure on the water greatly diminished, whereupon it will again boil. It will be found that when the flask is suddenly jerked the water strikes the glass like a solid body, because there is no air to cushion the blow. This is the "philosopher's hammer."

Whenever a liquid becomes a vapour it can only do so by absorbing a large amount of heat. By exhausting the air from a vessel containing water or ether, the liquid is made to evaporate very rapidly. To effect its evaporation it abstracts heat from all the bodies in its neighbourhood. By this means, as we shall afterwards find, we can produce great cold.

A limited space can only contain a certain quantity of vapour. When it cannot hold any more it is said to be saturated. Whether there be air or not in the space does not affect the quantity of vapour; but if the space be a vacuum-as Torricelli's vacuum-it is immediately filled; whereas if there be air in it, the evaporation goes on slowly; and just as hot water can contain more salt than cold water, so hot air can contain more steam than cold. Hence when the cold east wind meets a warmer current, the moisture which this latter contains is condensed, and we have rain. The less moisture the air contains-that is, the "dryer" the air-the more rapid will be the evaporation. Around the body there is an atmosphere containing much moisture, which is constantly evaporating from the skin. If we blow upon any part of the body we remove this atmosphere loaded with moisture, and replace it by a much dryer one; therefore we increase the rate of evaporation, and consequently more heat is demanded from that part, and we feel "cold."

Fig. 30.

Bodies have different "capacities for heat," or their "specific heats" vary. If, for example, we place at the same distance from the same fire, for the same time, a glass of mercury and a glass of water, we shall find that although each of the liquids has received the same quantity of heat, yet the mercury has a very much higher temperature than the water. The water, having absorbed the heat, gives very little out; whereas the mercury, being capable of containing only of the heat taken in by the water, gives off a much larger quantity, and therefore has a much higher temperature.

Water has the highest specific heat of any solid or liquid, hence the "specific heat of water" is taken as the standard, 1. This fact is of great service in the economy of Nature. The seas are great reservoirs of heat, and during the hot times they cool the countries whose shores they wash, and during the nights and the winters they give out their heat, and thus equalise the temperature.

In perusing the following examples the subject of "latent heat" will be rendered clearer.

If I place 5 kilogrammes of ice at 0° in 60 kilogrammes of water at 100° Cent., what will be the resulting temperature? Let x = the required temperature; the ice in melting into water at 0° would require

79 x 5 kilogs. =395 units of heat. This water would now be raised from 0° to r°, and would require for this

5 kilogs. x x = 5x units of heat.

that is, the temperature of the water after the ice is melted and the mixture has become of uniform temperature, is 86.2°.

How much steam at 100° must be passed into a tank containing 400 kilogrammes of water at 150 Cent. in order to make the water boil?

Let x=

the kilogrammes of steam required. In condensing

536 x x units of heat.

THE suffixes of which we have spoken enter into the structure of the words with which they are severally connected. Thus the ment in amendment forms an essential part of the term. If ment is sundered from amend, the word amendment ceases to exist; and instead of a noun, there arises a verb, the verb to amend.

Other words are appended to roots without entering into union with them. For instance, we say, cast down and cast up. Here down and up form no part of cast. Cut off down and up, and cast remains the same. Yet down and up modify the meaning of cast, and they modify it in a very important way. And down and up come after cast. In some sort, then, they are suffixes. They perform the part of suffixes in regard to meaning, and they differ from suffixes chiefly in not combining with the root as do the suffixes already considered. Hence they appear to be uncombined suffixes. Putting the two together, I may designate suffixes, properly so called, combined suffixes, and those that do not enter into the composition of words, uncombined suffixes.

The uncombined suffixes down and up are adverbs. Adverbs form one class of uncombined suffixes. Another class consists of prepositions; for instance, we say, I speak to, and I speak of. Here to and of are prepositions. These uncombined suffixes, you see, very materially modify the meaning of the verb to speak. Consequently, the right employment of prepositions as suffixes is a matter of great consequence.

If you carefully follow me in what immediately ensues, you will see that there is good reason to believe that the English is a very flexible and a very rich language, and that it owes these qualities largely to the existence in a free and uncompounded state of many of its words. Let me explain what I mean by "a free and uncompounded state." Suppose that fall and down had coalesced into one word: thus, to falldown; then falldown would be a compound, and neither fall nor down would be free, being absorbed in the new term. Indeed, we have in the shape of a noun this very compound, only the terms are inverted as in downfall. Now down and fall thus combining, you cannot modify fall by using other prefixes; you cannot, for instance, say outfall in the sense of a quarrel, although the term is used for the opening from which the water of a canal, sewer, or drain escapes. But with down, as an uncombined prefix, you can say fall out equally well with fall down; and as you can say fall out, so can you also say fall in. Indeed, the power of expression thus acquired is almost endless. The greater is the pity that some writers, ignorant of the treasures of the Saxon element of our language, and misled by false views of elegance, should have given preference to Latinisms, and frowned on the idiomatic diction which ensues from the employment of our uncombined suffixes.

Here are forty-one different acceptations of the word went. In no other language known to me is this multiplying power exceeded, if indeed it is equalled, even in the German; while in most languages, as in Latin, in French, and in Spanish, the facility of combination is very much less.

So familiar, however, are Englishmen with the import and the application of the uncombined adverbs, that I have no need to go through them in detail. It may be more useful to give two or three instances of the way in which they modify the verb to which they are subjoined.

Here are fifty-six words made out of four with the aid of suffixes, which being common property may enter into union with many other verbs. In Todd's edition of Dr. Johnson's Dictionary, sixty-two different applications of the verb to cast are given and exemplified; and this variety is owing mainly to the efficacy of the uncombined suffixes. The diversity of meaning given by these suffixes is no less remarkable. To run up an account is a very different matter from running down an enemy's vessel. By blowing up a citadel, a revolt may be put down. You may enter into a cave, and you may enter into Milton's conception of Samson Agonistes. If you have money, you may set up your carriage; if you are liberal, you may, at the same time, set up a friend; and if you have also a proper spirit, you will not fail to set down the impertinent. Edgar, having run through his fortune, enlisted as a common soldier, and was run through in battle. To laugh with one's friends is agreeable; to be laughed at by them is very unpleasant. "So long as nature

Will bear up with this exercise, so long

I daily vow to use it."-Shakespeare.

"It shows a greatness of soul for persons in distress to bear up against the storms of fortune."—Broome.

"They are content to bear with my folly."-Sidney.
"With such alacrity they bore away."-Dryden.
"Whose navy like a stiff-stretched cord did shew,
Till he bore in and bent them into flight."-Dryden.
"As a lion bounding in his way

With force augmented bears against his prey.”—Dryden. "The weight of the body doth bear most upon the knee joints."—

Wilkins.

"I doubted whether that occasion could bear me out in my confidence."-Temple.

"An eagle fluttereth over her young, and beareth them on her wings." (Deut. xxxii. 11.)

"Do you suppose the state of this realm to be so feeble, that it cannot bear off a greater blow than this ?"—Hayward.

"And bears down all before it with impetuous force."-Dryden. "And ebbing tides bear back upon th' uncertain sand."-Dryden. "Cæsar doth bear me hard; but he loves Brutus."-Shakespeare. "Give but the word, we'll snatch his damsel up, And bear her off."-Cato.

"A being of dependent nature remains independent upon him."South.

It is a rule that verbs, compounds of the Greek, Latin, and French languages, take after them the same prepositions as those which enter into their structure; thus, we say sympathise with, for the sym of sympathise denotes with. In the same way we say adhere to; intervene between. Yet we say prefer to, instead of prefer before (præ, Latin, before). We have also

a river.

To go near a bridge. To go along a bridge. To go over a bridge. To go across a bridge. To go under a bridge. To go upon a bridge. To go above a bridge.

To go upon On a tempestuous night a horseman fatigued with a long day's journey, in attempting to go across a dilapidated bridge, was blown over

it into the river. If you go through the Thames you will probably be drowned; if, by means of the Tunnel, you go under it, you will not wet the sole of your foot. A balloon will carry you over the Thames, and you may cross the river in a wherry. I sauntered along the river, and at length went upon its tranquil bosom. My cousin walked under the bridge, while I was above it in the balloon, and we both saw the sheep go into the river.

These adverbial suffixes must not be confounded with ordinary adverbs. They are only a small portion of ordinary adverbs. Their connection with their verbs is more intimate than is the connection of ordinary adverbs, for though uncombined they form a part of the verb in each case, and are essential to its signification. The office of the ordinary adverb is not to change the import of a verb, but to denote the manner of its action. In to bear patiently, the adverb patiently does nothing more than mark the way in which the evil is borne; it is borne patiently, not impatiently, not peevishly, not complainingly. But to bear through, as "the admiral bore through the enemy's line," is in the primitive sense of the term not to bear at all, nor in the derivative sense to endure, but to sail or direct a ship. Besides, ordinary adverbs may be connected with these adverbial suffixes; as, for example, "the admiral boldly bore through the enemy's line."

UNCOMBINED SUFFIXES.

2. Prepositions.

I have termed the uncombined suffixes of which I have spoken adverbs and adverbial suffixes. In doing so I have, in regard to such as into, through, etc., considered them in their connection with their several verbs. Thus viewed, they in construction are taken as parts of their verbs. In consequence the verbs become compound, and in their compound state govern their objects. But through, into, and others may be viewed as prepositions. When so considered they are connected not so much with the verb as with the noun, which in that case is governed not by the verb but by the preposition; in other words, the noun is directly dependent on the preposition rather than on the verb. I may illustrate my meaning by an example of

In the use of prepositions in connection with verbs, special regard must be paid to usage. The power of the verb is materially affected by the preposition. This fact is broadly seen in the appending of to or of to the verb to speak; for example, to speak to, to speak of. Besides the phrase to speak to, we use the phrase to speak with. The two meanings are nearly the same, but to speak to is to address, and to speak with is to interchange remarks, to converse. The usage you are to follow is present usage. In its very nature usage is a varying thing. Of old, to lay hold on was employed in the way of our to lay hold of. At present we say dependent on, but independent of, yet the two adjectives, as they differ only in the negative in, would naturally require the same construction; and in former days on was used with independent as well as dependent.

"He gives a reason conformable to the principles."-Arbuthnot. With, however, seems to denote a greater degree of resemblance or correspondence than to. According to the rule just enunciated, averse (a, from; and verto, I turn) would take from after it; yet we say not averse from, but averse to. Exception (ex, out of; and capio, I take) would require out of or from; yet we say, exception to.

"Pleads, in exception to all general rules,

Your taste of follies with our scorn of fools."-Pope.

The elegance as well as the propriety of language much depends on a correct use of the prepositions, and, consequently, I shall make them the subject of a series of exercises in English composition.

heads down ?

PARSING.

God made the little worm that crawleth on the ground. I saw a fly crawl up the window pane. Let us go forth into the green fields. John has gone down into the cellar. The buds come out on the trees. The cowslips hold up their heads; will the cowslips never hang their The goslings are running on the green. They are now When the going down into the pond. The hen sits upon her nest. The sheep can hen has broken the shell, the chicken will come out. scarcely stand under their wool. The butterflies flutter from bush to bush. The young animals of every kind sport about. The shepherd careth for his sheep, and bringeth them back to the fold. My son, take care of your aged mother, and sustain her in her weakness. Your mother brought you up on her knees. You lay in her bosom. She fed you with her own vital substance. Therefore, let her now, in her age, cleave to you, and, upheld by you, let her gently go down into her tomb. EXERCISES IN COMPOSITION.

Make a simple sentence comprising the words which follow. Words with their proper Prepositions.

Abandoned to, F. R.* abandon, surrender.

Questions: What is the difference between accord with, and accord to? between accountable to, and accountable for? between admit, and admit of? between address, and address to ?

In order that you may clearly see what I require, I give a sentence or two by way of example.

Such conduct draws upon him the abhorrence of all men. Such conduct subjects him to the wrath of God.

The former sentence is constructed on draws upon; the latter is constructed on subjects to. Suppose that I had given absence from and arrival at, as the germs of a sentence, then I perform what is demanded, thus :

Your absence from home has given your parents much pain. John's arrival at Portsmouth has inspired all the family with hope.

* F. R. signifies Foreign Representatives, that is, the stem in the Latin, French, etc., which forms the root or substance of the word: in these stems, only the essential or radical letters are given.