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GEOMETRICAL PERSPECTIVE.—III. BEFORE proceeding farther and deeper into our subject, we wish to draw the pupil's attention to an explanation of projection, a term applied not only to perspective but also to other systems of representation, namely, orthographic and isometric. Our reason for introducing this now, is in order to make it clearly understood how the plan of an object is to be treated when we are about to make a perspective drawing of that object, as we very frequently meet with cases when the plan of the object to be represented must be drawn according to the position which that object presents, whether horizontal or inclined. The plan, as we said in Lesson I., is produced by perpendicular lines drawn from every part of an object upon a horizontal plane. Now, there can be no difficulty in drawing a plan when the subject represented by it is parallel with the ground or horizontal plane; but it occurs sometimes that it is placed at an angle with both planes, that is, with the picture-plane and ground

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8. If of a yard cost

men to build it?

of a crown, what will 3 yards cost? 9. If 10 men build a wall in 7 days, how long would it take 24 10. If 6 men build a wall in 15 days, how many men would it take just to finish it in 22 days?

11. If of a ton costs 9s. 8d., what would 4 of a cwt. cost? 12. If a twopenny loaf weighs 1 lb. 2 oz. when wheat is 50s. a quarter, what should it weigh when wheat sells for 60s. ?

13. If the weight of a cubic inch of distilled water be 2533 grains, and a cubic foot of water weighs 1000 oz. avoirdupois, find the number of grains in a pound avoirdupois.

14. If 1 lb. avoirdupois weighs 7,000 grains, and 1 lb. troy weighs 5,700 grains, find how many pounds avoirdupois are equal to 175 lbs. troy.

15. Find the rent of 27a. 3r. 15p. at £1 3s. 6d. per acre. 16. The price of standard silver being 5s. 6d. per ounce, how many shillings are coined out of a pound troy?

17. A bankrupt's assets are £1,500 10s., and he pays 9s. 3¦d. in the pound what are his debts?

18. If standard gold is worth 1d. per grain, how many sovereigns would be coined out of a pound troy of gold?

19. What is the income of a man who pays 538. 10d. tax when it is 7d. in the pound? 20. Raising the income-tax 1d. in the pound increases my amount of tax by £2 3s. 4d., and the tax I actually pay is £15 3s. 4d. : what is the rate of the income-tax?

21. A barrel of beer lasts a man and his wife 3 weeks, she drinking half the amount he does: how long would it last 5 such couples ?

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stand the first principles of orthographic projection, namely, projection by straight lines upon vertical and horizontal planes. We have mentioned above another method of projection, isometric; as the term has been introduced, we will explain its meaning and then pass it by, as it does not, like orthographic, form any The term isometric signifies likeauxiliary to perspective. measurement, that is, all the parts of the drawing, both near

and distant, are drawn to one and the same scale, also the plan and elevation are combined in one drawing. It is a method much used by architects and engineers when they wish to give what is generally called a bird's-eye view of a building, etc., without diminishing the distant parts, as shown in perspective projection. A drawing made isometrically will enable a stranger to understand the proportions, position, and general character of a subject probably better than any other system; hence the reason of its frequent use.

The extent to which we intend to proceed with orthographic projection must be limited to that which relates to, and can assist us in, our present subject, by which we hope to make it a valuable auxiliary in our efforts to render the science of perspective easy and intelligible.

The difference between the results of perspective and ortho. graphic projection is caused by the altered position of the eye only, and from that place is included all that can be scen within when viewing the object. In perspective the eye is in one place the angle of sight. In orthographic projection the eye is supposed to be opposite every part at the same time, above the object when the plan is represented, and before it when the elevation is represented; consequently, in perspective, all the visual rays proceeding from the object to the eye converge to one point; but in orthographic projection these rays are drawn parallel with each other, and perpendicularly to the plane of projection, whether the plane is horizontal or vertical. To make this clear, we request the pupil to compare Figs. 5 and 6 of the last Lesson with Fig. 8, when he will notice that the characteristic difference between the two systems rests entirely upon the different treatment of the lines of projection, which, as we have said, converge in one case, and are parallel in the other. Fig. 8 is to show how a cube is projected orthographically upon vertical and horizontal planes of projection. A is the vertical, and в the horizontal. c is the cube in space, that is, at a distance from angles of the cube perpendicularly to and meeting the plane B, both planes of projection. If straight lines are drawn from the and then lines (a, b, c, d) be drawn to unite them, we shall have a plan of the cube; and as the edges in this case are placed perpendicularly with the ground, the plan will be a square. Again, if horizontal and parallel lines are drawn from the angles of the cube until they meet the vertical plane A, and aro then joined by the lines e, f, g, h, we shall produce the elevation; and because the horizontal edges of the cube are perpendicular to the vertical plane of projection, the drawing in this case also will be a square. Consequently, it will be seen that the drawing of the plan or the elevation is the same size as the object on the respective plano to which the object is parallel, according to the given scale of that object, as in Figs. 10 and 11. This result makes orthographic projection of much importance for practical purposes. The working drawings for the guidance of builders and mechanists are made by this method. Horizontal lengths and breadths are shown both in the plan and elevation, but

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heights are indicated only in the elevations. Sometimes when the subject is a simple one-for instance, a plain wall-its course and thickness will be shown in the plan, and its height marked by indices in brackets at the end, as (10.5 feet), meaning that it is to be built 10 feet 6 inches high. Fig. 9 is the plan and front elevation of a cottage. It will be seen that if the plan be drawn first, perpendicularly dotted lines must be drawn parallel with each other from every angle, and from the terminations and projections of each line, which will determine the extent of the elevation and of its several parts, but not its height. If the elevation be drawn first, the perpendicularly dotted lines are projected downwards to produce the plan. In orthographic projection we usually draw a line to represent the meeting or axis of the two planes of projection, the horizonal and the vertical, which, as in Fig. 10, we have marked ry; therefore it must be remembered that all above that line is understood to be the vertical plane of projection upon which the elevations are drawn, and all below it the horizontal plane upon which the plans are drawn. The plan of a circle when parallel with the ground is a circle of the same size indicated by the scale. The elevation is a straight line only, equal to the diameter (Fig. 10). If the circle is standing on its edge perpendicularly to the ground, then its plan is a straight line only, and the elevation is a circle (Fig. 11). To illustrate the positions (Fig. 10), let the pupil hold a pennypiece horizontally before, and level with, his eyes; he will see the edge, the elevation; then let him place it upon the ground, and look down upon it; he will see the whole circumference, the plan. Reverse the position of the penny, and do the same for Fig. 11. We trust there will be no difficulty now in understanding the position of the eye with respect to both planes of projection. As we intend to devote the present Lesson to the consideration of this subject, preparatory to more important questions in perspective, we will give our pupils a few simple problems for practice, reserving others of a more complicated nature till they are required in future Lessons.

PROBLEM II. (Fig. 12).—A rod, 4 feet long, is parallel with, and 2 feet from, both planes; draw its plan and elevation. Scale inch to the foot.-First draw ay, the axis of the planes, and draw ab, 4 feet long, parallel with and 2 feet from xy; then from the extremities a and b draw perpendicular lines to c and d; mark c and d 2 feet above xy, and join them; e will be the elevation, and ƒ the plan.

PROBLEM III. (Fig. 13).-When the same rod is at an angle of 40° with the vertical plane and parallel with the horizontal plane.-Draw a line eg at an angle of 40° with xy, make ef equal to 2 feet, and draw fa parallel to a y: a will be the plan of one end of the rod 2 feet from the vertical plane; upon eg and from a make a b, the plan, equal to 4 feet: draw the perpendicular lines a c and b d, and draw cd, the elevation, parallel with and 2 feet above xy.

PROBLEM IV. (Fig. 14).-When a rod is at an angle of 40° with the ground and parallel with the vertical plane.-Draw eg at an angle of 40° with zy, and draw the perpendicular ef 2 feet from xy, also fc parallel with xy; cut off cd, equal to 4 feet, the whole extent of the rod: from c and d draw perpendiculars cutting ay to a and b; join a b, for the plan, parallel with xy.

When the object is at an angle with both planes, the angle of

inclination with the horizon is made on the horizontal plane. PROBLEM V. (Fig. 15).—Let the rod have one end on the ground, and let it rise at an inclination of 50°, and let its plan be at an angle of 40° with the vertical plane.-Draw the line eag at the given angle 40° with the vertical plane; upon this line the plan will be represented. Draw a h at an angle of 50° with a g, and make a m equal to the length of the rod; from m draw mn perpendicular to ag; an will then be the plan of the rod when inclined to the horizon at 50°. Draw ned and ab at right angles with xy, and make cd equal to mn; join bd; the line bd will be the vertical elevation. That this may be more clearly understood, we will draw the eidograph of the problem, Fig. 16, that is, the figure or appearance it would present when placed in conjunction with the two planes of projection (Fig. 8 is also an eidograph). In Fig. 16 a o is the given rod, and an is its plan. Now in order to get the inclination of a o, the rod, which is raised from the paper at an inclination of 50°, must be rabatted, that is, thrown down upon the horizontal plane; the course of the dotted arc o m will show this. We must construct the angle of the inclination of the rod upon the horizontal plane, that is, the

angle it forms with the ground; therefore man will be equal to o an; this was the reason the angle man in Fig. 15 was made 50°. By comparing Figs. 15 and 16, the same letters being used in both, the corresponding lines will be seen, and it will be understood why c d in Fig. 15 is made equal to mn, because, as in Fig. 16, mn is equal to no, the distance of the upper end of the rod from the ground, and no is equal to cd, therefore m n is equal to c d.

PROBLEM VI. (Fig. 17).-The frustrum of a right square pyramid rests with its base on a horizontal plane, the lengths of the edges of the top and base being respectively 13 and 2.4 inches, and the height 2.8 inches; draw its plan and elevation.—If a pyramid be divided into two parts by a plane parallel to its base, the part next the base is called a frustrum of a pyramid, or sometimes a truncated pyramid. Draw the square a b d c, the plan of the base 2-4 inches side (see Lessons in Geometry, Problem XVIII., Vol. I., page 255), and within it the square efhg, the plan of the top 1.3 inch side. In order to place the plan of the top so that the edges shall be equidistant from the edges of the plan of the base, proceed as follows:-Draw the diagonals cb and ad, make cn equal to 1.3 inch, and draw nh parallel to cgfb; draw gh parallel to cd; the rest will be evident, as the angles are in the diagonals, and the sides are parallel to ab and ac respectively. Having drawn the plans, then draw ay, the ground line, parallel to one side of the square; draw am and bl; draw the lines ei and fk, continuing them above ay equal to the height of the frustrum 2.8 inches; join im, kl, and i k; mikl will be the elevation. The pupil will observe that other elevations can be drawn from the same plan, opposite any other side, when required for working purposes-a common practice in drawing extra elevations for building construction; in these cases all that is necessary is to arrange the ground line or axis of the planes opposite the side of which the elevation is required. Fig. 18 is the same subject as Fig. 17: x y is placed parallel to one of the diagonals of the plan, consequently two faces of the frustrum are seen, a' and b', shown in the plan as a and b.

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2. The first person singular, and the first and second persons plural of the imperative, are the same as the first person singular, and the first and second persons plural of the present of the indicative. The pronouns are dropped :Je parle, parle; Jo fiuis, finis. I speak, speak; I finish, finish.

imperative, aic, ayons, ayez; être, to be, sois, soyons, soyez ; savoir, to know, sache, sachons, sachez; and aller, va, and vas

3. Exceptions.-Avoir, have, make in those persons of the

before not followed by an infinitive.

4. Vouloir has only the second person plural, veuillez, have the goodness to....

5. A third person singular and plural is given in the imperabelong properly to the subjunctive, as they express rather a tive by most of the French grammarians. These parts, however, strong wish than a command. The English expressions, let him speak, that he may speak, are rendered in French by qu'il parle. English to the right, to the left. 6. A droite, à gauche, correspond in signification to the Allez à droite, à gauche,

Go to the right, to the left.

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Attend-re, 4, to expect, Gât-er, 1, to spoil.
to wait for.

Robe, f., dress.

go

Soin, m., care.

Tomb-er, 1, to fall.

5.

1. Envoyez chercher le médecin, votre petit garçon est malade. 2. Nous l'avons déjà envoyé chercher. 3. Vous n'avez pas besoin de votre crayon, prêtez-le-moi [Sect. XXVI. 4; Sect. XXVII. 4]. 4. Je ne saurais vous le prêter, je m'en sers. Donnez-le-moi ou me le prêtez [§ 100 (6)]. 6. Je l'ai promis à votre institutrice. 7. Si vous ne le lui avez pas dit, dites-le-lui aussitôt que possible. 8. Ne le lui dites pas encore. 9. Parlezlui-en [§ 39, 17] la prochaine fois que vous le verrez. 10. Ayez patience, mon ami, votre père ne tardera pas venir. 11. Obéissez à votre précepteur. 12. Je lui obéis toujours, donnezlui-en une bonne partie. 13. Je lui en ai déjà donné plus des deux tiers. 14. Avez-vous porté cette clef au serrurier ? 15. J'ai oublié de la lui remettre. 16. Portez-la-lui sans faute cette après-midi. 17. Veuillez me dire où demeure M. G. 18. Prenez la première rue à gauche, il demeure dans la deuxième maison à droite. 19. Allons, Mesdemoiselles, dépêchons-nous. 20. Monez-les-y le plus tôt possible. 21. Ne me les rapportez pas. 22. Renvoyez-les-moi lemain. 23. Portons-les-y. 24. Ne les y portons pas. 25. Prêtez-les-lui, mais ne les lui donnez pas.

EXERCISE 134.

chocolate.

Chocolat, m.,
Courrier, m., courier.
Croi-re, 4, ir., to believe.
Déchir-er, 1, to tear.

Gouverneur, m.,

vernor.

Lorsque, when.
Port-er, 1, to wear.
Quelquefois, sometimes.
EXERCISE 135.

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1. Allez voir mon frère, il a quelque chose à vous communi quer. 2. Courez leur dire que je les attends. 3. Mon frère a bien pris garde de déchirer ses habits. 4. Votre cousine a-telle pris garde de tacher sa robe? 5. Elle a pris garde de tomber, car en tombant elle l'aurait gâtée. 6. Ces petites filles ont-elles pris le deuil ? 7. Elles viennent de le prendre. 8. Pour qui prenez-vous le deuil ? 9. Je porte le deuil de ma mère. 10. Prenez-vous du thé ou du café le matin? 11. Nous prenons du thé et du café. 12. Ne prenez-vous pas quelquefois du chocolat ? 13. Nous n'en prenons que lorsque nous sommes malades. 14. Quel parti le gouverneur a-t-il pris? 15. Il a pris le parti de se taire. 16. Prendrez-vous mon parti (my part) ou celui de votre fils? 17. Je prendrai le vôtre, si je crois que vous avez raison. 18. Pourquoi ne prenez-vous pas la peine de lire sa lettre ? 19. Parce qu'elle n'en vaut pas la peine. 20. Votre courrier a-t-il pris les devants? 22. N'avez-vous pas tort de n'a pu prendre les devants. you prendre son parti? 23. Je n'ai pas tort de le prendre. 24. Avez-vous pris le thé (your tea)? 25. Nous n'avons pas pris (our) le thé, nous avons pris le café?

1. Give a book to the young man. 2. I have already given him one, and he does not read it. 3. Lend it to him, if will not give it to him. 4. I will not lend it to him. 5. Make haste, young ladies, it is ten o'clock. 6. Have the goodness to give me a pen. 7. I have given one to your brother. 8. Obey your father, and speak to your sister. 9. Will you not send for the letter? 10. I will send for it. 11. Send for it as soon as you can. 12. Do not do so (le), but write to my cousin. 13. Come, children (mes enfants), learn your lesson. 14. Give him some [§ 39 (17)], or lend him some [§ 100 (6)]. 15. Do not make haste, we have (le) time. 16. Have patience, my child, the merchant will soon come. 17. Send it to him, if you cannot give it to him. 18. Write to him this afternoon without fail. 19. I would write to him if I had time. 20. Let us take the first street to the left. 21. Take the second street to the right. 22. Pay attention to what your brother says. 23. Let us tell the truth. 24. Let us read that book to-day. 25. Pay your debts as soon as possible. 26. Let us obey our instructor. 27. Carry the key to him. 28. Bring me back the books which I have lent you. 29. Do not bring them back to me, read them. 30. Let us have patience, we shall soon have money. 31. Let us speak to them, they are at my father's. 32. Tell them that I intend to write to them to-morrow morning. 33. Go to church this afternoon. 34. Bring me back my letters. 35. Do not carry them there, but bring them to me as soon as possible.

EXERCISE 136.

21. П

1. Has your brother taken care not to spoil his hat? 2. He has taken care not to spoil it, he has only one. 3. Go and speak to your sister, she calls you (appelle). 4. Will you not take a cup (tasse) of tea? 5. I have just taken my tea. 6. What have you said to your little girl? 7. I have told her to take care not to tear her dress. 8. Let us take care not to tear that book. taken his tea? 9. My son has just brought it. 10. Has he 12. At what hour do you take tea at your house? 11. He has not yet taken tea, it is too early. 13. We take tea at six o'clock. 14. Do you take tea or coffee for breakfast (à votre déjeûner)? 15. We take coffee. 16. Is your courier gone on before? 17. He has not been able to go on before. 18. What resolution have you taken? 19. I have taken the resolution to study my lesson. 20. Have you taken care not to tear your books? 21. I have taken care not to stain them. 22. What has your brother determined? 23. He has determined to remain silent. 24. Have you taken my part? 25. I have taken my brother's part. 26. Are you right to take his part? 27. I am right to take his part, because he is right. 28. Are you not afraid to take his part ? 29. I am not

SECTION LXX. THE IMPERATIVE AND THE INFINITIVE afraid to take his part. 30. Will you take your sister's part

IDIOMS, ETC.

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or mine? 31. I will take my sister's part. 32. Go and read
33. I know my
your book, you do not know your lesson.
lesson, and I know also that you are my friend.
go to our father, he wants us.

34. Let us

KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN FRENCH.
EXERCISE 42 (Vol. I., page 207).

1. Où votre ami va-t-il ? 2. Il va chez vous ou chez votre frère 3. N'a-t-il pas l'intention d'aller chez votre associé ? 4. Il a l'intention d'y aller, mais il n'a pas le temps aujourd'hui. 5. De quoi avez-vous besoin aujourd'hui ? 6. J'ai besoin de mon gilet qui est ches l tailleur. 7. Vos habits sont-ils chez le peintre ? 8. Ils n'y sont pas, ils sont chez le tailleur. 9. Où demeurez-vous, mon ami 10. Ja

15.

demeure chez votre belle-sœur. 11. Monsieur votre père est-il à
la maison? 12. Non, Monsieur, il n'y est pas. 13. Où votre domes-
tique porte-t-il le bois? 14. Il le porte chez le capitaine russe.
Le monsieur qui cst avec Monsieur votre père, demeure-t-il chez
lui 16. Non, Monsieur, il demeure chez moi. 17. A-t-il tort de
demeurer chez vous? 18. Non, Monsieur, il a raison de demeurer chez
moi. 19. D'où le charpentier vient-il? 20. Il vient de chez son
associé. 21. A-t-il deux associés ? 22. Non, Monsieur, il n'en a
qu'un, qui demeure ici. 23. Avez-vous le temps d'aller chez nous ce
matin? 24. Nous avons le temps d'y aller. 25. Nous avons l'inten-
tion d'y aller et de parler à Mademoiselle votre sœur. 26. Est-elle
chez vous? 27. Elle est chez elle. 28. Avez-vous du pain, du beurre
et du fromage à la maison ? 29. Nous y avons du pain et du beurre.
30. Nous n'y avons pas de fromage, nous n'aimons pas le fromage. 31.
Votre montre est-elle chez l'horloger? 32. Elle y est. 33. Avez-vous
deux montres d'or? 34. Je n'ai qu'une montre d'or. 35. Qui a
l'intention d'aller chez mon père ce matin? 36. Personne n'a l'inten-
tion d'y aller.

EXERCISE 43 (Vol. I., page 215).

1. Where am I going? 2. You are going to the hatter's. 3. Am I going to the bank? 4. You are going to the bank and to the concert. 5. Do I cut your wood? 6. You cut neither my wood nor my coat. 7. Do I wear a green hat? 8. You do not wear a green hat, you wear a black one. 9. Is your scholar going anywhere? 10. He is going to church, to school, and to market. 11. Is he not going to the hairdresser's ? 12. He is going nowhere. 13. Do you not wear red leather boots? 14. I wear black leather ones. 15. Do you not go to the banker's? 16. I do not go to his house, he is absent since yesterday. 17. Is he coming to the bank this morning? 18. He intends to come if he has time. 19. Has he a wish to go to the concert? 20. He has a great wish to go, but he has no ticket. 21. Do you live in this village? 22. Yes, Sir, I do. 23. Do you send this note to the postoffice? 24. I send it to its address.

EXERCISE 44 (Vol. I., page 215).

est-il ? 14. Il est chez Monsieur votre père ou chez M. votre frère. 15. Avez-vous l'intention d'envoyer chercher le médecin ? 16. J'ai l'intention de l'envoyer chercher. 17. Ai-je raison d'envoyer chercher l'Ecossais ? 18. Vous avez tort de l'envoyer chercher. 19. Allez-vous trouver M. votre père l'après-midi ? 20. Je vais le trouver le matin. 21. Votre frère va-t-il chez votre oncle tous les lundis. 22. Il y va tous les dimanches. 23. Allez-vous apprendre la musique? 24. Ma nièce va l'apprendre, si elle a le temps. 25. Est-ce que je vais lire ou écrire ? 26. Vous allez lire demain. 27. Va-t-il chez vous tous les jours? 28. Il vient vous trouver tous les mercredis. 29. À quelle heure ? 30. À neuf heures moins un quart. 31. Vient-il de bonne heure ou tard? 32. Il vient à neuf heures et quart. 33. Qu'allez-vous chercher ? 34. Nous allons chercher des légumes, de la viande et du sucre. 35. Nous avons besoin de sucre tous les matins,

EXERCISE 47 (Vol. I., page 251).

1. Are you going to write to him? 2. I am going to write to him and communicate to him this news. 3. Are you going to speak to him of me? 4. I am going to speak to him of you and of your companion. 5. Do you send them fine trees? 6. I send them appletrees, pear-trees, and cherry-trees. 7. Do you not send me cherrytrees? 8. I do not, you have some already. 9. Are you right to speak to them of this affair? 10. I am not wrong to speak to them of this affair. 11. Come to us to-morrow morning. 12. Come to us this afternoon. 13. Do you go to them every day? 14. I go to them every evening. 15. Do you give them good advice? 16. I give them good advice and good examples. 17. Do you speak to us about your sisters ? 18. I speak to you of them. 19. Do you not speak to us about our brothers? 20. I speak to you of them. 21. Do you not love them? 22. We love and respect them. 23. Do you think of this book or do you not? 24. We think of it, and we speak of it. 25. We do not think of it.

EXERCISE 48 (Vol. I., page 251).

1. Quand allez-vous écrire à M. votre frère? 2. Je vais lui écrire demain matin. 3. Avez-vous l'intention de lui écrire tous les lundis? 1. Est-ce que je porte mon grand chapeau noir? 2. Vous portez un beau chapeau vert. 3. Le banquier va-t-il chez le perruquier ce 4. J'ai l'intention de lui écrire tous les mardis. 5. Avez-vous envie matin? 4. Il y va ce matin. 5. A-t-il l'intention d'aller à la banque de lui parler aujourd'hui ? 6. J'ai envie de lui parler, mais il n'est ce matin? 6. Il n'a pas l'intention d'y aller, il n'a pas le temps. 7. pas ici. 7. Où est-il? 8. Il est chez lui. 9. Leur parlez-vous? 10. Envoyez-vous vos lettres à la poste? 8. Je ne les y envoie pas, elles Oui, Monsieur, je leur parle de cette affaire. 11. Vous donnent-ils de bons avis ? ne sont pas encore écrites. 9. Est-ce que je vous envoie un billet? 12. Ils me donnent de bons avis et de bons exemples. 10. Vous m'envoyez un billet, mais je n'ai pas envie d'aller au concert. 13. Allez-vous trouver Mademoiselle votre sœur tous les jours ? 14. 11. Monsieur votre frère va-t-il à l'école demain? 12. Il y va auJe vais la trouver tous les matins à neuf heures moins un quart. 15. jourd'hui et il reste demain à la maison. 13. Est-ce que j'y vais? Aime-t-elle à vous voir ? 16. Elle aime à me voir, et elle me reçoit 14. bien. Vous n'allez nulle part. 15. Où allez-vous? 16. Je vais chez M. 17. Pensez-vous à cette affaire ? 18. J'y pense toute la journée. votre frère; est-il à la maison ? 17. Il n'est pas à la maison, il est 19. En parlez-vous avec M. votre frère ? 20. Nous en parlons souvent. absent depuis hier. 18. Monsieur votre frère demeure-t-il dans ce 21. Envoyez-vous votre compagnon chez moi ? 22. Je l'envoie tous village? 19. Il n'y demeure pas, il demeure chez mon neveu. 20. les jours. 23. Êtes-vous chez vous tous les jours? 24. J'y suis tous Avez-vous tort d'aller à l'école? 21. Non, Monsieur, j'ai raison d'aller les matins à dix heures. 25. Aimez-vous à aller à l'église? 26. J'aime à à l'église et à l'école. 22. Avez-vous envie de venir chez moi? 23. y aller tous les dimanches avec un compagnon. 27. Parlez-vous de vos J'aime à aller chez vous et chez M. votre frère. maisons? 24. Quand venez28. J'en parle. 29. M. votre frère parle-t-il de ses amis ? vous chez nous? 25. Demain, si j'ai le temps. 26. Le banquier 30. Oui, Monsieur, il parle d'eux. 31. Pense-t-il à eux ? 32. Oui, aime-t-il à venir ici? 27. Il aime à venir chez vous. 28. Le perruMonsieur, il pense à eux. 33. Pense-t-il à cette nouvelle ? 34. Oui, quier vient-il ? 29. Il ne vient pas encore. 30. Qu'envoyez-vous à Monsieur, il y pense. 35. Je les aime et je les honore. l'écolier ? 31. Je lui envoie des livres, du papier et des habits. Où est-il? 33. Il est à l'école. 34. L'école est-elle dans le village? 35. Elle y est.

EXERCISE 45 (Vol. I., page 236).

32.

us ?

EXERCISE 49 (Vol. I., page 252).

1. Will you give this book to my brother? 2. I can lend it to him, but I cannot give it to him. 3. Will you send them to us? 4. The milliner can send them to you. 5. Do you show them to her? 6. I see them and show them to her. 7. Are you afraid to lend them to 8. I am not afraid to lend them to you. 9. Can you not send us some fish? 10. I cannot send you any, I have but little. 11. Will you speak to them of it? 12. I will speak to them of it, if I do not 14. I come to see forget it. 13. Do you often come to see them? them every morning and every evening. 15. Do you not speak to them of your journey to Poland? 16. I speak to them of it, but they will not believe me. 17. Do I see my acquaintances on Mondays? 18. You see them every day of the week. 19. Do they send you more money than our merchant's clerk ? 20. They send me more than he. 21. Do you send any to the bookseller? 22. I send him some when I owe him. 23. Are you not wrong to send him some? 21. I cannot

1. What are you going to do? 2. I am going to learn my lessons. 3. Are you not going to write to your acquaintances? 4. I am going to write to nobody. 5. Who has just spoken to you? 6. The Irishman has just spoken to us. 7. When is the Scotch lady going to teach you music? 8. She is going to teach me next year. 9. Is she going to commence on Tuesday or on Wednesday? 10. She is going to commence neither on Tuesday nor on Wednesday; she intends to commence on Thursday, if she has time. 11. Does your companion go to church every Sunday? 12. She goes every Sunday and every Wednesday. 13. To whom do you go? 14. I do not go to any one. 15. Do you not intend to come to me to-morrow? 16. I intend to go to your dyer. 17. Do you send for the physician? 18. When I am ill I send for him. 19. Does he remain with you the whole day? be wrong to pay my debts. 20. He remains with me only a few minutes. 21. Do you go to school in the morning? 22. I go in the morning and in the afternoon, 23. Do you go every day? 24. I go every day, except Monday and Sunday. 25. Saturday I remain at home, and Sunday I go to church.

EXERCISE 46 (Vol. I., page 236).

1. L'Irlandais que va-t-il faire? 2. Il va enseigner la musique. 3. Vient-il de commencer son travail? 4. Il vient de le commencer. 5. Qui vient de vous écrire? 6. Le teinturier vient de m'écrire. 7. Votre petit garçon va-t-il à l'église tous les jours? 8. Non, Monsieur, il va à l'église le dimanche, et il va à l'école tous les jours. 9. Allezvous chercher le médecin ? 10. Je l'envoie chercher parceque ma sœur est malade. 11. Allez-vous trouver mon médecin ou le vôtre ? 12. Je vais trouver le mien, le vôtre n'est pas à la maison. 13. Où

LESSONS IN GEOGRAPHY.-XXIII.

EUROPE (continued).

THE maps that accompany our present lesson in Geography present accurate delineations of the principal features of France and the great Scandinavian and Iberian peninsulas. We shall supplement these in our next with a map of the countries of Central and Southern Europe on nearly the same scale as the map of France in this lesson.

We now proceed with an enumeration of the islands which belong to Europe. Of these, by far the most important, both in political and commercial importance, are the British Isles.

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