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with the hydrogen of the fat, forming hydrochloric acid (HCl). The carbon comes away unburnt as smoke.

Bodies rich in hydrogen will frequently take fire when plunged into a jar of this gas. This is the case with a piece of paper dipped in turpentine. Metals in a finely divided state are violently attacked by the gas. Copper leaf and antimony, which is powdered and slightly warmed, even take fire, the result being in every case a chloride of the metal.

The peculiar affinity chlorine possesses for hydrogen gives it the power of bleaching. If grass and fabrics dyed with vegetable colours be dipped into a jar of the gas, they will become white. This will be found to be the case only when the articles are moist; then the chlorine, taking the hydrogen of the water, liberates the oxygen, which, being in its nascent state, is much more active, and attacks the colouring matter, thus bleaching the body. This may be well illustrated by dissolving some indigo in sulphuric acid, and adding to a dilute solution some of the chlorine water above mentioned. The colour entirely disappears. The difference between writing ink and printers' ink is shown by introducing each into a jar of this gas; the former is bleached.

This property of chlorine makes it valuable as a disinfecting agent. It attacks the hydrogen of the noxious gas, and thus destroys it.

Hydrochloric Acid (symbol, HC1; combining weight, 365; density, 18.25). This liquid is also called muriatic acid, or spirits of salt; it is water largely impregnated with the gas hydrochloric acid, which is prepared by gently heating common salt and sulphuric acid in a flask :

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If now a series of electric sparks be passed, some of the gas is again decomposed, and the unaltered acid may be removed by allowing a few drops of water to rise up through the mercury; these absorb the undecomposed HCl. The remaining gas is found to be equal volumes of H and CI. These gases, when mixed in equal proportion, will combine, with an explosion, in sunlight.

Large quantities of this acid are made as a bye product in the manufacture of sodium carbonate. In this, its commercial state, it is very impure, since it contains iron in the form of a chloride, to which its yellow colour is due, and also sulphuric

acid and arsenic.

The result of the action of hydrochloric acid on metals is that chlorides of the metals are formed. Their various salts

may be found by replacing the H in the HCl, according to the atomicity of the metal. The presence of a chloride in a solution may be at once dotected by a few drops of silver nitrate. The white, curdy silver chloride falls.

Aqua regia is a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids, which is capable of dissolving both gold and platinum. Oxides of Chlorine.-Although these elements do not combine by direct means, yet in indirect ways five compounds have been produced:

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Hypochlorous acid HClO Chlorous acid HCIO, Peroxide of chlorine. C1,0,

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Chloric acid HCIO, Perchloric acid . HCIO..

Hypochlorous Acid (HCIO).-The prefix "hypo" is from the Greek ro, under, or beneath, signifying that this acid has less oxygen in it than chlorous acid. It may be obtained by shaking up mercuric oxide with chlorine water. The reaction is

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Cl,O+HgCl..

It is chiefly noted as a powerful bleacher, being the active principle in bleaching powder, which is a mixture of calcium chlorite (CaCl,) and hypochlorite (CaCl,O), and is made by allowing chlorine to enter the top of a chamber in which are trays of well-slaked lime one above the other. The gas falls by its weight, and is absorbed by the lime.

Chloride of lime, as this compound is usually called, emits the odour of hypochlorous acid. When exposed to the air, carbonic acid gradually displaces the chlorine which is given off. This makes this substance a valuable disinfectant, as the quantity of the gas emitted is so small as not to be injurious, and yet effective. The best mode of using it is to dip cloths in a solution of the powder, and hang them up.

Chloride of lime is used as the great bleacher. The calico, etc., is boiled in lime-water and a weak solution of caustic soda, to remove the grease of the manufacture and the "dressing." It is then soaked in a solution of two and a-half per cent. of bleaching powder in water. But the action is not discernible until the fabric is "soured" or dipped in a weak solution of sulphuric acid and water. Thus the chlorine is liberated in the Sometimes fibre of the cloth, and the bleaching is effected. this process is repeated, and finally the articles are thoroughly washed in water to remove all traces of the acid.

Chlorous Acid (Cl,O,).-To prepare this gas, three parts of arsenious acid, and four of potassium chlorate, are made into a paste with water; sixteen parts of pure nitric acid (specific gravity, 1-24) are added; the whole is placed in a small flask, which is filled up to the neck with the mixture, and a very gentle heat applied by means of a water-bath. The yellow-green gas may be collected in dry bottles by displacement. The greatest care is required in its manipulation, as it explodes at a temperature of about 56° Cent., and also if it come into contact with any very combustible body. Its formation is due to the deoxidisation of the chloric acid in the potassium chlorate.

Peroxide of chlorine (ClO) is a gas which explodes as soon as it touches organic or combustible bodies. It is prepared by pouring sulphuric acid on potassium chlorate. Mix equal parts of sugar and potassium chlorate, Fig. 43. each in powder; then pour upon them a few drops of sulphuric acid; the whole will ignite. On this principle the first attempt at matches was founded.

bottom of a tall glass full of water (Fig. 43), also add a few Place a piece of phosphorus about the size of a pea at the grains of potassium chlorate; through a long tube pour a little sulphuric acid to the bottom of the glass. The phosphorus enters into combustion with the peroxide of chlorine as it escapes.

Chloric Acid (HCIO,).-This acid forms chlorates: if a current of chlorine gas be passed through a strong solution of caustic potash, the following reaction ensues :-

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=

3C1, + 6KHO KCIO.+5KCl + 3H2O, potassium chlorate and chloride being the result; as the latter is more soluble, therefore it can easily be separated from the chlorate by crystallisation. It will be remembered that potassium chlorate was used in the preparation of oxygen.

chlorate when giving off oxygen be stopped, the residue will be Perchloric Acid (HClO).-If the decomposition of potassium also perchlorate. It may be separated by means of hydrochloric found not only to contain potassium chloride and chlorate, but acid, which acts on the chlorate and decomposes it, but not on the perchlorate. From this salt the acid itself may be got.

Compounds of Chlorine and Nitrogen.-If chlorine be passed into ammonia, as has before been said, nitrogen is liberated; but after a certain quantity of sal-ammoniac has been produced, drops of an oily liquid begin to form. These are supposed to be the terchloride of nitrogen (NC1,), the most explosive and the most dangerous of chemical compounds. The experiment should never be attempted, unless all the apparatus used be of lead, and the operator dressed in a strong suit of leather, with

The Cl2O is hypochlorous oxide. This combines with an atom an iron mask. A drop of this substance in a porcelain capsule of water, forming the hydric salt, or the acid

H2O + Cl2O = 2HC10.

The acid has a sickly odour, and is extremely weak, carbonic acid being capable of ejecting it from its combinations.

was touched with the top of a fishing-rod; the violence of the explosion drove some of the porcelain through the bottom of the chair, which was of thick wood. A kindred compound of nitrogen with iodine, which is not so explosive, will be noticed.

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LESSONS IN BOTANY.-XXVI. SECTION LVI.-PRIMULACEE, OR PRIMEWORTS. Characteristics: Calyx free or rarely adherent; corolla monopetalous, hypogynous or perigynous, regular; stamens inserted upon the corolla, their number equal to the parts of the corolla and opposite to its lobes; ovary unilocular; placenta central, free; ovules curved, seldom reflexed; fruit capsular; seeds numerous, dicotyledonous, albuminous.

The Primulaceae derive their name from the gaus Primula, so called because its species flower in the spring. They are for the most part herbaceous, annual or perennial, having a ligneous or tuberous rhizome.

embryo straight in the axis of a fleshy albumen, lying across the hilum.

The Primulaceae principally inhabit the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, especially Europe and Asia. They not only please the eye by the beauty of their flowers, but also contribute something to the resources of medicine. The common primrose (Primula vulgaris) is well known to all from its yellow flowers and broad green leaves, which are seen in the hedges in sheltered nooks even before the departure of winter. The cowslip (Primula veris) is distinguished by the smallness of its flowers, which form an umbel (Fig. 205). The flowers of this plant act as a sedative, and are used in making a kind of wine of a soporific cha racter. The auricula, or bear's ear, as it

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205. THE

The stem is usually subterraneous and short. The leaves are in some species radical and fasciculated, in others cauline and opposite, or verticillate, or alternate, and devoid of stipules. Flowers complete, either solitary or arranged in umbels on the summit of a shaft, or arranged in cymes springing from the axilla of the leaves, occasionally terminal in spikes. Calyx mono

sepalous, usually five partite. Corolla rotate, campanulate, or infundibuliform, contorted in æstivation, sometimes absent. Ovary composed of as many carpels as there are lobes to the calyx. Placenta free central, for the most part globular, and communicating with the summit of the ovary by arachnoid filaments. Style and stigma simple. Fruit a capsule transversely or longitudinally dehiscent. Seeds ordinarily peltate;

207. COMMON HOLLY (ILEX AQUIFOLIUM). 208. THE EUROPEAN OLIVE (OLEA SATIVA).

is called in some parts of the Continent, is employed by the inhabitants of some parts of the Alps as a remedy for consumption. It is equally good with all others proposed at different times as a remedy for that disease.

All the members of the primrose tribe are in great repute as ornamental plants, more especially the auriculas. From these

plants, which are natives of the Alps, horticultural skill has developed several varieties. The cyclamen (Cyclamen Europaeum) possesses radical leaves which are covered with white spots above, and red on their lower surface; the corolla has a roseate tint, and in all the species of this genus the tube of the corolla is turned towards the ground, whilst its limb or free portion is directed towards the sky. The root of the cyclamen, or sowbread, is caton greedily by the

wild boars of Sicily. The name cyclamen is derived from the Greek KUKλos (ku'-klos), a circle, in allusion to the shape of the corm or bulb-like stem.

SECTION LVII.-EBENACEE, OR EBENADS. Characteristics: Calyx free; corolla hypogynous, monopetalous; stamens sometimes equal in number to that of the lobes of the corolla, and alternating with them, sometimes double or quadruple in number; ovary many-celled, each cell uniovulate; ovules pendent from the summit of the central angle; fruit baceiform; seeds few in number, or occasionally one, dicotyledonous, albumen cartilaginous, radicle superior. Trees or shrubs possess ing an aqueous juice, and furnishing a wood which is very dense. Individuals of this natural order have alternate leaves which are coriaceous, entire, and without stipules. Flowers often incomplete, regular, axillary. Calyx three to six partite and persistent. The corolla is caducous, urceolate, slightly coriaceous, three to six partite, imbricated in æstivation. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla, rarely in the receptacle. The berry is globular or ovoid, sometimes dry, in which case it opens by splitting.

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The Ebenacea are found in tropical Asia, the Cape, Australia, and tropical America; a few species are met with in the Mediterranean district.

ovules pendent; fruit bacciform or capsular, indehiscent, loculicidal; seeds pendent, dicotyledonous, albuminous; stem ligneous.

The Oleaceae are trees or shrubs having opposite petiolate leaves without stipules. Flowers ordinarily complete and disposed in a panicle, cyme, or fascicle. Calyx persistent, four partite, sometimes absent. Corolla sometimes absent, composed of four petals, ordinarily coherent, infundibuliform or campanu late, valvate in æstivation. Anthers attached by their posterior side, ovules ordinarily twin. Fruit in some cases an unilocular drupe, as in the olive; sometimes a bilocular berry, at other times a bivalved capsule, or, lastly, a dehiscent capsule. The embryo occupies the axis of a central albumen; radicle superior. The Oleaceae inhabit temperate regions, especially in the northern hemisphere. They are rare in Asia and tropical America. The greater number of ash species (belonging to this natural order) are natives of North America. The lilacs have passed into Europe from the East. This natural order is interesting in the double respect of agriculture and horticulture. The cultivated olive (Olea sativa, Fig. 208) is a tree of little beauty, but whose utility is immense. It is a native of southern Europe. Its drupaceous fruit, the olive, is too well known to need prolonged description. The pericarp of this drupe is charged with a valuable oil, which is obtained by subjecting the fruit to heavy pressure. In the manufacture of soap and for culinary purposes olive oil is unrivalled.

The American olive (Olea Americana) bears edible drapes, as is also the case with many exotic species. The most celebrated of these is the Chinese olive (Olea fragrans), the flowers of which are mixed by the Chinese with the leaves of their tea.

The members of this natural order are celebrated for the hardness of their wood. Ebony, the wood of the Diospyros Ebenus, has been celebrated from all antiquity for the darkness of its hue, general beauty, and manifold uses. The ancients obtained it from Ethiopia; at present our supplies are chiefly drawn from the eastern coast of Africa, especially Mozambique. Ebony is either uniformly black or marked with white and yellow stripes. It is a remarkable fact that the wood of the Ebenacea only becomes black in aged trees; the wood of young plants is white. The appended diagram (Fig. 206) of a sprig of the Diospyros hirsuta, a member of this natural order, illus-4. WHEN money is lent, money is paid to the lender for the

trates the more evident characteristics of the Ebenaceœ.

SECTION LVIII.-AQUIFOLIACEE, OR HOLLYWORTS. Characteristics: Calyx free, four to six partite; corolla hypogynous, almost monopetalous; stamens four to six, alternate with the petals; ovary two to six or many celled, each cell uniovulate; ovule pendent; fruit fleshy; seed dicotyledonous; embryo straight at the summit of an abundant fleshy albumen; radicle superior; leaves opposite, simple, without stipules. The Aquifoliaceae are evergreen ligneous plants, with petiolate shining leaves. The flowers are regular, axillary, and small, usually white or greenish in colour. Calyx persistent, imbricated in æstivation, as is also the corolla. Anthers adnate; ovules pendent at the summit of the central angle of each cell, and reflexed; fruit composed of agglomerated drupes.

The Aquifoliaceae are nowhere abundant, but they are more plentiful in north and equatorial America and the Cape of Good Hope than elsewhere. In tropical Asia and in Europe they are comparatively rare.

Most of the species of this natural order contain a bitter extractive principle, to which the denomination ilicine is given, and which in certain species is associated with varying proportions of an aromatic resin and a glutinous matter termed viscine. Some species are purely tonic, whilst others are purgative and emetic; a few are stimulant.

The common holly (Ilex aquifolium, Fig. 207) is a small tree distributed between the forty-second and fifty-fifth parallels of north latitude, and which in cold climates is only an unpretending shrub. It grows in greatest perfection in the mountainous forests of eastern Europe. In gardens it is cultivated for the sake of its pretty red berries and the deep green of its glossy leaves. By force of culture many varieties of the holly have been obtained, some bearing leaves devoid of spines, some having black, yellow, or white instead of red berries. Holly leaves were once employed as a febrifuge; they owe their medicinal properties to a principle termed ilicine, which admits of being extracted. Ilicine has been proposed instead of quina as a remedy for intermittent fever. From the inner bark of the holly the substance birdlime is obtained.

SECTION LIX.-OLEACEE, OR OLIVEWORTS. Characteristics: Calyx free; corolla hypogynous, regular, composed of four petals, free or coherent; stamens two, inserted upon the corolla; ovary two to five celled, bi- or pluri-ovulate;

LESSONS IN ARITHMETIC.-XXXV. SIMPLE INTEREST.

use of it. The sum lent is called the principal, the money paid for the loan is called the interest. The sum paid for the use of the principal onght evidently to depend upon the time during which the borrower has the use of it. Interest is therefore generally paid at so much per cent. per annum; that is, for the use of every £100 of principal, so much is paid for its use during one year.

The principal and interest upon it added together constitute the amount.

If the borrower pays the interest to the lender at the expiration of every year (or as soon as, according to the agreement, it becomes due), he will evidently have to pay the same sum each year. But if he omit to do this, and retain it until he returns the principal, he will, year by year, keep in his possession a continually increasing sum belonging to the lender, upon which (if the agreement be so made) interest must be paid. In the first case the interest is said to be simple; in the second, compound.

5. To find the interest upon a given sum for a given time at a given rate per cent.

The interest for one year upon any given sum is obtained (see Art. 2 (1) in preceding lesson, page 362) by multiplying by the rate per cent., and dividing by 100.

The interest for one year having been found, the simple interest for any number of years is obtained by multiplying the one year's interest by the number of years.

EXAMPLE 1.-Find the interest on £780 10s. for 1 year at 5 per cent. The answer is a £7801, or £1401.

40) 1561 (£39 Os. 6d.-Answer.

120

361

360

1

20

20

12

240

240

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£14 2s. 11 d. is the interest for one year, true to the nearest farthing; and to find the interest for 7 years 9 months, this result must be multiplied by 78, or £14.14912 by 7·75.

6. Given the simple interest upon a sum of money at a given rate per cent., to find the time during which the interest has been running.

We have evidently to find the interest on the principal for one year; then the number of years required will be the number of times the given interest contains the interest for one year.

7. Given the AMOUNT of a sum of money at simple interest for a given time at a given rate per cent., to find what principal has produced this amount.

EXAMPLE. Suppose it be required to find what sum at 4 per cent. has produced an amount, £138 14s. 4d., in 2 years. In two years £100 would amount to £109. Hence we have the proportion,

As £109 £100 £138 14s. 4d.: required principal; which, when worked out, gives as the result

13. The interest on £781 16s. 10d. at 4 per cent. is £75 11s. 6}d.; find how long the interest has been running.

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14. The interest on £971 18s. 4d. at 5 per cent. is £418 ìs. 3}d.; find how long the interest has been running. 15. The interest on £841 17s. 9d. at 4 per cent. is £113 6s. 02d.; find how long the interest has been running. 16. What principal will amount to £308 78. in 2 years at 4 per cent. ? 17. What principal will amount to £132 3s. in 2 years at 4 per cext. P 18. What principal will amount to £247 10s. in 2 years at 5 per cent.? 19. In what time will £537 16s. 8d. amount to £591 12s.' 4d. "at 21 per cent.?

20. If £575 in 3 years amounts to £600, what is the rate per cent.? 21. In how long will £2500 double itself at 4 per cent. simple interest? 22. If £293 7s. 6d. produces in 2 years an interest of £25 10s, what is the rate per cent. ?

23. If £2475 8s. 4d. in 3 months produces an interest of £24 15s. 1d., what is the rate per cent.?

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LESSONS IN LATIN.-XXVI.

REGULAR VERBS-THE SECOND CONJUGATION,
ACTIVE VOICE.

EXAMPLE.-Moneo, 2, I remind.

Chief Parts: Moneo, monui, monitum, monēre,
Characteristic letter, в long.

THE corresponding parts and signs having been given under the first conjugation, need not be repeated; in the Latin, the student will easily make the alterations required by the difference of conjugation, and the English is unaffected by conjugation. MOODS, TENSES, ETC., of MONEO, I remind.

PRESENT TENSE.

Subjunctive. Imperative. Infinitive. Participle.
Moneam.
Monere.. Monens.
Moneas.

£127 56. 3d.

Hence we get the following

Indicative.

Rule for determining what principal has produced a given amount in a given time, at a given rate per cent.

Sing. Moneo.

Mones. Monet.

Multiply the given amount by 100, and divide by the number P. Monemus. obtained by the addition of £100 to the interest on £100 for

Monitis.

Moneatis.

the given time.

Monent.

Moneant.

Moneat. Moneamus.

Mone, or monēto. Moneto.

Monete or monetōta. Monento.

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Moneret.
Monerimus.
Moneretis.
Mouerent.

FIRST FUTURE TENSE.

Monebil.

Moniturum Moniturus.
esse.

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Monobimus.

Mouebitis.

Monebunt.

PERFECT TENSE.

Sing. Monti.

Monterim.

Monuisse.

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you must drop the negative where it is found in the Latin, and use it where it is not found in the Latin.

EXERCISE 92.-LATIN-ENGLISH.

5.

1. Exerceo. 2. Exercebam. 3. Exercebat. 4. Exercebo. Gaudeo quod tu vales. 6. Præceptor gaudebat quod vos ejus præceptis parebatis. 7. Tibi placebas, aliis displicebas. 8. Virtutis honorem nulla oblivio delebit. 9. Exercui. 10. Græcia omnibus artibus floruit. 11. Laudo vos quod mentes vestras studio probe exercuistis. 12. Cur tacuistis ? 13. Tacuit puer repente. 14. Tacebat mater. 15. Tacent omnes. 16. Nisi virtutis præceptis parueritis, aditus in cœlum vobis non patebit. 17. Si cupiditates tuas coercueris, beatus eris. 18. Curo ut pueri mores emendem et corpus exerceam. 19. Moneo vos ut patris præcepta observetis. 20. Timebam ne vobis displicerem. 21. Cura ut pueri mores emendes et corpus exerceas. 22. Timebam ne inimicus mihi noceret. 23. Timuit puer ne tacuerit mater. 24. Curabam ut pueri mores emendarem et corpus exercerem. 25. Curabam ut pueri mores emendares et corpus exerceres. 26. Curabam ut præceptor pueri mores emendaret et corpus exerceret. 27. Timeo ut venias. 28. Timet maritus ne uxor occidat. 29. Timuit præeceptor

ut discipulus ejus verbis pareret. 30. Malus puer timet ne veniat præceptor.

EXERCISE 93.-ENGLISH-LATIN.

1. He reminded me. 2. They reminded the king. 3. I might remind you. 4. You might remind me. 5. They have reminded the boy. 6. Thou wast reminding the woman. 7. I will remind the teacher. 8. Be silent. 9. Do you be silent. 10. Let them be silent. 11. The woman was suddenly silent. 12. Take care to improve. 13. Take care that thou improvest the morals of the citizens. 14. I fear he may displease thee. 15. The boys feared to displease their father. 16. He pleases all (persons). 17. A good man will displease the bad. 18. Why art thou silent? 19. They fear that Cæsar will conquer their country. 20. Good sisters fear (their) brothers will not be well. 21. Art thou well? 22. I fear thou wilt not be well. 23. If thou exercisest thy body thou wilt be well. 24. My mother fears an entrance into heaven will (may) not lie open to me.

As some of our readers may wish to know the meaning of the names given to the cases of the Latin nouns, we have given the following explanation of their derivation, etc.

The names of the cases in Latin are of Greek origin, as is the term case (Twσis, pto'-sis, fall) itself. The nominative

EXERCISES:-Like moneo form doceo, I teach; and habeo, is so called because it assigns the name (nomen) of the agent;

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that. Noceo, 2, I injure. Oblivio, -onis, f., forgetfulness. Occido, 8, I fall, die. Pareo, 2, I obey. Pateo, 2, I lie open, I Valeo, 2, I am well. am open. Venio, 4, I come. Observe that, occasionally, forms of other conjugations, etc., than the one immediately under treatment, are introduced with a view to keep up the student's attention, exercise his ingenuity, and test his progress.

Rule.-After verbs expressive of fear, ne is used with the subjunctive of the following verb. No is, in Latin, a negative, and may be often rendered by lest; it may, however, in construing into English, be altogether dropped, the ordinary connecting particle that, or that not, being put between the two verbs; for example

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the genitive denotes the relation of genus, origin, or birth, that out of which a thing arises, and to which therefore it belongs; the accusative points out that which is caused (causa) or effected, that which receives the action implied in the verb, the result of that action, the object or thing on which the action falls; the dative case is the giving (do, dare, dedi, datum, to give) case, signifying the person (or thing) to which something is given or assigned; the vocative (voco, I call) is the case of calling on or addressing; and the ablative (ablatus, taken from) bears the name because it involves the idea of separation. In the Greek there is no ablative, the relations implied in that case being expressed partly by the genitive, partly by the dative.

me.

KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN LATIN. XXV.
EXERCISE 81.-LATIN-ENGLISH.

1. I was praising thee. 2. You were blaming me. 3. The brother was judging. 4. I shall praise thee. 5. Thou wilt blame me. 6. The brother will judge. 7. I walked. 8. You watched. 9. The wind blew. 10. I had walked. 11. Thou hast watched. 12. The wind had blown. 13. I shall have praised thee. 14. Thou wilt have blamed 15. The brother will have judged. 16. When the soldiers were entering the city, all the citizens were full of fear. 17. When we were walking in the wood, a strong wind was blowing through the high oaks, while tranquil sleep refreshed you. 18. You were watching. 19. So long as you are (will be) happy, you will number many friends. 20. I shall always praise the good, and shall always blame the wicked. 21. If you fight energetically, O soldiers, you will deliver (liberate your country from ruin. 22. If thou lovest virtue, all good men will love thee.

EXERCISE 82.-LATIN-ENGLISH.

1. Because you have always observed the precepts of virtue, you have acquired to yourselves great praise. 2. Why didst thon watch during the whole night? 3. I have always loved my teachers, hast thou not loved thine? 4. You fought energetically against the enemies. 5. When the soldiers had entered the city, great fear seized the minds of all the citizens. 6. The narrative which you (had) lately narrated to me, had delighted me greatly. 7. When the hostile army had attacked the city, we had already gone out. 8. If you have adorned your mind with virtues you will always be happy. 9. When the enemies have laid waste the fields of our city, they will attack the

Hence, you see, that in putting similar sentences into English, city itself.

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