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22. David. See, for example, 2 Samuel xxii. 23. Adrian, the emperor Hadrian (117-138 A. D.), who wrote both prose and verse. Sophocles, the Greek tragic poet (495?-406 B. C.). Germanicus (15 B. C.-19 A. D.), nephew of the Emperor Tiberius, took his name from Germany (Germania), where he distinguished himself in military service. He wrote prose and poetry.

26. Robert, King of Sicily, king of Naples, 13091343. He wrote prose and poetry.

27. King Francis, Francis I (1515-1547), a generous patron of letters.

b. 1. King James of Scotland, James I of Scotland (1405-1436). His King's Quair is a pleasant poem in the Chaucerian style.

2. Bembus, Pietro Bembo (1470-1547), a cardinal and papal secretary, wrote poetry and prose in both Latin and Italian. Bibiena, Bernardo da Bibbiena (1470-1520), one of the tutors of Pope Leo X.

3. Beza, Theodore Beza (1519-1605), a French Calvinistic controversialist, composed numerous Latin poems.

4. Melanchthon, Philip Melanchthon (1497-1560), a German supporter of Luther, and a Latin poet. 5. Fracastorius, Hieronymus Fracastorius (14831553), an Italian poet, philosopher, and scientist. Scaliger, Julius Cæsar Scaliger (1484-1558) was an Italian literary critic. Sidney appears to studied diligently his treatise on poetry.

have

6. Pontanus, Johannes Jovius Pontanus (14201503), an Italian, wrote both prose and distinguished poetry in Latin. Muretus, Marc Antoine Muret (1526-1585), a French orator, jurist, and poet.

7. George Buchanan (1506-1582), a distinguished Scotch Latinist.

9. Hospital of France, Michael de l'Hospital (1505-1573), a distinguished French lawyer and statesman, wrote numerous Latin poems.

22. when loudest. Chaucer, for example, served in the English army under Edward III (1327-1377).

24. over-faint quietness. Under Queen Elizabeth England had been at peace for some 25 years.

25. strew the house, a figure derived from the practice of strewing rushes on the floor.

27. mountebanks at Venice, peddlers of quack medicines, notorious at Venice. 82. a. 3. troubled

. . .

Mars. Vulcan, jealous over his wife, forged a net for her.

6. a piece of a reason, a considerable reason. 12. Epaminondas (418-362 B. C.), a Theban gen. eral and statesman, who began his career modestly but effectively as a sort of commissioner of sew

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83. a. 11. Gorboduc, or Ferrex and Porrex, a trag edy by Thomas Sackville (see p. 63) and Thomas Norton, was first acted in 1561.

15. Seneca's style. Lucius Annæus Seneca (c. 4 B. C.-65 A. D.), a Roman philosopher and writer of tragedies.

22. faulty both in place and time, i.e., a violation of the unity of place,' which required that all the action of a play occur in one place, and of the 'unity of time,' which required that the time represented by the action should not exceed one revolution of the sun.

27. Aristotle's precept. Aristotle (384-322 B. C.) was the most influential of Greek philosophers. The principles of dramatic writing are discussed in his Poetics.

53. traverses, difficulties.

b. 5. Eunuch in Terence. Terence (c. 185-c. 159 B. C.), a Roman comic poet. The Eunuchus is not the only play of Terence that violates the 'unity of time.'

10. Plautus

amiss. Plautus (died 184 B. C.), a Roman writer of comedies. We cannot be certain as to the particular play here referred to. 26. Calicut, the capital of Malabar, India. 27. Pacolet's horse, the magic horse of Pacolet, a dwarf in the French romance, Valentine et Orson. By turning a pin in the horse's head, the rider could convey himself instantly to any part of the world. 29. Nuntius. In Greek and Roman tragedy the catastrophe was not usually presented on the stage, but was reported by a messenger.

33. Horace, a Roman poet (65-8 B. C.), wrote a work called, The Art of Poetry.

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31. Nil . . . facit, Juvenal, Sat. iii. 152-3. The translation is that of Samuel Johnson.

37. Thraso, a bragging, swaggering captain. See the Eunuchus of Terence, referred to above. 38-39. a wry-transformed traveler, a traveler who unwisely affects foreign manners.

43. Buchanan. See 81. b. 7, note. 54-5. lyrical

to

sonnets, a reference such miscellanies as Tottel's Miscellany. See p. 54. 85. a. 33. coursing of a letter, such devices as the acrostic, in which the first letters of the several lines spell a word.

35-6. with figures and flowers, the printing of the lines in such a way as to form geometrical figures, flowers, and the like.

45. Tully, Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 B. C.), the Roman orator, philosopher, and statesman. Demosthenes (384?-322 B. C.), the greatest of the Greek orators.

47. Nizolian paper-books, note-books containing collections of phrases, such as the Ciceronian Thesaurus of Marius Nizolius, an Italian professor (born 1498).

58. Catiline, the Roman conspirator against whom Cicero directed certain of his most famous orations. b. 3. Vivit venit, from Cicero's first

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29. stories fishes. Notice the use curious illustrations from natural history in Lyly's Euphues on p. 79, col. 2.

and

43. Antonius Crassus. Marcus Antonius (145-87 B. C.), grandfather of the famous Antony of the Triumvirate, was a distinguished Roman or. ator, and was so honored by Cicero. Publius Licinius Crassus (175-131 B. C.) was a celebrated orator and lawyer.

45. As Cicero testifieth, in his dialogue On Oratory.

47. not to set by it, not to value it. 53. knacks, tricks, ornaments.

86. a. 13. pounded, put in a pound,' or enclosure. 23. awry, out of a straight line, wrong.

38. Tower of Babylon. See Genesis, Chap. xi. 45. compositions . . . together, compound words. 56. Whether, which.

b. 25. Now for rime. Rime is here used in the sense of rhythm.

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17. Hesiod, a Greek poet assigned to the 8th century B. C.

25. Landin, Cristofero Landino (1424-1504), an Italian poet and critic, is here referred to for the critical precepts of his Disputations.

36. Libertino patre natus, Horace, Satires, i. 6. 45. 37-8. Herculea proles, descendant of Hercules, i.e., royal, noble.

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40. Si possunt, Virgil, Aeneid, ix. 446. 44. with Dante's Beatrice, or Virgil's Anchises, that is, in heaven, or in the Elysian fields.

46. dull-making, deafening. Nilus, the River Nile.

47. planet-like music, the music of the spheres produced by the rotation of the planets.

52. Mome, stupid person. Momus, the son of Night, used as a personification of the critical spirit 54. Midas, king of Phrygia. Having been chosen. to judge between the musical abilities of Apollo and Marsyas, he awarded the prize to Marsyas. Apollo changed his ears into those of an ass.

55. Bubonax. The story goes that Hipponax, an Ephesian poet (c. 500 B. C.) so savagely satirized the sculptor Bupalus that he hanged himself. The spelling Bubonax is the error either of Sidney or of his printer.

57. done in Ireland. It is said that the Irish peasants had a superstitious fear of the bards.

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90. a. 42. Argus' eyes. In Greek legend, Argus famed to have had 100 eyes.

SONG: THE NIGHTINGALE

8. Tereus. Tereus abandoned his wife Procne in order to dishonor her sister Philomela.

9. Philomela. After having been dishonored by Tereus, Philomela was metamorphosed into 2 nightingale.

LOVE IS DEAD

8. franzie, frenzy.

DORUS TO PAMELA

3. sterve, die.

6. weeds, clothes.

HAKLUYT'S VOYAGES

DEDICATORY EPISTLE

Francis Walsingham (1536-1590) was a noted English statesman and patron of learning. He served his government as member of parliament, as ambassador to France, as secretary of state, and as special ambassador to several Continental courts. 91. a. 8. Westminster, Westminster School, established in Westminster Abbey by Henry VIII, and reestablished by Elizabeth.

11. Middle Temple, one of the legal societies in London which provide instruction and examinations for admitting candidates to the bar.

25. commodities, articles of merchandise.

b. 15. Christ Church, one of the largest and most fashionable of the Oxford colleges. 92. a. 3-4. Sir Edward Stafford (1552?-1605), a distinguished English diplomatist, much in favor with Queen Elizabeth.

5. Ligier (spelled also lieger, leger, ledger), an ordinary or resident ambassador.

7. chargeable, weighty, onerous.

b. 22. Aleppo, in Asiatic Turkey.

23. Balsara, Balsar, or Bulsar, a town of British India, on the Gulf of Cambray.

24. Goa, on the western coast of India.

26. river of Plate, the Rio de la Plata, between Uruguay and the Argentine Republic.

30. Nova Hispania, Mexico.

32. South Sea, the Pacific Ocean.

33. Luzones, islands in the Malay Archipelago in the South Pacific.

THE LAST FIGHT OF THE REVENGE 51. armada, a fleet of war-vessels.

53. Sir Walter Raleigh (1552-1618), an English courtier, soldier, colonizer, and writer. After a short residence at Oxford, he took up military serv ice. He became a favorite of Elizabeth. In 1584 he began his efforts towards colonizing Virginia. In 1588 he took an active part against the Armada. In 1595 he explored the Orinoco. In 1596 and 1597 he took part in the naval expeditions against the Spanish. Charged with plotting to put Arabella Stuart on the throne, Raleigh was imprisoned in 1603. In 1616 he was released to command an expedition to Guiana and the Orinoco. The expedi tion failed, and on his return he was condemned and executed.

54. Lord Thomas Howard (1561-1626), a distinguished naval officer and statesman.

57. pinnaces, large ship's boats.

93. a. 17. pestered, crowded. rummaging, making a disturbance.

29. recovered, regained, returned to. 43. shrouded, covered, concealed.

48. Sir Richard Grenville (c. 1541-1591), a British naval hero, cousin of Sir Walter Raleigh. In 1585 he commanded a fleet of seven vessels which shared in the colonization of Virginia. In 1591 he

served as vice-admiral in the fleet of 16 vessels under Lord Thomas Howard which sailed to Azores to intercept the Spanish treasure-ships. He died a few days after the battle recounted in the present

text.

36. Bona Speranza, Cape of Good Hope.

37. St. Helena, an island off the west coast of Africa.

b. 9-10. sprang their luff, sailed nearer to the wind.

22. charged. The sense of this word is unknown. It may mean 'timbered.'

28. admiral, the ship that carries the commanderin-chief. Biscayans, inhabitants of Biscay, a province of northern Spain.

33. right out of her chase, directly ahead from her bow.

94. a. 16. galleons, large unwieldy ships, usually having three or four decks.

24. Lima, a city of Peru, in South America. 47. armadas, single war-vessels.

95. a. 36. galley, i.e., service as prisoner on a galley.

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43. Caroli, the Caroni River, flowing northward and emptying into the Orinoco.

51. shot, persons who bear firearms.

57. casique, or cacique, a native chief of the aborigines in the West Indies and adjacent parts of America.

99. a. 32. footman, pedestrian.

b. 16. marquesite, marcasite, crystallized forms of iron pyrites.

22. Caracas. A tribe of Indians, called Caracas, formerly occupied the valleys about the present city, Caracas, the capital of modern Venezuela.

29. Inca, the Inca Empire, ruled by the Incas, the reigning order in ancient Peru. 100. a. 19. provant, provender.

25. Cortez, Fernando Cortez (1485-1547), the famous Spanish soldier who conquered Mexico, the City of Mexico falling in 1521. Pizarro, Francisco Pizarro (c. 1471-1541), the Spanish soldier who conquered Peru. Pizarro extorted from the Inca Atahualpa a sum estimated at $15,000,000 of modern money.

39. cama, or anta, names of the common tapir. 55. tortugas, tortoises. lagartos, alligators, crocodiles.

b. 2. calentura, fever.

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