WINSTON'S

CUMULATIVE

LOOSE-LEAF

ENCYCLOPEDIA

A COMPREHENSIVE

REFERENCE BOOK

Editor-in-Chief

CHARLES MORRIS
Litterateur, Historian and Encyclopedist

Author of "Civilization, an Historical Review of Its
Element," "The Aryan Race," "Manual of Classical
Literature," "Man and His Ancestors," "Famous Men
and Great Events of the Nineteenth Century," and
numerous other works. Editor of "Twentieth Cen-
tury Encyclopedia," "Biographical Dictionary,"
"Famous Orators of the World,' "Half Hours with
the Best American Authors," etc., etc. Member of
the "Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,"
"Geographical Society of Philadelphia," "Natural His-
tory Society," and "Society for Physical Research."

ASSISTED BY

A CORPS OF CONTRIBUTORS
Authorities on Special Subjects

In Ten Volumes

ILLUSTRATED WITH PHOTOGRAPHS, MAPS, DRAWINGS AND
COLOR PLATES; INCLUDING SEVEN COLOR PLATES FROM
THE J. L. G. FERRIS COLLECTION OF AMERICAN HISTORICAL
PAINTINGS, BY SPECIAL PERMISSION OF THE ARTIST

THE JOHN C. WINSTON COMPANY

CHICAGO

PHILADELPHIA

TORONTO

KEY TO PRONUNCIATION

Three methods are used to indicate the pronunciation of the words forming the headings of the separate articles:

(1) By dividing the word into syllables, and indicating the syllable or syllables to be accented. This method is followed where the pronunciation is entirely obvious. Where accent marks are omitted, the omission indicates that all syllables are given substantially the same value.

(2) Where the pronunciation differs from the spelling, the word is re-spelled phonetically, in addition to the accentuation.

(3) Where the sound values of the vowels are not sufficiently indicated merely by an attempt at phonetic spelling, the following system of diacritical marks is additionally employed to approximate the proper sounds as closely as may be done:

The consonants, b, d, f, h, j, k, l, m, n, ng, p, sh, t, v, and z, when printed in Roman type, are always given their common English values in the transliteration of foreign words. The letter c is indicated by s or k, as the case may be. For the remaining consonant sounds the following symbols are employed:

ch is always as in rich.

d, nearly as th in this = Sp. d in Madrid, etc.

g is always hard, as in go.

h represents the guttural in Scotch loch, Ger. nach, also other similar gutturals.

n, Fr. nasal n as in bon.

r represents both English r, and r in foreign words, in which it is gen

erally much more strongly trilled.

s, always as in so.

th, as th in thin.

th, as th in this.

w always consonantal, as in we.

x =

= ks, which are used instead.

y always consonantal, as in yea (Fr. ligne would be re-written lêny).

zh. as s in pleasure = Fr. j.