trivial name, is given to each species, thus charadterized, which, added to the name of the genus, sufficiently distinguishes each particular plant: thus, there is the salix lanata, salix latifolia, salix repens, or the woolly willow, the broad-leaved willow, the creeping willow, and several others, which are all species of the genus salix, or willow, in the same way that the long-eared bat, the common bat, the vampyre bat, and the horse-shoe bat, are all species of the same genus vespertilio, or bat.'

"We have now gone through all the divisions and subdivisions of Linnæus's system of classification for the vegetable kingdom; and have arrived at the ultimate object of our research, in ascertaining the family and species to which any individual plant may belong. I shall now elucidate the whole by an example.

"Suppose that you have found, and brought home from your walk, a delicate, blue, bell-shaped flower, called by some bell-flower, by others Canterbury-bell, and by others again blue-bell. You naturally wish to know by what name this plant is distinguished by the botanist, what name all scientific men in every country have agreed to give it, that you may be at no loss under what name to look for a description of it, or how to communicate to others any observations you may have made upon this plant yourself.

"In the first place, then, examine how many stamina, or how many of those small bodies called its antheræ, are to be found in the bell-shaped corolla, or blossom; you discover five; now run over the classes of Linnæus, till you come to that, which is distinguished by its five stamina; this is

called pentandria, and you therefore know your flower to be in this class. Next look for the pistillum or pistilla, of which in this plant you will find only one; this characterizes the first order, called monogynia, and therefore your plant is in the class pentandria, and order monogynia. You have now done with the stamina and pistilla, and must attend to the other parts of the flower, comparing them, as you go on, with the characters of all the genera in this first order of the fifth class. The calyx you find to have five divisions, sharp, and not quite upright; the corolla of one petal, bell-shaped with five clefts, close at the base; shrivelling; segments broad, sharp, open; seed-vessel roundish, of three or four cells; all which tallies exactly with the generic character of campanula; this therefore is the genus, and you have now only to find out to what species yours belongs. The leaves nearest to the roots, and which are generally so close to the ground as to require care not to leave them behind in gathering the plant, you will find to be round, or rather heart-shaped, or sometimes kidney-shaped, whilst the leaves on the stem are narrow, and strapshaped; this determines the species, and in this your flower agrees with the character of that called rotundifolia. You have therefore now determined your plant to be the campanula rotundifolia, and you may read all the descriptions of this plant without a doubt as to its being the same, and may describe to others, where you found it, when you. found it, and what else you know of it, without any fear of confounding it with any other blue, bellshaped flower, of which there are many, both of this and of other genera." See Skrimshire's Essays.

BOTANY-Bay. See New HOLLAND.

BOTE, in old law books, signifies recompence, amends, &c. thus manbote is compensation for a person slain.

BOTTLE, a small vessel proper to contain liquors, made of leather, glass, or stone. Dr. Percival cautions against the practice of cleaning wine-bottles with leaden shot. He thinks that, through negligence, some must sometimes be left behind; and that, dissolving in wine or beer, they communicate the poisonous sweetness sometimes perceived in port-wine, when such adulteration is neither designed nor suspected. Potash is recommended in their stead; a small quantity of which, with the water, will clean two gross. Bottles were formerly made of the skins of goats and other animals, which were apt to decay by use and length of time, hence the propriety of putting "new wine," that was apt to ferment," into new bottles" which were strong and able to endure the force of the expansion; but “ old wine” in which there was no danger of fermentation, might safely be put "into old bottles" that were less strong: or which from long use might have become brittle.

BOTTOMRY, in commerce, is in the nature of a mortgage of a ship: when the owner takes up mo ney to enable him to carry on his voyage, and pledges the keel or bottom of the ship (pars pro toto) as a security for the repayment.

BOUNTY, money given by government on the exportation or importation of certain articles of commerce, the trade in which it is thought necessary to encourage by temptations beyond its ordinary profits. The effect of bounty on the production of