if God spared not his natural, his eternal, his only-begotten Son; how shall he spare his adopted sons, who are best known to be children because they are chastised, and appear to be in his paternal affection because they lie under his fatherly correction? We are therefore heirs, only because co-heirs with Christ; and we shall be kings, only because we shall reign together with him. It is a certain and infallible consequence, "if Christ be risen, then shall we also rise;" and we must look for as strong a coherence in this other, If Christ hath suffered, then must we expect to suffer. And as he taught the necessity of, so he left us the direction in, our sufferings. Great was the example of Job, but far short of absolute perfection: the pattern beyond all exception is alone our Saviour, who hath taught us in all our afflictions the exercise of admirable humility, perfect patience, and absolute submission unto the will of God.

And now we may perceive the full importance of this part of the Article, and every Christian may thereby understand what he is to believe, and what he is conceived to profess, when he makes this confession of his faith, he suffered. For hereby every one is obliged to intend thus much: I am really persuaded within myself, and do make a sincere profession of this as a most necessary, certain, and infallible truth, that the onlybegotten Son of God, begotten of the Father, and of the same essence with the Father, did for the redemption of mankind really and truly suffer; not in his Divinity, which was impassible, but in his humanity, which in the days of his humiliation was subject unto our infirmities: that as he is a perfect Redeemer of the whole man, so he was a complete sufferer in the whole; in his body, by such dolorous infirmities as arise internally from human frailties, and by such pains as are inflicted by external injuries; in his soul, by fearful apprehensions, by unknown sorrows, by anguish inexpressible. And in this latitude and propriety I believe our Saviour SUFFERED.

Under Pontius Pilate.

AFTER the substance of this part of the Article, consisting in our Saviour's passion, he suffered, followeth the circumstance of time, declared by the present governor, under Pontius Pilate. Which though the name of a stranger to the commonwealth of Israel, and the Church of Christ, is well preserved to eternal memory in the sacred articles of our CREED. For as the Son of God by his determinate counsel, was sent into the world to die in the fulness of time, so it concerns the Church to be assured of the time in which he died. And because the ancient custom of the world was, to make their computations by their governors, and refer their historical relations to the respective times of their government: therefore that we might be properly assured of the actions of our Saviour which he did, and of his

sufferings (that is, the actions which others did to him), the present governor is named in that form of speech which is proper to such historical or chronological narrations, when we affirm that he suffered under Pontius Pilate.*

And because he not only suffered under him as the present governor, but also was arraigned and condemned by him as a judge; therefore it will be necessary for the illustration of the manner, and confirmation of the truth of our Saviour's sufferings, to declare what hath been left and delivered to our knowledge, both concerning his person and his office.

For the first, we find him described by two names: nor is any other name of his extant, although, according to the general custom of the Romans,† he should have three. The first of these two is Pontius, the name descended to him from the

* Επί Ποντίου Πιλάτου. Which words are capable of a double construction. First, as they are used by St. Paul, 1 Τim. vi. 13. Ἰησοῦ, τοῦ μαρτυρήσαντος ἐπὶ Ποντίου Πιλάτου τὴν καλὴν ὁμολογίαν, "Who before Pontius Pilate witnessed a good confession; that is, standing before him, as before a judge. As the same person, Matt. xxviii. 14. Καὶ ἐὰν ἀκουστῇ τοῦτο izi roi hyeμóvos, If this come to be tried before the procurator. Thus Festus propounded it to St. Paul, Acts xxv. 9. Déλεις κρίνεσθαι ἐπ' ἐμοῦ; and St. Paul answered in the same propriety of speech, ἐπὶ τοῦ βήματος Καίσαρος ἑστώς εἰμι. Thus Christ tells his apostles, Mark xiii. 9. ἐπὶ ἡγεμόνων καὶ βασιλέων σταθήσεσθε. And in this sense is often used by the Greeks. Secondly, inì Minárov is under Pilate, that is, in the time of his government, when and while he was procurator of Judea ; as ἐπ' ἀρχιερέων ̓́Αννα καὶ Καϊ άφα, Luke iii. 2. and ἐπὶ ̓Αβιάθαρ τοῦ ἀρ Xp, Mark ii. 26. Which is also according to the custom and language of the Greeks, as: Κατακλυσμὸς ἐπὶ Δευκα λίωνος ἐγένετο. Μarm. Arundel. Οὗτοι ἦσαν ἐπὶ τοῦ Λαομέδοντος ἐξαναστάντων Τρώων. Plat. Epist. xii. ad Archytam. And inì TOUTOU backEborToç, in this king's reign, is the common phrase of Pausanias. Thus the Athenians among their nine "Agχοντες had one who was called 'Enos, because his name was used for the denotation of that year; and the phrase was usually, ἐπὶ τοῦ δεῖνα, οι ἐπὶ τοῦ δεῖνα αρχιν T5, as I find it thrice in one place. μὲν γὰρ (Ἰσοκράτης) ἐπὶ Λυσιμάχου, Πλάτων δὲ ἐπὶ ̓Αμεινίου γέγονεν, ἐφ ̓ οὗ Περικλῆς ἐτεAEUTROY. Laert. in Platone, 1. iii. init. In the same manner did the Lacedæmonians make their historical accounts by their Ephori, and the Argivi by the priestesses of Juno: Ἐπὶ Χρυσίδος ἐν "Αργει τότε πεντήκοντα δυοῖν δέοντα ἔτη ἱερωμένης, καὶ Αἰνησίου ἐφόρου ἐν Σπάρτη, καὶ Πυθοδώρου

ἔτι δύο μῆνας ἄρχοντος ̓Αθηναίοις. Thucyd. 1. ii. c. 2. And as the Greeks thus referred all actions to the times of these governors, so did the Jews under the Roman government, to the procurators of Judea; as appeareth by Josephus, who mentioning the first of that office, Coponius, presently relates the insurrection of Judas Galilæus in this manner: Ἐπὶ τούτου (Κωπωνίου) τὶς ἀνὴρ Γαλιλαίας, Ἰούδας ὄνομα, εἰς ἀπόστασιν ἐνῆγε τοὺς ἐπιχω gious. de Bell. Jud. 1. ii. c. 12. Then names his successor Ambivius, ip' o za λώμη Ἰαμνιὰν καταλείπει : after him Rufus, ἐφ ̓ οὗ δὴ καὶ τελευτᾷ Καῖσας. Antig. Jud. 1. xviii. c. 3. And in the same manner in the Creed, παθόντα ἐπὶ Ποντίου Πιλάτου, our Saviour suffered under Pontius Pilate, that is, at the time when he was procurator of Judea; as Ignatius fully v καιρῷ τῆς ἡγεμονίας Ποντίου Πιλάτου. Epist. ad Magnesios, c. 11.

+ Pausanias, speaking of the Romans, saith: Τρία ὁπότε ἡ ὀλίγιστα, καὶ ἔτι πλέονα ὀνόματα ἑκάστῳ τίθενται. Achaic. c. 7. And although Diomedes and Plutarch have observed, that even among the Romans there were some divvua, yet the prænomen was never omitted, as Priscian affirmed: Ex illo tempore consuetudo tenuit, ut nemo Romanus sit absque prænomine.' 1. ii. p. 577. ed. Putsch.

Pontius and Pilatus were his nomen and cognomen, in the same manner as Julius and Cæsar are described by Suetonius: 'Non Cæsare et Bibulo, sed Julio et Cæsare, Coss., actum scriberent, bis eundem præponentes, nomine atque cognomine.' i. i. c. 20. Thus without a prænomen or agnomen, he is only known to us by his nomen properly called, and his cognomen. The nature of which two is thus described by the ancients: Nomen proprium est gentilitium, id est, quod originem gentis et familiæ declarat, ut Portius, Cornelius; cognomen est quod uniuscujusque pro

original of his family, which was very ancient; the second Pilatus, as a cognominal addition distinguishing from the rest descending from the same original.

He was by birth a Roman; by degree of the equestrian order, sent by Tiberius the emperor to be a governor of Judea. For about threescore years before our Saviour's birth, the Jews by Pompey the Great were made tributary to the Romans. And although during the life of Hircanus the high-priest, the reign of Herod and his son Archelaus, the Roman state suffered the Jews to be ruled by their own laws and governors; yet when Archelaus was banished by Augustus, they received their governors from the Roman emperor, being made a part of the province of Syria, belonging to his care. In the life of Augustus there was a succession of three, Coponius, Ambivius, and Rufus. At the beginning of the reign of Tiberius, they were governed by Valerius Gracchus, and at his departure by Pontius Pilate.

The office which this Pilate bare was the Procuratorship of Judea, as is most evident out of the history both of the Romans,† from whom he received his authority, and of the Jews,

prium, et nominibus gentilitiis subjungitur, ut Cato, Scipio.' Diomedes de Orat. 1. i. p. 306. 'Nomen quod familiæ originem declarat, ut Cornelius; cognomen, quod nomini subjungitur, ut Scipio.' Charisius, 1. ii. p. 126. The first of these Dionysius calls τὸ συγγενικὸν καὶ πατρωνυμικόν, Plutarch οἰκίας ἡ γένους κοινὸν and και νὸν ἀπὸ συγγενείας the second he calls προσηγορικὸν ἐξ ἐπιθέτου. Thus Pontius was dis nomen gentis or gentilitium, and Pilatus his cognomen. As therefore Pontius Aquila, Pontius Cominius, Pontius Herennius, Pontius Paulinus, &c. so also Pontius Pilatus. Wherefore in vain have some of the ancients endeavoured to give an etymology of these names, as they do of Greek and Hebrew names in Scripture, and think thereby to express the nature or actions of them that bare the names. As Isidorus Hispal. Orig. 1. vii. c. 10. Pontius, Declinans concilium, utique Judæorum accepta enim aqua lavit manus suas, dicens, Innocens ego sum a sanguine hujus justi.' And Eutychius, patriarch of Alexandria, deduced Pontius from an island called Ponta, near to Rome. And St. Jerome: Quod significat nomen Pilati, i. e. Malleatoris, i. e. qui domat ferreas gentes.' ad Matt. xv. Pilatus, Os malleatoris; quia dum Christum ore suo et justificat et condemnat, more malleatoris utrinque ferit.' Isidor. ibid. Pontius, Declinans concilium; Pilatus, Os malleatoris.' S. Hier. de nom. Hebraicis, in Luca, col. 1479. et rursus in Actis, col. 1482. Where he lets us understand that these etymologies were made from the Hebrew language; and makes an excuse, because

the letter P is here taken for the Hebrew 5, to which the Latin F more properly answers: Sed sciendum est, quod apud Hebræos P litera non habetur, nec ullum nomen est quod hoc elementum sonet: abusive igitur accipienda, quasi per F lit teram scripta sint.' col. 1479. Thus did they vainly strive to find an Hebrew original, and that such a one as should represent the conditions of Pilate; when these two names are nothing else but the Roman nomen and cognomen of that person.

* Τῆς ̓Αρχελάου ἐθναρχίας μεταπεσούσης ele imagxiav. Joseph, de Bell. Jud, l. ii. c. 13. Τῆς δὲ ̓Αρχελάου χώρας ὑποτελοῦς προστε undsiong tỹ Zigav. Antiq. Jud. l. xvii.c. 15. Παρῆν δὲ Κυρήνιος εἰς τὴν Ἰουδαίων προσθήκην Zuglas yvoμevv. Ibid. 1. xviii. c. 1.

Tacitus speaking of the Christians : Auctor nominis ejus Christus, qui Tiberio imperitante per procuratorem Pontium Pilatum supplicio affectus est.' Annal. 1 xv. c. 44. And Tertullian, most skilful of their laws and customs, speaks thus of our Saviour: postremo oblatum Pontio Pilato, Syriam tunc ex parte Romana procuranti.' Apologet. c. 21. Whom St. Cyprian follows: Hunc magistri eorumPontio Pilato, qui tunc ex parte Romana Syriam procurabat, tradiderunt.' De Idol. Vau. §. 7. Thus also Josephus for the Jews: Πεμφθεὶς δὲ εἰς Ἰουδαίαν ἐπίτροπος ὑπὸ Tißegiou Пinároç. De Bell. Jud. l. ii. c. 14. And Philo: Πιλάτος ἦν τῶν ὑπάρχων ἐπίτρο πος ἀποδεδειγμένος τῆς Ἰουδαίας. De Virtute et legat. ad Caium, p. 589. vol. ii. And therefore those words of St. Luke, c. iii. 1. ἡγεμονεύοντος Ποντίου Πιλάτου τῆς Ἰουδαίας, were properly translated by the old inter

over whom he exercised his dominion. But what was the office of a Procurator in those times,* though necessary for our present purpose, is not so easy to determine, because it was but newly introduced into the Roman government. For before the dominion of that city was changed from a commonwealth into an empire, there was no such public office in any of the provinces; and, particularly in Judea, none till after the banishment of Archelaus, some years after our Saviour's birth. When Augustus divided the provinces of the empire into two parts, one of which he kept for his own care, and left the other to the inspection of the senate; he sent, together with the President of each province, as the governor-in-chief of the province, a Procurator, whose office was to take an account of all the tri

bute, and whatsoever was due to the emperor, and to order and dispose of the same for his advantage. Neither was there, at the first institution of this office, any other act belonging pro'perly to their jurisdiction, but such a care and disposal of the imperial revenue: which they exercised as inferior and subordinate to the President, always supreme provincial officer.

Now Judea being made part of the province of Syria, and consequently under the care of the President of that province, according to this institution, a particular Procurator was assigned unto it, for the disposing the emperor's revenue. And because the nation of the Jews were always suspected of a rebellious disposition against the Roman state, and the President of Syria, who had the power of the sword, was forced to attend upon the other parts of the province; therefore the Procurator of Judea was furnished with power of life and death,* and so administered all the power of the President, which was, as to the Jews, supreme. Which is very observable, as an eminent act of the providence of God, by which the full power of

This appeareth by Coponius, the first proper procurator of Judea, who was brought in by Quirinus Præses of Syria, when he came to dispose of the goods of Archelaus, and to reduce Judea into the form of a province, and adjoin it to Syria. Of this Coponius Josephus writeth after this manner: Κωπώνιός τε αὐτῷ (Κυρηνίῳ) συγκαταπέμπεται, τάγματος τῶν ἱππέων, ἡγησόμενος Ἰουδαίων τῇ ἐπὶ πᾶσιν ἐξουσίᾳ· that being of the equestrian order, he was sent with Quirinus to govern the Jews with the supreme power. Antiq. I. xviii. c. 1. And yet more expressly, as to the time, occasion, and extent, of his power: Τῆς δὲ Αρχελάου χώρας εἰς ἐπαρχίαν περιγραφείσης, ἐπίτροπος τις ἱππικῆς παρὰ ̔Ρωμαίοις τάξεως, Κωπώνιος πέμπεται, μέχρι τοῦ κτείνειν λαβὼν παρὰ τοῦ Kaloagos itouclav. Id. de Bell. Jud. l. ii. c.

11. When those parts which were under
the command of Archelaus were reduced
into a province, Coponius was sent thither
by the emperor, and furnished with power
of life and death. For although, in the
proconsular provinces, the procurator of
the emperor had no power but in those
things which belonged to the exchequer ;
yet in those provinces which were pro-
perly præsidales, the Procurator was often
loco Præsidis. From whence in the ancient
inscriptions we read of the same person :
'Procurator et Præses Alpium,' ' Procu-
rator et Præses provinciarum per Orien-
tem,'Procurator et Præses provincia
Sardinia. It was often therefore so, that
the Procurator did Præsidis partibus fungi;
as Ulpian. 1. viii. de officio Proconsulis: 'In
provinciam enim Præsidum provinciarum
nec aliter Procuratori Cæsaris hæc co
tio injungitur, quam Præsidis part

provincia fungatur.' And this is very necessary to be observed, because a procurator barely as such, not armed with the power of the Præses provincia, had not the power of the sword. As Antoninus to Valerius: Procurator meus, qui vice Præsidis non fungebatur, exsilii tibi pœnam non potuit irrogare.' 1. ix. Cod. de pænis. And to Heliodorus: Procurator meus, qui vice Præsidis provinciæ non fungitur, sicut exigere pœnam desertæ accusationis non potest, ita judicare ut ea inferatur sententia sua non potest.' 1. iii. C. Ubi Cause. This was plain in the case of Lucilius Capito, procurator of Asia Minor, who was called in question for exceeding his power, and deserted therein by Tiberius: Procurator Asia Lucilius Capito, accusante provincia, causam dixit magna cum asseveratione Principis, non se jus nisi in servitia et pecunias familiares dedisse. Quod si vim Prætoris usurpasset, manibusque militum usus foret, spreta in eo mandata sua, audirent socios.' Tacit. Annal. I. iv. c. 15. And Dio upon the said example observes in general, that the procurators had no such power: Où yàg ἐξῆν τότε τοῖς τὰ αὐτοκρατορικὰ χρήματα διοι κοῦσι πλέον οὐδὲν ποιεῖν, ἢ τὰς νενομισμένας προσόδους ἐκλέγειν, καὶ περὶ τῶν διαφορῶν ἔν τε τῇ ἀγορᾷ καὶ κατὰ τοὺς νόμους ἐξίσου τοῖς ἰδιώταις dináčeo Sat. 1. Ivii. c. 23. But although the ordinary procurators had no other power, but to dispose of the revenue, and determine private causes; yet he which was vice Præsidis, had the power of the Prases and such a procurator was Pontius Pilate in Judæa, as the others who ceded him also were.