fortable dwelling, gently swinging in the air. Who has given it instinct so remarkable? Not chance or nature, but the God of nature, in all whose works the manifestations of design present themselves in light most clear. Our situation reminded us of the language of the captive Israelites. "By the rivers of Babylon, there we sat down, yea, we wept when we remembered Zion. We hanged our harps upon the willows in the midst thereof." We, however, were not disposed to yield to sadness, but rather to give thanks and to rejoice. The remains of an old military fort were not far distant from the place of our encampment; and, on wandering towards it, I met with a few Hottentots whom I invited to join us in the worship of Jehovah. Some of them came, and under the shadow of a hill we sang a hymn and prayed; and then I read a chapter of the New Testament in Dutch, and tried to explain it as well as I was able. That Sabbath in the wilderness I shall not forget; for God was with us, and his presence sanctified it and dispelled the gloom, and made the spot like the hill Mizar, a place to be remembered with thanksgiving.

This river, the Koonap, is one of the numerous streams that take their rise in the glens and kloofs of the Winterberg, a mountainous region already mentioned, the scenery of which is remarkably bold and picturesque, abounding with magnificent forests of timber, of which the yellow-wood and the stink-wood are amongst the most valuable species, the former being similar to deal, and the latter used for furniture and answering nearly all the purposes of mahogany. The river, whose banks are lined with willows and acacias, winds through a rich and grassy country, valuable alike for pasturage and agriculture, and at length joins the Great Fish-River in its course to the Indian Ocean.

The next morning the river was fordable, but a deep bed of mud had been deposited by its waters on the side adjoining us, into which, had we ventured to cross, our waggon would probably have stuck fast. Our men therefore set to work to construct a sort of causeway, by chopping down a number of trees and throwing them across the path, and by filling up the holes with stones and earth. This task accomplished, our careful driver thought we might venture through, and, tired as we were of a wilderness life, we did not hesitate to make the attempt. We succeeded; for though the water was yet high, and the current rushing down with considerable force, the skill of our attendants, who had been accustomed to such adventures, enabled them to overcome all difficulties; and in the course of an hour we found ourselves safe on the opposite bank. Such is the character of African travelling; but as the Colony advances and becomes more thickly populated, these difficulties will, for the most part, be unknown. Bridges will be constructed. Houses of accommodation will be erected. Roads will be improved. Already, indeed, these evidences of the march of improvement are beginning to present themselves in various parts of the country; and the difference between travelling in the Colony and travelling in Kaffraria is most remarkable.

A few hours brought us to Fort-Beaufort, where we were kindly welcomed by the Rev. G. Green, the resident Missionary, and his family. Most refreshing is it after a long and tedious journey in the wilds of Africa, to reach the residence of a friend and brother, to whom you can relate your trials and deliverances; it is like oil cast upon troubled waters; it soothes the agitated spirit, and fills the breast with calmness and with peace. We felt this, and were thankful. And now we were in the midst of a military town, in which are spacious and extensive barracks, with all the instruments

and appurtenances of war; an indication that at no great distance there exists a rather formidable foe. The maintenance of a large military force on the colonial frontier is a necessary evil, of which even the most zealous advocates of the Peace Society, if they understood the circumstances of the country, would scarcely be disposed to complain. None, I believe, would more greatly rejoice than the Colonists themselves, could the tranquillity of the border be preserved by any other means; but the restless and predatory disposition of the Kaffir tribes, and their frequent inroads on the colonial territory, render it essential that the means of defence should be at hand. And yet the effect produced on the native mind must necessarily be injurious, as it tends to keep alive the animosity which exists between the black man and the white. Hence the philanthropist and the Christian will rejoice, when, as the result of the diffusion of the principles of the Gospel, the establishment of religious institutions, and the gradual elevation of the Kaffir tribes, military forts shall give place to sanctuaries, and weapons of war become instruments of husbandry. The sons of Moshesh, the Basutu Chieftain, on visiting Beaufort and the adjoining camps, observed, "The English are evidently powerful by their arms and by their wisdom: they can infuse terror into the Amakosa, and cut them in pieces if it be necessary; but would it not be better if they increased the number of their schools instead of their forts, and of Bibles instead of cannons?" Doubtless it would; and, though the time has not come when forts and cannons can be dispensed with, we believe it has come when Missionaries and Missionary operations should be increased a hundred-fold. Valuable are the services of the soldier in securing external order, and in defending the oppressed, whether black or white; but no doubt can be entertained that it must be by moral means rather than coercive, by the schoolmaster and the artisan, rather than the man whose profession is the art of war, that the social system among the tribes of Africa will be renovated, and the foundations of enduring peace be laid.

Fort-Beaufort owes its origin chiefly to the war of 1835. It stands on a small peninsula formed by the Kat-River, and is eligibly situated as a place of defence, being, in fact, within Kaffraria, though not of it. At the back of the town is a range of mountains, forming part of the chain called 'the Bosch-bergen, the appearance of which is somewhat imposing, giving to the landscape an air of grandeur and magnificence. Mountain scenery is ever noble, and tends to awaken in the mind the most rapturous emotions. The sublime and beautiful of nature, not of art, present themselves before the astonished eye blended into one; and you stand and gaze upon the scene with mute delight. The attempt vividly to recall the feelings I experienced amid the bold and rugged hills of Africa, must be utterly in vain: travellers who would describe with effect the scenes they witness, should do so under the influence of the emotions they excite; for if they trust to memory only, their descriptions will necessarily be far less striking.

Through part of this range, and thence across the Winterberg leading to the Tarka, a military road has been constructed, which is almost worthy of being ranked with the celebrated Via Appia of ancient Rome. It was projected by Major Selwyn of the Royal Engineers, and executed under the superintendence of Mr. G. Bain. In several localities it has been cut out of the mountain sides, up which it gradually winds in a serpentine course for several miles, supported by walls of solid masonry, or by embankments of the firmest kind. From Fort-Beaufort it extends likewise in the opposite direction towards Graham's-Town; and here, on the heights of the Kat

River and of the Koonap, and again in the jungle of the Great Fish-River, the appearance it exhibits is truly magnificent. On one side you perceive a densely wooded hill, rising almost perpendicularly above your head from fifty to two or three hundred feet; and on the other you look down into a precipitous glen, on the very verge of which you have to travel, and, there being no parapet or fence, apprehensions for your safety are readily awakened. The execution of this work reflects the highest credit on the Royal Engineers, and to the Colony the road is as valuable as a line of railway is to England. It was during the construction of this and other roads, that the geological character of the country was brought to light, and that a number of fossil remains belonging to a peculiar species of an extinct genus of Reptilia, to which the name Dicynodon* has been given by Professor Owen, were discovered by Mr. Bain, who sent them to this country.

In the vicinity of Fort-Beaufort are several native kraals, chiefly of the class designated Fingoes. Though living in the midst of a civilized community, they are, with few exceptions, extremely barbarous. You will never find the heathen tribes of Africa incited, by the influence of example merely, to throw off their indolent habits, and to make an effort to rise in the scale of society. They will admire your habitations, but not imitate them; they will express their astonishment at your wisdom and your skill, but never be ambitious to prove themselves as wise as you are. "Yes," said a Kaffir Chief, who visited Graham's-Town, as he walked up its streets, gazing on the houses and public buildings, "the English are very clever ; but what fools they are to take so much pains! Do they expect to live for ever?" Such are the utilitarian views by which the savage is actuated; nor can any but motives of the highest order, motives such as the Gospel only will inspire, lead him to adopt a mode of life different from that which satisfied his ancestors. Immediately opposite our dwelling, and at the distance of two or three hundred yards, was one of these Fingoe kraals; and during the moonlight nights we were frequently disturbed by the monotonous song of its wild inhabitants, who danced and sang for several successive hours. The French traveller, Vaillant, quotes with approbation, from a writer whom he does not name, the following remarks:—“In a polished state dancing and singing are two arts; but in the bosom of the forests, they are almost natural signs of concord, friendship, tenderness, and pleasure. We learn under masters to command our voice, and move our limbs in cadence: the savage has no other instructer but his own passions, his own heart, and nature. What he feels, we pretend to feel the savage, therefore, who dances and sings is always happy." To these views we totally demur. What do they assume, but that the savage state is the natural condition of the human race? thus placing the noblest of the works of God, the loftiest of the creatures he has made, on a level with the brutes that perish. A civilized state of society, according to this notion, has been superinduced on a more primitive form, and must be considered a catastrophe wherever it obtains. Had we been left to ourselves, as nature framed us, our songs would have been the free and spontaneous manifestations of our joy, and our joy would undoubtedly have flowed in a far more constant tide! Whoever can adopt such views as these, had better return to the

* From dls, "two," and kuvódous, "a canine tooth;" the animals having been distinguished by two immense teeth, or pointed tusks. See a description of the fossils, by Professor Owen, in the Transactions of the Geological Society of Londen, for the year 1845, vol. vii., part 2.

savage state, and become an inhabitant of the forest and the wilderness; and if man be merely an animal, irrational, unaccountable, and destined for no higher state than the one he occupies at present, it might be well. But if he is an immortal being, if the Creator has designed him for the bliss of heaven, if he is to become the companion of angels and an inheritor of God himself, then must the condition in which he is found, amid the glens, the mountains, and the rocks of Africa, be one into which he has degenerated through a succession of ages and generations. "The savage when he dances and sings is always happy;" and so is the hart that bounds across the plain, and the bird that towers aloft upon the wing: and what is the difference between the happiness of the one and of the other?

Christian Missionaries adopt principles opposite to these. They do not believe that the savage is happy in the high and important sense in which the term should be applied to man. Hence in Fort-Beaufort, as elsewhere, we have established schools, and have brought into operation the various appliances of the Gospel, not only for the benefit of the European residents of the town, but with a view also to the instruction and elevation of these wretched outcasts of mankind. Upwards of two hundred of the Fingoes now attend the sanctuary on the Lord's day, of whom thirty have received the rite of Christian baptism, and become consistent members of the church. Our European congregation in this town is likewise one of considerable interest. It is often partly composed of soldiers, over the conversion of several of whom we have had occasion to rejoice. During the very short period of our sojourn in this Circuit, I ministered frequently both to the native congregation and the English, and though sometimes amidst much discouragement, yet not without indications of the presence of the Holy Spirit, giving "testimony to the word of his grace."

One of the greatest evils in the Colonial towns of the Cape is the existence of canteens, or retail spirit-shops, to which the natives are ever tempted to resort, and where they freely indulge in habits of intoxication. It was lamentable to observe the Chief Macomo, a man whose name is renowned in the annals of Kaffir warfare, visiting Fort-Beaufort, time after time, for the purpose of procuring brandy. He has become a confirmed and habitual drunkard, and can seldom be seen in a state of sobriety, so that all attempts to instruct him in the truths of Christianity must be as fruitless as to tame the hyaena of the woods. And it is to be feared that among the native tribes of Africa the sin of drunkenness will spread. O, it is a heart-rending thought, that whilst British Christians are sending to Africa the bread and the water of eternal life, unprincipled men, in their anxiety to get rich, should at the same time be vending the destructive fire-waters, which must inevitably entail upon the land a curse. Let the authorities of the country look to this matter in time. If they would maintain the honour of the British name, if they would preserve the native tribes from ruin, if they would do justice to themselves and to the colonists, let them adopt, without delay, some restrictive measures which shall check this growing evil, and tend, by God's blessing, to prevent its progress.

We were

Our appointment to Fort-Beaufort was only temporary. directed by the District-Meeting to remove to Bathurst, whither, in the course of two or three months, we went, leaving behind us, in a quiet and secluded cemetery, the remains of our first-born child.

BIOGRAPHICAL RECOLLECTIONS OF ANTHONY

FARINDON, B.D.:

WITH OCCASIONAL REMINISCENCES OF HIS FRIEND, JOHN HALES, OF ETON. BY THE REV. THOMAS JACKSON.

(Concluded from page 988.)

XII. THE SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY TO WHICH FARINDON BELONGED. EXTRACTS FROM HIS SERMONS.

THERE is a difficulty in specifying any particular school of theologians, as then existing, with whom Farindon may be said to have symbolized. In the thoroughly practical nature of his teaching, and in his dislike of the peculiar tenets of the great Genevan Reformer, he bore a strong resemblance to his friend and contemporary, Dr. Henry Hammond; but he attached less importance to the sacraments, and to the Episcopal form of churchgovernment, than did that very learned, able, and devout man: at least, these subjects are far more prominent in the writings of Hammond than in those of Farindon; and it is "out of the abundance of the heart that the mouth speaketh." In his zeal for personal sanctity and Christian obedience, Farindon is equal to Jeremy Taylor; but his theology is vastly more Protestant and evangelical in its character than is that which this eloquent man has embodied in his voluminous writings. Farindon distinctly asserts the cardinal doctrine of justification by faith, without the deeds of the law; whereas it is not easy to discover any real difference between the tenets of Taylor on this vital point, and the method of justification which is laid down in the Trent Council of Papal Rome.*

Every one who admires the Works of this charming and eloquent writer ought to be aware of the dangerous doctrine of merit of condignity, which pervades even his practical treatises. The following passage from Anthony Wood will prove, that while Taylor was a student in Oxford he imbibed this and other Popish opinions :— "About the same time he was in a ready way to be confirmed a member of the Church of Rome, as many of that persuasion have said; but, upon a sermon delivered in St. Mary's Church in Oxon, on the fifth of November, (Gunpowder-treason day,) anno 1638, wherein several things were put in against the Papists by the then ViceChancellor, [Dr. Accepted Frewen,] he was afterwards rejected with scorn by those of that party, particularly by Francis de Sanctâ Clará, [Christopher Davenport,] his intimate acquaintance; to whom afterwards he expressed some sorrow for those things he had said against them, as the said Sancta Clara hath several times told me." Davenport was one of that class of Romish Divines who, on account of their plausible address and versatile talents, seem to be elected to the office of proving, after their own adroit method, (that of his successors Bossuet and Wiseman,) how conformable the doctrinal articles of the English are to those of the Church of Rome! Yet to this man Taylor apologized for the severe remarks which he had made on the grosser and more palpable errors of Popery, while he circulated in all its Popish virulence the unsuspected poison of condign merit; a doctrine most flattering to the proud propensities of our fallen nature, but most alien from the teaching of the Holy Spirit in the Gospel of our salvation. In the absence of better spiritual guides among Churchmen, all the earnest seekers of salvation, for an entire century, were directed for adequate instructions to Taylor's two practical treatises on Holy Living and Holy Dying. The pernicious effects of such dogmas on the mind of Dr. Samuel Johnson are shown in his exemplifying this merit of condignity by standing bareheaded on a market-day, in the very spot where, many years previously, he had been desired to attend by his sick and aged father, but had sullenly refused; yet he appears to have been fully persuaded, that by thus humbling and exposing himself he had amply expiated the guilt of his former undutiful behaviour. Many instances might be adduced of similar effects on other minds, displayed in the various forms of selfrighteous assumption and ascetic formality.