Book XI. plane, and conclude that it will fall upon the common section of ☑ the planes, because this is the very same thing as if they had made use of the construction above-mentioned, and then concluded that the straight line must be perpendicular to the plane; but is expressed in fewer words. some Editor not perceiving this, thought it was neceffary to add this Proposition, which can never be of any use, to the 11. Book. and its being near to the end among Propositions with which it has no connexion, is a mark of its having been added to the Text.

PROP. XXXIX. B. ΧΙ.

In this it is supposed that the straight lines which bisect the sides of the opposite planes, are in one plane, which ought to have been demonftrated; as is now done.

T

HE learned Mr. Moor, Professor of Greek in

the University

of Glasgow, observed to me that it plainly appears from Archimedes Epistle to Dofitheus prefixed to his Books of the Sphere and Cylinder, which Epistle he has restored from antient Manuscripts, that Eudoxus was the Author of the chief Propositions in this twelfth Book.

PROP. II. B. XII.

At the beginning of this it is said, " if it be not so, the square of " BD shall be to the square of FH, as the circle ABCD is to fome " space either less than the circle EFGH, or greater than it." and the like is to be found near to the end of this Propofition, as also in Prop. 5. 11. 12. 18. of this Book. concerning which it is to be observed, that in the Demonstration of Theorems, it is sufficient, in this and the like cases, that a thing made use of in the reasoning can possibly exist, providing this be evident, tho' it cannot be exhibited or found by a Geometrical construction. so in this place it is affumed that there may be a fourth proportional to these three magnitudes, viz. the squares of BD, FH, and the circle ABCD; because it is evident that there is some square equal to the circle ABCD, tho' it cannot be found geometrically; and to the three rectilineal figures, viz. the squares of BD, FH, and the square which is equal to the circle ABCD, there is a fourth square proportional; because Book XII. to the three straight lines which are their fides there is a fourth straight line proportionala, and this fourth square, or a space equal a. 12. 6. to it, is the space which in this Propofition is denoted by the letter S. and the like is to be understood in the other places above cited. and it is probable that this has been shewn by Euclid, but left out by some Editor; for the Lemma which some unskilful hand has added to this Propofition explains nothing of it.

PROP. III. B. XII.

In the Greek Text and the Translations, it is said, " and be" cause the two straight lines BA, AC which meet one another" &c. here the angles BAC, KHL are demonstrated to be equal to one another by 10. Prop. B. 11. which had been done before. because the triangle EAG was proved to be similar to the triangle KHL. this repetition is left out, and the triangles BAC, KHL are proved to be similar in a shorter way by Prop. 21. B. 6.

PROP. IV. B. XII.

A few things in this are more fully explained than in the Greek

Text.

PROP. V. B. XII.

In this, near to the end, are the words ὡς ἔμπροθεν ἐδείχθη, « αθ " was before shewn," and the fame are found again in the end of Prop. 18. of this Book; but the Demonstration referred to, except it be the useless Lemma annexed to the 2. Prop. is no where in these Elements, and has been perhaps left out by fome Editor who has forgot to cancel those words also.

PROP. VI. B. XII.

A shorter Demonstration is given of this; and that which is in the Greek Text may be made shorter by a step than it is. for the Author of it makes use of the 22. Prop. of B. 5. twice, whereas once would have served his purpose; because that Proposition extends to any number of magnitudes which are proportionals taken two and two, as well as to three which are proportional to other three.

Book XII.

2. 20. 6.

COR. PROP. VIII. B. XII.

The Demonftration of this is imperfect, because it is not shewn that the triangular pyramids into which those upon multangular bases are divided, are similar to one another, as ought neceffarily to have been done, and is done in the like case in Prop. 12. of this Book. the full Demonftration of the Corollary is as follows.

Upon the polygonal bases ABCDE, FGHKL, let there be fimilar and similarly situated pyramids which have the points M, N for their vertices. the pyramid ABCDEM has to the pyramid FGHKLN the triplicate ratio of that which the side AB has to the homologous side FG.

Let the polygons be divided into the triangles ABE, EBC, ECD; FGL, LGH, LHK, which are similara each to each. and because b. 11. Def. the pyramids are similar, therefore the triangle EAM is fimilar to the triangle LFN, and the triangle ABM to FGN. wherefore ME is to EA, as NL to LF; and as AE to EB, so is FL to LG, because

II.

€. 4. 6.

the triangles EAB, LFG are similar; therefore, ex aequali, as ME to EB, so is NL to LG. in like manner it may be shewn that EB is to BM, as LG to GN; therefore, again, ex aequali, as EM to MB, so is LN to NG. wherefore the triangles EMB, LNG having their fides proportionals are d equiangular, and similar to one another. therefore the pyramids which have the triangles EAB, LFG for their bases, and the points M, N for their vertices are similar b to one another, for their solid angles are equal, and the solids themselves are contained by the same number of similar planes. in the fame manner the pyramid EBCM may be shewn to be similar to the pyramid LGHN, and the pyramid ECDM to LHKN. and Book XII. because the pyramids EABM, LFGN are similar, and have triangular bases, the pyramid EABM has to LFGN the triplicate ratio f. 8. 12. of that which EB has to the homologous side LG. and, in the same manner, the pyramid EBCM has to the pyramid LGHN the triplicate ratio of that which EB has to LG. therefore as the pyramid EABM is to the pyramid LFGN, so is the pyramid EBCM to the pyramid LGHN. in like manner, as the pyramid EBCM is to LGHN, so is the pyramid ECDM to the pyramid LHKN. and as one of the antecedents is to one of the confequents, so are all the antecedents to all the consequents. therefore as the pyramid EABM to the pyramid LFGN, so is the whole pyramid ABCDEM to the whole pyramid FGHKLN. and the pyramid EABM has to the pyramid LFGN the triplicate ratio of that which AB has to FG, therefore the whole pyramid has to the whole pyramid the triplicate ratio of that which AB has to the homologous side FG. Q. E. D.

PROP. XI. and XII. B. XII.

The order of the letters of the Alphabet is not observed in these two Propositions, according to Euclid's manner, and is now restored. by which means the first part of Prop. 12. may be demonftrated in the fame words with the first part of Prop. 11. on this account the Demonstration of that first part is left out, and affumed from Prop. 11.

PROP. XIII. B. XII.

In this Proposition the common section of a plane parallel to the bases of a cylinder, with the cylinder itself is supposed to be a circle, and it was thought proper briefly to demonftrate it; from whence it is sufficiently manifest that this plane divides the cylinder into two others. and the same thing is understood to be fupplied in Prop. 14.

PROP. XV. B. XII.

" And complete the cylinders AX, EO." both the Enuntiation and Exposition of the Proposition represent the cylinders as well as the cones as already described. wherefore the reading ought rather

Book XII. to be " and let the cones be ALC, ENG; and the cylinders AX,

EO."

The first Cafe in the second part of the Demonstration is wanting; and fomething also in the second Cafe of that part, before the repetition of the construction is mentioned; which are now added.

PROP. XVII. B. XII.

In the Enuntiation of this Proposition the Greek words, ἐἰς τὴν μείζονα σφαῖραν σερεὸν πολύεδρον έγγράψαι, μὴ ψαῦον τῆς ἐλάσονος σφαίρας κατὰ τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν, are thus tranflated by Commandine and others, " in majori folidum polyhedrum defcribere quod minoris " sphaerae superficiem non tangat;" that is, " to describe in the " greater sphere a folid polyhedron which shall not meet the super" ficies of the lesser sphere." whereby they refer the words κατά τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν to these next to them τῆς ἐλάσονος σφαίρας. but they ought by no means to be thus tranflated, for the folid polyhedron doth not only meet the superficies of the lefser sphere, but pervades the whole of that sphere. therefore the foresaid words are to be referred to τὸ σερεον πολύεδρον, and ought thus to be translated, viz. to describe in the greater sphere a folid polyhedron whose superficies shall not meet the lesser sphere; as the meaning of the Propofition necessarily requires.

The Demonstration of the Proposition is spoiled and mutilated. for fome easy things are very explicitly demonstrated, while others not so obvious are not fufficiently explained; for example, when it is affirmed that the square of KB is greater than the double of the square of BZ, in the first Demonstration; and that the angle BZK is obtufe, in the second. both which ought to have been demonstrated. befides, in the first Demonstration it is faid “draw ΚΩ " from the point K perpendicular to BD;" whereas it ought to have been faid, " join KV," and it should have been demonstrated that KV is perpendicular to BD. for it is evident from the figure in Hervagius's and Gregory's Editions, and from the words of the Demonstration, that the Greek Editor did not perceive that the perpendicular drawn from the point K to the straight line BD must necessarily fall upon the point V, for in the figure it is made to fall upon the point o a different point from V, which is likewise supposed in the Demonstration. Commandine seems to have been aware of this; for in his figure he marks one and the fame point with the two let