What great seaport is near it? What university do you find? (Kiel also has a university.) (Clim. 275-Prod. 276.)

SCOTLAND.

285. Scotland is among the northern countries of Europe, and resembles them in climate, and in the character of its people. It will be described under the head of Great Britain, to which it belongs.

MIDDLE COUNTRIES OF EUROPE. England---Ireland---The Netherlands--Germany--

Prussia-Austria-Switzerland--France.

286. The middle countries of Europe extend from about 45° to 55° of north latitude. The southern part of Russia is also in the same latitude.

287. The climate in most parts of these countries is milder than in the northern United States; but in the northern parts, the winters are very cold.

288. They produce excellent grain and vegetables, and many fine fruits in abundance.

289. The southern parts abound in grapes and olives, which furnish the people with wine and oil, for com

mon use.

CCXC. (For the Review.)

a. The chief exports of these countries are provisions, grain, wine, and innumerable manufactures of wool, cotton and metals.

b. The people are of various characters, but generally active and intelligent.

c. Most of them excel other nations of Europe in manufactures and learning; but they are less hardy and virtuous than in moie of the northern countries,

Questions.-I. In what latitude are the middle countries of Europe? What countries are in the northern part, and what in the southern of this division? What part of Russia is in the same latitude? What is the climate of these countries? What do they produce? What fruits in the southern parts?

II. What are the chief exports? What is the character of the people? In what do they excel other nations of Europe? What can you say of their virtue?

BRITISH ISLES, OR GREAT BRITAIN.

291. In the British Isles, England, Scotland and Ire land are united in one kingdom, which excels all other countries in the extent and value of its manufactures and commerce, and in the strength of its navy.

The British empire includes numerous and extensive colonies, in every quarter of the globe.

Iron Bridge and Canal in England.

292. England is remarkable for its fine roads and bridges, and also for its canals, which pass through mountains and over rivers. It is a moist, temperate, fruitful and beautiful country.

The people are intelligent, brave and industrious, chiefly supported by manufactures and commerce. Jersey, and the neighbouring islands of Guernsey, Alderney and Sark belong to England.

Wales is a mountainous country, formerly independ ent, but now incorporated with England.

Questions on the map.-I. How is England bounded? What channel and straits divide it from France? What islands in the English Channel belong to England? What island opposite Portsmouth? Describe the capital. What are the three principal rivers?

II. Where are the two chief universities? In what direc

tion from London? What two seaports on the Channel? Where is Bristol? What other seaport on the west? Which way from Liverpool are the great manufacturing towns of Birmingham and Manchester? What two seaports on the North Sea? What two other important places in the north?

293. In Staffa, one of the Western Isles of Scotland, is a cavern of great height, called Fingal's Cave, supported by natural columns, appearing like hewn stone.

Scotland is one of the northern countries of Europe. It is cold, mountainous and unfruitful, chiefly fitted for pasturage.

The Scotch are hardy and enterprising. They are remarkable for general education and morality, produced by their numerous schools and their attention to public worship.

The Orkney, the Shetland and the Western Isles, or Hebrides, belong to Scotland. The chief rivers are the Forth on the east, and the Clyde on the west.

Questions on the map.-I. How is Scotland bounded? What islands belong to it? What are the chief rivers? What is the capital and where? What seaport in the west?

II. What two ports on the eastern coast? Where is Perth? Where are the universities of Scotland?

294. Ireland is remarkable for the Giant's Causeway, on the northern coast, composed of regular natural pillars, like those of Staffa.

It is a level, moist and fertile country, celebrated for the beautiful green of its fields.

The common people are hardy and brave,. but generally ignorant and superstitious, and extremely poor. Questions on the map.-I. How is Ireland bounded? What is the chief river? What place on the Shannon? Describe the capital.

II. What is the chief seaport in the south? What two ports in the west? What are the two principal places in the north? What is the southern cape of Ireland? What university in Ireland?

KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS.

Including Holland and the Netherlands.

295. This country is generally lower than the sea and rivers. It is drained by means of numerous camals, which are also used instead of roads.

The Kingdom of the Netherlands is a flat, moist and highly cultivated country, with a cold and damp, but healthy climate. The people are honest, and remarks able for industry, frugality and neatness.

Canals in the Netherlands.

The northern part of this kingdom was formerly called Holland, and the southern part, Flanders, or the Netherlands.

Questions on the map.-I. How is the Netherlands bounded? What rivers pass through it? What is the capital?

II. Where is the Hague? What two other cities in the south?