What is the southern cape? What colony and principal tribe does it embrace? What customs of the Hottentots can you mention? What is the climate of S. Africa? What reasons can you find from the map, that S. Africa should have so temperate a climate, near the Torrid Zone? (See 113, 114.) What mountains are the principal? What rivers empty into the Atlantic Ocean, and of what size? What one into the Indian Ocean? What can you say of the Caffres and Hottentots? What is the state of other tribes? What has been done to improve them? What missionary station is there on the Orange River What is the principal place N. of this river.

COLONY OF THE CAPE.

405. This colony was settled 200 years ago, by the Dutch, who are still the most numerous white inhabit. ants; but it now belongs to the British.

The white farmers, or boors, are generally indolent and ignorant, and many of them are almost as filthy and brutal as the natives.

Questions on the map.--I. How is the Colony of the Cape bounded? What is the capital, and what missionary station do you find? What river, mountains and bays around it.

406. The Azores, or Western Islands of Africa, are exposed to violent earthquakes. A few years since, a volcano burst out in the sea, and formed a new island.

407. The African Islands, except the Cape Verd Isles, enjoy a healthy and delightful climate, and pre duce the finest fruits of warm countries.

408. Many others, besides the Azores, contain volcanic mountains, most of which, like the Peak of Teneriffe, have now ceased to burn.

Questions on the map.-I. What are the most northerly of the African Islands? What is remarkable concerning them? What three other groups of islands on the Western coast of Africa? What are the chief islands on the Eastern coast? What is the climate of these islands generally? What mountains have they?

ISLANDS WEST OF AFRICA.

409. The islands on the western coast of Africa are all claimed by the Portuguese, except the Canaries, belonging to Spain, and St. Helena, the late prison of the Emperor Napoleon, possessed by the British.

410. St. Matthews and Ascension are uninhabited, but the rest are well peopled, chiefly with Spaniards and Portuguese, who have intermarried with the natives.

411. These islands are celebrated for producing fine wines, of which the best are found in Madeira and Teneriffe.

Questions on the map.-I. What are the principal islands among the Azores? What countries of Europe lie in the same latitude? What are the next islands, and what countries are opposite them? What are the chief islands next S. of Madeira? What are the principal of the Cape Verd Isles?

II. What small islands do you find on this part of the coast? What islands do you find between C. Palmas and the Cape of Good Hope? Who claim most of the islands W. of Africa? For what has St. Helena been lately remarkable? How are these islands inhabited? For what are they celebrated?

ISLANDS EAST OF AFRICA.

412. MADAGASCAR is the largest island in the world, except New Holland, and Borneo.

The climate is healthy and agreeable, and the soil fertile in the productions of the Torrid Zone.

The people are intelligent, mild and hospitable. They are superior in knowledge, arts and civilization to the Africans on the continent.

413. BOURBON and MAURITIUS are much resorted to by ships from India.

Questions on the map.-I. Near what coast of Africa is Madagascar? Where are Bourbon and Mauritius? To whom do they belong? (See the Chart.)

CCCCXIV. TRAVELS ON THE MAP OF AFRICA. You see from the accounts of Africa, that it will not be very safe for you to travel in the interior. It will be best to confine yourself chiefly to its coasts.

How will you go to find those countries of Africa which were once celebrated for science and learning? (See CCCLXXX.) What islands shall you pass before you reach the Straits of Gibraltar? What states do you pass after entering the Medi. terranean, on your way to Egypt? What danger will there be in sailing near them? (382.) How can you go to Alexandria by land, if you stop at Barbary? What danger shall you encounter in the interior? (382.) What river do you go up to reach the capital? Shall you often meet with rain? (384.) What objects of curiosity shall you find?

You must endeavour to guard against a disease of the eyes prevalent in Egypt.

What danger should you meet with in going by land to Abyssinia? (396.) As the cataracts of the Nile will prevent your going up this river to Abyssinia, what course will you take to go by sea? What can you say of the Abyssinians?

How would you go to discover whether the Niger flows into the Nile? What kingdoms would you pass through? What course will you take from Abyssinia to reach the Cape of Good Hope, by water? What can you say of the coast you pass? (394.) How do you like their mode of travelling? (412.) What islands do you pass, and what do you know of them ?

When you draw near the cape you must be prepared for storms, which are dreadful here. But if you are distressed, you will find the Caffres, near the Colony, very kind.

What bays and rivers must you pass in going round to Capetown? What do you think of the inhabitants? (400, 403, 405.) How do you like the climate here? Where shall you find the most distant missionary station of S. Africa? Look on the map and see what reason there is why you should not cross the country to Lower Guinea ?

Lower Guinea will scarcely repay you for a visit, and it will be very dangerous to health and life.

What islands can you stop at to refresh, on this coast? What course do you take for Upper Guinea? What articles of commerce can you obtain here? (387.) What countries are now north of you ? How will you go to Sierra Leone

If you visit the Cape Verd Islands, avoid that part of the ocean not far from them, called The Rains,' for you will find almost perpetual calms, with much rain and thunder.

How will you go to visit the principal African Islands which you have not seen? In what latitude must you cross the ocean to find favourable and steady winds? (See CXVI. c.) What courses will you take then to reach the United States?

CCCCXV. CITIES OF AFRICA.

A large part of Africa is in a state of barbarism, and therefore contains few large cities, or even considerable towns, in comparison with Europe and Asia. These are chiefly in Northern Africa, and most of them are greatly inferior to the chief cities of Europe and Asia in commerce, manufactures and wealth, as well as in population. They are inferior to the poorest in Europe in their appearance, on account of the narrowness, irregularity and filthiness of their streets. Even in Cairo and Fez the streets are often so narrow, that two camels cannot go abreast.

The houses, like those of the Asiatic cities on the Mediterranean, are generally built with flat roofs. They have a court in the centre, and are destitute of windows towards the street. Like other Mahometan cities, they have numerous mosques, and these, with the palaces of the sovereigns or governors, are usually the only handsome buildings. The houses are generally built of half burnt brick, or of a mixture of stones, earth and mortar, whitened with lime. In Cairo, many are of stone, and some of the mosques and other public buildings in this city, and in the cities of Barbary are built of stone or marble.

The cities of Egypt are usually distinguished for the grand and interesting remains of ancient cities and buildings which surround them.

Cairo exceeds any other city of Africa in magnitude and splendour. Its mosques and tombs are neat and often elegant, but its general appearance is miserable. It is resorted to for trade, by merchants from the whole of western Asia and the interior of Africa.

Alexandria is the chief place of trade between Europe and Egypt. It is a city of considerable extent, but chiefly covered with the splendid remains of the ancient city. The most remarkable of these is Pompey's pillar.

Rossetta is a modern town of some importance for trade, on the western mouth of the Nile. Damietta, on the eastern mouth, has an extensive commerce with Syria and Cyprus.

The cities on the coast of Barbary are built, like many

others on the Mediterranean, on ground which rises from the water. Most of them are fortified, and are places of some trade. They have more resemblance to those of Europe than any others in Africa. Tripoli has broad, straight streets, and is superior to most cities of Barbary in beauty. Tunis is situated on a salt lake connected with the sea, a few miles from the ruins of the ancient Carthage.

Algiers is well known as a nest of pirates, and has been the place of slavery of many Americans.

Morocco has lost much of its former importance. It is about 12 miles from the foot of Mt. Atlas, on a fertile plain, interspersed with palm trees.

Fez is the chief resort of the Arabs of the desert for trade. Mequinez is the largest city of Morocco, and superior to others in the politeness and hospitality of its inhabitants. Tangier and Mogadore are places of some trade.

In the MIDDLE REGIONS OF AFRICA, the towns and cities usually consist of low mud-walled huts, with conical roofs, thatched with leaves or straw. They are spread over a great extent of ground, and rather resemble a camp than a city. They are often surrounded with a low wall, which is also built of earth or mud. The palace of the king is usually only a collection of huts surrounded by a wall.

Sego, the capital of the kingdom of Bambara, is a city of considerable size. Its mosques are numerous. Sansanding is the seat of an extensive and important commerce, in the same kingdom. Teemboo is a considerable town.

Tombuctoo, Houssa and Kassina, appear to be the most important cities of the interior of Africa. They are said to be large cities, and places of great trade.

Cobbe is the principal town of Darfur, and a place of extensive commerce, chiefly inhabited by merchants.

Sennaar is populous, and an important place of trade.

Gondar, the capital of Abyssinia, is situated on a hill surrounded by a deep valley. Like other towns of Abyssinia, it has several Christian churches.

Melinda is a large handsome town. Its houses are built of stone, and many of them are magnificent. St. Salvador, the capital of Congo, has a number of Christian churches, and contains 40,000 inhabitants, of whom 4000 are whites.

The towns of Upper Guinea are not well known. Coommassie is said to be regularly built, with neat cane huts.

In SOUTH AFRICA, the kraals or villages of the natives are usually composed of huts, formed of twigs, or branches of trees, plastered with clay, and placed in a circle,