g. Christians are those who believe in Jesus Christ, as the Saviour.

h. There are three great divisions of Christians-Catholic, Greek, and Protestant Christians, each having peculiar doctrines and modes of worship.

i. Protestants are divided into various sects, of which the principal are Lutherans, Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Baptists, Methodists, and Friends, or Quak

ers.

j. The Jews are a people scattered among all nations, who believe in the Old Testament only, and expect a Saviour yet

to come.

k. It is supposed that there are more than 700 millions of people on the earth. Of these 400 millions are Pagans; 200 millions, Christians; 90 or 100 millions, Mahometans; and 8 or 10 millions, Jews.

1. The savage, barbarous, and half-civilized nations of the world, are either Pagans, or Mahometans. The Abyssinians profess to be Christians; but their religion is very corrupt.

m. Little settlements have been formed in many Pagan countries, called missionary stations, and missionaries have been sent to civilize and instruct the people, by different sects of Christians. Some tribes have thus been led to embrace Christianity, and have learned the arts of civilization.

Christian countries are distinguished on the Chart of the World by a light cross, with the letter C, G, or P, near it.

to indicate Catholic, Greek, or Protestant Christians. Missionary stations are denoted by a dark cross.

Questions.-II. What are the prevailing religions of the world? What are Pagans? What can you say of their rites? What countries of the world are chiefly Pagan? (See the Chart.) What are Mahometans? What pilgrimage did Mahomet require of his followers? What did he forbid, and what did he promise? In what countries of the world are Mahometans chiefly found? (See the Chart.)

What are Christians? What are the great divisions of Christians? What countries of America and Europe are Catholic? What parts of Europe have the Greek religion? How are Protestants divided? What are the Protestant countries of Europe and America? What are Jews? What is supposed to be the number in the world of each religion? What is the religion of the savage, barbarous, and half-civilized nations? What has been done to instruct Pagan nations? What effect has been produced?

DESCRIPTION OF COUNTRIES.

AMERICA.

137. America, or the new continent, on which we live, was first made known to Europeans by Christopher Columbus, a native of Genoa, in 1492.

138. It is the second of the four quarters of the globe in size, but probably the least populous.

139. This continent is distinguished for its large rivers and lakes, and its lofty mountains, in which it generally surpasses the eastern continent.

140. The countries of America are much colder than those of Europe and Africa, in the same latitudes. Questions.-I. When was America discovered, and by whom? In what direction does it lie from the eastern continent? (See the Map.) Between what oceans on the N. S. E. and W. does it lie? What is its size and population compared with the other quarters of the world? For what is it distinguished? How is its climate compared with that of Europe? What are the two great divisions of America? (See the map.) What isthmus connects the two portions? What Islands lie between them?

NORTH AMERICA.

141. North America, including Greenland, extends from 10° to 80° or 85° N. latitude, and perhaps to the pole.

142. The boundaries and geography of the northern parts are very imperfectly known. Late discoveries render it probable that Greenland is separated from the continent.

143. Almost every variety of climate and productions is to be found in this extensive country.

144. The western coast has a mild climate, but the northern and eastern parts are much colder than the same latitudes in Europe.

145. The northern regions of North America, even as far south as latitude 50°, are barren and desolate with frost.

146. The middle regions between 30° and 50° have snow during the winter; and the countries in the northern part of these regions have severe cold.

147. South of latitude 30°, snow is unknown, except in mountainous regions; and coffee, the sugarcane and other tropical plants, are found in abundance.

148. The northern and western portions of North America are inhabited almost entirely by Indians, in a savage state. They are visited by Europeans only to procure skins and furs.

149. The eastern parts, below 50° of latitude, were long since colonized and peopled from European nations; and few of the Indians remain.

150. The United States, occupying the middle portions of North America, is the only country which has yet become independent.

The northern parts are under the government of Great Britain, and the southern, under that of Spain. Questions. I. What is the extent of North America? How is it bounded? that is, what seas, countries, &c. are there on the North, East, South and West. (See the Map.)

In bounding countries, let the pupil always proceed in the same order, beginning at the North, and going on to the East, South, and West.

Are the northern parts well known? What can you say generally of the climate? What is the climate of the western, and what of the other parts? What lakes does it contain, and how do they compare with those of other parts of the world? (See page 31, (62.) What is the most northern country? What territory lies next south of the Arctic Circle? Describe the northern regions of North America. What can you say of the middle regions? What country is in the middle regions? What can you say of the southern parts? What Spanish provinces in the south, and what portions of the United States? What islands lie in this latitude? By whom are the northern and western parts inhabited? By whom were the eastern parts peopled? What part of N. America is independent?

Questions on the Chart of the World.

Civilization.-I. What parts of North America are civilized? What are enlightened? What parts are still in the savage state?

(Questions marked (II.) to be left for the Review.)

Government.-II. What government do you find among the Indians in the north and west? What is that of Canada and the British provinces? What is that of the United States? What of Mexico?

Religion.-II. What is the prevailing religion of the northern portion? What is that of the British provinces? The United States: Mexico?

Population.-II. What is the probable population of all North America? Who inhabit the northern portion of North America? How many inhabitants, and what are they, in the British Provinces? Describe the population of the U. States. What is the population of Mexico, and of whom is it composed?

Questions on the Map of North America.

I. What is the most eastern point of North America? What is the most western? What isthmus unites it to South America? What straits have been found separating the continent from Greenland on the north? What on the east? What is the southern cape of Florida? Between what latitudes does North America lie?

Gulfs, Bays, and Straits.-I. What Gulf south of N. America? What two large bays in the N. E.? What straits

on the northern boundary? What straits lead into Hudson's Bay? What bay between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick? Where are Beering's straits? What gulf and sounds on the western coast?

Mountains.-I. What is the course of the Rocky Mountains? What is the course of the Allegany ridge? (See map of the United States.) What lofty mountains on the N. W.

coast?

Lakes.-I. What six lakes lie between the U. States and the British territories? Which is the largest, and which the smallest? What lake is next to the Lake of the Woods on the north-west? What others beyond this in the same direction? Which is the most northern ? What are the two principal lakes of Mexico and Guatimala How many degrees is it from Lake Nicaragua, to the Pacific Ocean? Into what sea does it empty?

Rivers.-I. What are the two principal rivers flowing from the Rocky Mountains into the Pacific Ocean? What two rivers empty into the Arctic Ocean? Mention some of the rivers emptying into Hudson's Bay. What river runs from the great lakes into the Gulf of St. Lawrence? What two great rivers empty into the Gulf of Mexico? What are the two principal rivers that flow into the Mississippi from the west? What large river from the east?

II. Describe the branches of the Columbia. Through what lakes does Mackenzie's River pass? What lakes and branches supply Churchill River? What river runs from Lake Winnepeg to Hudson's Bay? What river flows from Lake St. Joseph into Hudson's Bay? Are there any rivers of importance in New Britain and Greenland? What is the size of the two great rivers which flow into the gulf of Mexico? Where does the Mississippi rise? Describe its branches. What branches has the Missouri, and on which side are they?

Boundaries and Capitals.-I. How are the British territories bounded? Describe the chain of lakes which separates them from the United States. What is the capital of Lower Canada? How are the United States and their territory bounded? Where is the seat of general government? far west do the U. States proper extend? How is Mexico bounded? What is its capital? What are the boundaries of Guatimala? Its capital?

How

Islands.-I. What islands are there at the mouth of the St. Lawrence? What is the largest on the coast of the United States? What islands are there at some distance east