be attached to the yard or spar at the spot from which the weight is to be suspended.*

NOTE.-The more a derrick approaches a perpendicular position, the less will be the strain upon the guys.

SECURING LOWER YARDS.t-In hoisting in or out heavy weights by the lower yards, the more you consider them merely as outriggers, the better you will insure their safety. In whatever manner you guy your purchases out to the yard-arms, whether by blocks, thimbles, or lashings, be careful that the purchase pendants render well through them. The yards should be well topped up, good rolling tackles on the opposite side, and trusses well taut after the yards are laid; but should the yards be required for a continuance-as the main-yard is in hoisting in or out heavy guns-the pendant should then go over the lower cap and down on the opposite side of the deck, and be there well lashed to the top tackle bolt. The yard and masts should be covered with canvas sufficiently for cross-lashing the main-yard to the mast, after it is top up. It would be still advisable to have good rolling or yard tackle on the opposite side of the purchase.

TO GET HEAVY MACHINERY IN OR OUT.-Protect the side and decks with planks, and shore the beams well up in the between decks. If the machinery is heavy, the best plan is to cant the main-yard a little, untruss it, and pass a strong lashing round the main-yard and mast; then have a spare spar, with a piece of plank under the heel, for a shore from the deck, lashed to the yard, about a foot inside where the yard tackle comes. Over the main hatchway rig a pair of shears, securing them with guys to the fore and mainmast-heads, and putting planks under their heels, which should be on the beam before the main hatchway. According to the size of the shears and strength of purchase, almost any weight may be lifted out in this manner; and it is recommended, when getting heavy machinery in or out, to use the yard tackle over the hatchway as well as the other in case of accident; and in lowering over the side, use the tackle on the shears to lower with, as well as the yard tackle.

"By examining the merits and character of a derrick, it will, no doubt, be found to possess advantages so numerous and valuable as to render it superior in every respect to a lower yard for the purpose of lifting a heavy weight. The main and principal advantages are, that it transfers the whole weight to the deck, which can be well supported by props below; it relieves all anxiety about the safety of the mast and yard, and it can be placed vertically, or at any angle most suitable to a particular case. It can be supported without any difficulty, either with or without the aid of a mast; it is very soon rigged and ready for use, and as quickly dismantled. These advantages are sufficiently numerous to recommend it for general use in all cases where strength is required."-An Enquiry relative to various Important Points of Seamanship, by Nicholas Tinmouth, Master Attendant, Woolwich Dockyard.

+ From Professional Recollections, by Captain Liadert, R.N.

ACCIDENTS.

CLOSE-HAULED AND SPRING YOUR BOWSPRIT.-Hard up the helm, brail up the spanker, and get her before the wind; get a hawser from the mast-head, and another from the topmast-head led in through the hawse pipes, and set up to the bowsprit, not forgetting to parcel them in the way of the hawse pipes. Send the flying jib-boom in, send down the foretopgallantmast, fish the bowsprit with spare spars, reeve the stays through the hawse-pipes, and set them up.

BOWSPRIT CARRIED AWAY.-Get the ship before the wind, secure the foremast, clear away the wreck, and rig a jury bowsprit of a spare maintopmast or a jib-boom.

BOBSTAYS CARRIED AWAY.-Bobstays are generally carried away when sailing by the wind, and mostly in rough weather; therefore, the instant it is known, the ship should be put before the wind, and should the bobstays be gone in the way of the cutwater, it will be very difficult to reeve new bobstays. The best way, perhaps, is to take a few lengths of the stream chain cable, with which make a clove-hitch round the bowsprit as much outside the bobstay collars as possible; then take the ends through the inner hawse-holes, one on each side, heave them both well taut together, and set up to the windlass.

THE CAP ON THE MAST-HEAD WORKED LOOSE.-Make wedges and wedge it tight again; if this cannot be done, put a good lashing round the topmast and mast-head.

THE TRESTLE-TREES CARRIED AWAY.-Reeve as stout a rope as the sheave-hole will permit through it, splice a thimble in both ends, and set it up as tight as possible to the eye-bolts in the cap, or to the cap itself.

MAIN-YARD SPRUNG IN THE SLINGS.-Take a couple of studdingsailbooms and cut each of them in two halves, lengthways-put these four halves round the yard and fish it.

THE PARRAL OF TOPGALLANT-YARD CARRIED AWAY.-In such a case, much of the whole force and weight of the yard and sail are thrown on the mast-head, and the topgallantmast is endangered by it. If the ship is by the wind, brace the topgallantsail aback immediately, and lower it at the same time; but if before the wind, immediately brace by and lower the topgallant-yard. Great care must be taken that the topgallant-sheets are not started, as that would much endanger the mast by the sail forcing itself against, and perhaps entangling itself round, the topgallant-stay.

be attached to the yard or spar at the spot f. be suspended.*

NOTE.-The more a derrick approaches a perper the strain upon the guys.

SECURING LOWER YARDS.t-In hoisting the lower yards, the more you consider ther better you will insure their safety. In wha purchases out to the yard-arms, whether by ings, be careful that the purchase pendants The yards should be well topped up, good 1 site side, and trusses well taut after the yards be required for a continuance-as the or out heavy guns-the pendant should the down on the opposite side of the deck, and top tackle bolt. The yard and masts shou sufficiently for cross-lashing the main-yard up. It would be still advisable to have goo the opposite side of the purchase.

yar

TO GET HEAVY MACHINERY IN OR OUT.with planks, and shore the beams well up the machinery is heavy, the best plan is to c untruss it, and pass a strong lashing round then have a spare spar, with a piece of p shore from the deck, lashed to the yard, ab yard tackle comes. Over the main hatch securing them with guys to the fore and mai planks under their heels, which should be on hatchway. According to the size of the sh chase, almost any weight may be lifted out recommended, when getting heavy machinery tackle over the hatchway as well as the othe in lowering over the side, use the tackle on as well as the yard tackle.

4

"By examining the merits and character of a derr. to possess advantages so numerous and valuable as to spect to a lower yard for the purpose of lifting a h principal advantages are, that it transfers the whole we well supported by props below; it relieves all anxiety and yard, and it can be placed vertically, or at any ang case. It can be supported without any difficulty, eithe mast; it is very soon rigged and ready for use, and aadvantages are sufficiently numerous to recommend where strength is required."-An Enquiry relative to v manship, by Nicholas Tinmouth, Master Attendant, W

+ From Professional Recollections, by Captain Liadert

YARD.-When a lower yard is
uncommon to make a yard with
This is frequently done by bring-
. which together makes up the
1 by bringing the spare topsail
other small spars, as topgallant
form of the yard. When the
'n each other in the best possible
ad the yard is formed.
tently difficult to keep the spars
better to lay any inferior pieces
ends guyed to the side of the
may be kept safe."
bliged to run a hawser up to
taken round the topmast-head,
r the topgallantmast to go up
considered a very good way of
*, securing the end well on the

PARRAL OF THE MAINTOPSAIL-YARD CARRIED AWAY.-A topsail-yard parral may be repaired in the same manner, if carried away in moderate weather, but if blowing hard, with double or close-reefed topsails, the returning weight of the topsail-yard, and force of the sail when thrown aback, might endanger the mast, yard, or lee-topmast rigging, as however taut the weather topsail-brace may be when the parral is carried away, and the ship by the wind, the yard will surge over to leeward, and thereby allow the yard to swing far from the mast. In such a case, instantly man the down-haul tackle and weather clewline, and haul the yard down until the lifts are taut, so that the yard might then be squared, and the parral repaired.

NOTE. The following is recommended by an excellent seaman:-In either case, first spill the sail, without its flapping; unbend the clewlines from the clews; if topgallantsail, make the ends fast on the after trestle-trees; if a topsail, lash the clewline blocks on the after part of the topmast cap crossed; clew down the yard (with help of braces); secure the yard parral afresh.

THE WEATHER MAINTOPSAIL-BRACE GIVEN WAY.-HOW TO GET THE YARD DOWN.-Ease the lee-sheet, to spill the sail; luff the ship to the wind, and lower away the halyards.

THE LOWER-BRACE CARRIED AWAY.-Lower the topsail, letting fly the lee-sheet, and hauling in the weather-braces, if needful; ease off the sheet of the course (short of spilling the sail), and let go the tack, for the first important duty is to save the yard. If this accident occurs forward, have the weather-helm attended to.

TOPSAIL-BRACE AND PARRAL CARRIED AWAY.-If the weather-brace should be carried away when the parral goes, and the weather yard arm flies far forward, it will then be advisable to put the helm up, and bring the wind on the opposite quarter, keeping the yards braced up, as before, on the mast to which the accident has happened (see Carrying Away Topsail-parral), and steer the ship so as to let the wind blow along the sail of the disabled yard, until it gently returns to the mast. When done, lash the yard on each quarter to the topsail rigging, and the topsail tye-blocks well round the mast, then fit the weather-brace and parral.

NOTE.-Too much care cannot be taken in keeping fast the topsail sheets, as upon that will depend much of the safety of the mast, yard, and rigging, as the heavy flapping of a topsail will be likely to shake everything to pieces.

TOPGALLANT-BRACE AND PARRAL CARRIED AWAY.-Brace by the lower and topsail-yards, and, if necessary, sufficiently touch the ship with the helm to throw the topgallantsail slightly aback.

One scend might break the brace, the next would break the yard; but there would be just time enough for a quick, ready officer to start all the principal gear that would relieve the spar.